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Index
à Beckett, Gilbert Abbott 90
Ackermann, Rudolph 102
Ackroyd, Peter 336, 353
acting, Victorian style of 201
adaptations (stage/screen) 17, 204–206
copyright in 341
See also piracy
See under titles of works
Adorno, Theodor W. 264, 374
Agnew, Sir Andrew 109
Aikin, John 254
Ainsworth, William Harrison 54, 70, 81–82, 83, 112, 151, 179, 191, 207, 219, 221, 237, 249, 252, 254, 281–282, 294
editorship of Bentley's Miscellany 234, 235–236
speed of appointment 232, 233
Jack Sheppard 170, 234, 247–248
(alleged) copycat crimes 250
new edition 243–251
stage adaptations 249–250
John Law, the Projector 348
Rookwood 170
travels with Dickens 228, 231
Albert, Prince (Consort) 37
Allen, Michael 335
almanacs 5
Anne, Queen 8
Act of Anne
See Copyright Act 1710
anthologies 267–271
Aristotle 113
Arnold, Matthew 36
“Astley's” (sketch) 68
Athenaeum Club 180, 192
Auden, W. H. 101, 123
Austen, Jane 84
Mansfield Park 319
Austin, Henry 100
author(s)
compulsory naming (for copyright purposes) 7, 33–34
“death of” 17–19
definitions 20, 91–92, 276, 324
“divine inspiration” 16, 18–19
earnings 10, 16–17
empowerment 19–20
hazardous nature of profession 241
improvements in status 13, 19, 224–225
“industrial-age” xvi, 19, 328
intent, critical attitudes to 17
low reputation / social status 2, 34, 35, 47–48, 223–224
maintenance of day jobs 34, 83–84
professionalization 227, 332
protection of rights 7, 9
as publicity machine 333–334
publishing agreements 10–11
sale of copyright 9, 16
Aytoun, William Edmonstone 37
Ballantine, Serjeant 73
Ballantyne, Christian, née Hogarth 83, 310
Ballantyne, James 13, 82–83, 309–310
Ballantyne, John Alexander 309–310
Balzac, Honoré de 15, 43
Banks, E. W. 246
Banks, Percival Weldon 54
Barbauld, Anna Laetitia 254, 371
Barham, R. H. 37, 137, 162, 235, 236
Barnaby Rudge xv, xvii, 11, 25, 49–50, 187, 250
advance publicity 191, 227, 250–251
characters (non-historical) 295, 313–320
commerce in bodies 320
composition process 227–228, 230–231, 298–300, 306, 308–309
Dickens's appropriation of copyright 287
Dickens's refusal to complete for Bentley 251–252
evolution of concept 281–282
expression of Dickens's personal frustrations 287–288, 320
“Gabriel Vardon” (draft title) 109, 248, 280–281
generic definition 289
ghostly elements 291–292, 378
halt in composition 228–233, 250
illustrations 293–294, 299–300
inconsistencies 321–322
narratorial voice 288–290, 295–297, 321, 323–324
sympathies 289–290
non-human characters 292, 315, 320
Oedipal elements 320
opening 228, 280
original conception 280–281
publication 272
rewriting of conventions 293–297, 309, 323–324, 326
social/political background 282–284
social/political message 291
terms of contract 147
theme of bottled-up energies 290
transfer of rights 234–235, 251–252
treatment of family relationships 228, 284–286, 314–316, 320, 381
treatment of prison setting 294
treatment of violence 297–300
use of historical characters 312–313, 316
Barrow, John Henry 28
Barrow, Mary Allen 62
Barthes, Roland 18–19, 43, 274, 276, 334
Baudelaire, Charles 2, 43
Baum, L. Frank 37
Beadnell, Maria / Beadnell family 87, 273
Beal, Peter 143
Beard, Thomas 50–51, 138, 161–162, 180, 286–287
Beardsley, Monroe K. 17
Becket, Thomas (bookseller)
See Donaldson v. Becket
Bedford, Duke of 250
Behnes, William 44, 217
Belgium, copyright law 15
“Bellamy's” (sketch) 59
Bell's Life in London 44–46, 52, 85
readership 53–54, 342
Benjamin, Walter 43
Bentham, Jeremy 50
Bentley, George 287
Bentley, Richard 2–3, 25, 48, 54, 102, 110, 135–138, 150, 216, 243, 281–282, 320, 346, 362
accusations of piracy against 235–236
Agreements with Dickens 112, 135–137, 138, 142–147, 153, 180–181, 187–189, 228, 239, 241, 361
clashes/violations 141
severance agreement 234–235
character flaws 188, 229
consideration of injunction against Dickens 251
Dickens's conflicts with 23, 24–25, 83, 88, 142, 143–144, 147, 149, 158, 160, 162, 187–192, 228–236, 250–252, 286–287, 353
attempts at repair 188–189
final breakdown 232
termination of relations with Dickens 251–252
Bentley, Samuel 102
Bentley's Miscellany 24–25, 39, 88, 111
Bentley's control over 136–137, 234
choice of title 136–137
editorial responsibilities 142–147
offer of payment to keep Dickens's name 232, 233
reuse of material in novels 146, 362
severance agreement 234–235, 251–252
“Song of the Cover” 152
Bentley's Standard Novels 360
Berkeley, Grantley 55
Besant, Walter
The Bell of St. Paul's 358
“The Death of Samuel Pickwick” 132–133
Bible, distribution of copies 13
biography xv, 227
Birrell, Augustine 171
Black, John 29, 50, 59, 70, 72, 180, 253
“The Black Veil” (sketch) 72–73, 293
Blackmore, Edward 28
Blackwood, William 12, 44
Blake, William 165–166
Blayney, Peter W. M. 331
Bleak House 267, 327
Blessington, Countess of 81, 180, 268
“The Bloomsbury Christening” (sketch) 51–52, 66, 156
“The Boarding House” (sketch) 68
booksellers
associations (congers) 9–10
control of Stationers' Company 6–7
operational strategy 8
Booth, Wayne C. 344
Boswell, James 44
Bowen, John 129, 132, 259, 292, 297, 376
“Boz” (pseudonym) 36–46, 90–91, 111
abandonment 2–3, 186, 193, 215–217, 323–326
(alleged) derivation 37, 38–42
alternation with other pseudonyms/real name 45–46, 109, 152–153
authorial persona 43–44, 46, 58, 63–65, 68–69, 258, 295–296, 347
collaboration with Cruikshank 74–76, 85
conflation with Dickens 217
correspondence signed with 325
Dickens's reasons for adopting 34–36, 36–37, 44
distinguished from Dickens 192, 296
evolution xvi, 23, 73, 90–91
first use 22, 48, 52
generic use/imitations 76, 167, 221, 347
as insurance against failure 38
political non-alignment 56
popularity 69, 133, 135–136, 151–152
puzzle as to real identity 38, 44, 73–74, 152
range of connotations 41–43
resurrection (for Master Humphrey's Clock) 245, 258, 268
shaping of Dickens's creativity 22–23
significance of quotation marks 152
transference of narratorial role 64–65
use of first-person plural 63–65, 104–105
use within family 77
See also Sketches by Boz
See under titles of individual sketches
Boz's Annual Register and Obituary of Blue Devils 145, 153
Braham, John 109
Braybrooke, Lord 182
Brennan, Elizabeth M. 376
Briggs, Asa 118
Brodie, John 219
“The Broker's Man” (sketch) 61, 64–65, 343
Brontë, Charlotte, Jane Eyre 319
Brontë sisters 37, 84
Brooks, John Crosse 184
Brooks, Peter 135, 161
Brougham, Henry 96, 349
Brown, Andrew 80
Browne, Gordon Frederick 38
Browne, Hablot Knight (“Phiz”) 38, 103, 138, 179, 200, 237, 339, 341, 375
illustrations for Barnaby Rudge 294, 299–300
illustrations for Master Humphrey's Clock 244
illustrations for Nicholas Nickleby 215–216, 366–367
illustrations for Pickwick 107–108, 112, 160, 217–218
travels with Dickens 183–184, 189
Browning, Elizabeth Barrett 84
Browning, Robert 84, 151
Buckstone, John Baldwin
The Bloomsbury Christening (unauthorized adaptation) 51–52, 156
Jack Sheppard 249
Rienzi 81, 85
Bulwer, Edward Lytton xvii, 2, 80–81, 83, 180, 270, 294, 347
England and the English 80
Eugene Aram 81, 247
The Lady of Lyons 81
The Last Days of Pompeii 80
Money 81
Paul Clifford 81, 247
Rienzi, Last of the Tribunes 80–81, 311
Bulwer, Rosina, née Wheeler 80
Bunyan, John, The Pilgrim's Progress 13, 223, 273
Burdett-Coutts, Angela 183, 200
Burnett, Fanny
See Dickens, Frances Elizabeth
Burnett, Henry 193
Burns, Robert 301
Buss, Robert William 102–103, 105, 107, 108
Dickens' Dream 103
Butt, John, and Kathleen Tillotson, Dickens at Work xiii, 282
Byron, George Gordon, 6th Baron 13
Caldwell, Erskine 17
Campbell, Thomas 13
Camus, Albert 203
Canada, copyright law 169
Canning, George 96
capital punishment
See executions
Carey, Henry Charles 158
Carey, Lea and Blanchard (publishers) 158, 175
Carlton Chronicle 54, 85, 138
Carlyle, Jane, née Welsh 219
Carlyle, Thomas 16, 47, 177
Chartism 209–214, 365
The French Revolution 210, 281
Sartor Resartus 161
See also “cash nexus”
carnival, spirit of 345
Caroline (of Brunswick), Princess (later Queen) 55
“cash nexus” 209–210, 213, 225
Catholic emancipation, agitation for/against 283
Cattermole, George 244–245, 257, 299–300
Cervantes, Miguel de, Don Quixote 118, 184, 218, 253
Chadwick, Edwin 180
Chapman, Edward 95–96, 102, 183, 237, 241, 252, 253, 302–303
See also Chapman and Hall
Chapman, Thomas 237
Chapman, William 149–150, 303–304
Chapman and Hall (publishers) 23, 25, 33, 111–112, 320
and Barnaby Rudge 251–252
as booksellers 32
call for acknowledgment of debt 303–304
concern over financial situation 302–305
Dickens's aggressive bargaining with 238–241, 287
Dickens's termination of relations with 147, 327
friendly relationship with Dickens 148–150, 175, 237, 286
breakdown 304
inexperience 101–102
and Master Humphrey's Clock 238
problems with Dickens's timekeeping 88–89, 92
publicity material 105
purchase of Sketches copyright 154, 355
raising of Dickens's pay 88, 104, 111–112, 149
role in Pickwick 85–91, 92–95, 179
Chartier, Roger 329
Charyn, Jerome 125, 335
Chekhov, Anton 43
Chesterfield, Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of 317–318
Chesterton, G. K. 79, 101, 118, 124, 126, 130, 180, 186, 192, 194–195, 273, 297, 328, 375, 376, 377
Childers, Joseph 196
children
kidnapping of 168
protests at living/schooling conditions 183–185
Victorian attitudes to 373
witnessing of'primal scenes' 265, 374–375
Chittick, Kathryn 31, 32, 35, 36, 48, 153, 220, 336, 337, 367, 375
Christmas, (sentimentalized) treatments 128–129
A Christmas Carol 274, 320
copyright disputes 169
chronicle, genre of 289
Civil War (1642–49) 7
Cleere, Eileen 179, 196–197
Colburn, Henry 25, 102, 154–155, 230, 234, 239–240, 243, 346
Collins, Philip 185, 363
Collins, Wilkie 28, 30, 260
“The Last Stage Coachman” 132
commercial relations, treatments in fiction 165–166, 197–200
bodies as units of 199–200, 320
insubstantiality of capital 214–215
See also “cash nexus”
communications industry
interaction of various elements 3
Oriental origins 330
reorganization 12–13
role of authors 3–5, 8, 17
technological developments 3, 19
Condell, Henry 7
Conrad, Joseph 37
Constable, Archibald 12, 13, 83
Cooper, James Fenimore 170, 360
copyright 5–17
Agreements 145–146, 150
authorities 330–331
case law 9, 10–12, 14, 332
costs of legal action 169
debates 223–225
dramatic 7, 172, 354–355
flaws in English law 5, 11, 12, 24, 157, 168–169, 332
in illustrations 76
international, (near-)absence of 15–16, 158, 169, 205
legal basis 168–169, 171–172
in other countries 14–16
penalties for infringement 7
perpetual 10–11
prolongation via new editions 13–14
royal monopoly 5–7, 14
statutory periods 9, 12–13
proposed increase 177
See also piracy, plagiarism
Copyright Act 1710 (Act of Anne) 9, 11, 12–13
Coram, Thomas 223, 368
Courvoisier, François 250, 371
Covent Garden, Dickens's planned audition at 30, 49
Cronin, Mark 132
“Cross Purposes” (burletta) 35
Crossley, James 231
Crowquill, Alfred (Charles and Alfred Forrester) 37, 156, 158
Cruikshank, George 38, 43, 82, 85, 112, 160, 163, 179, 200, 244, 254, 310
drawings of Dickens 183
friendship with Dickens 237
ruptures in 189–190
illustration of Newgate novels 248, 249, 370–371
illustrations for Oliver Twist 138–140, 146, 147, 161, 190
illustrations for Sketches by Boz 53, 65, 74–76, 87, 92, 110, 154
“The Loving Ballad of Lord Bateman” 193–194, 237, 240
Cruikshank, Mary 237
Cruikshank, Robert 75, 156
Culliford, Thomas John 77
Curll, Edmund 10
Darnton, Robert 2, 3–5, 88, 224, 330
Darwin, Charles 19, 180
Davenport, T. D./Jean 364
David Copperfield 21, 28, 36–37, 68, 184, 252, 267, 327
autobiographical elements 26–27, 28–29, 39, 48, 162, 307
critical/commercial success 33
prefigurings in sketches 73
Davidge, W. P. 249
death
depiction of characters on eve of 70–72
extension of narrative beyond 72–73
“immortality” (of author/characters) 62–63, 324–325
linked with authorship 62–63, 344
as theme of Dickens's work 60–61, 70–73, 116–125, 130, 258–259, 293, 313, 343
See also The Pickwick Papers
Defoe, Daniel 339
“Delta”
See Moir, David MacBeth
Dennis, Ned (historical figure) 313
Derrida, Jacques 203, 364
Dickens, Alfred Allen (brother, 1813–14) 30, 62, 179
Dickens, Alfred Lamert (brother, 1822–60) 30, 180
Dickens, Augustus (brother) 30, 37, 39–42
Dickens, Catherine, née Hogarth 28, 200, 237, 273, 286, 300, 301–302
births of children 142, 187, 246
Dickens's separation from 327
engagement 183
letters to 52–53, 70, 72, 85, 86–88, 90, 97–98, 100, 207
marriage 98
as author
anti-Tory poems 306–307
anxieties xvi, 22, 23–24, 35–36, 111, 305–306
authorial persona 89, 100, 108, 140–141, 175, 182, 193–194, 217, 220–222, 258, 301–302, 323, 324–326, 327, 344
autobiographical account (1847) 26, 33, 94
campaign for authors' rights 14, 19–20, 326
collaborative projects 253–254
See also The Pickwick Papers
concern for customer satisfaction 221–222
contemporary criticisms 179, 227, 274, 280
See also Thackeray
control of own image 20–21, 25–26, 32–33, 327–328
cultural status 224, 225
defense of characters 301
earliest published works 31–33, 49–50, 93
failure to meet deadlines 98
See also Chapman and Hall
friendships with other writers 81–82
income
See finances
influence of childhood trauma on works 27, 73, 94, 162–163, 358
innovative proposals 238
lack of control over product 154, 159–160, 174–175, 193–194, 275–278
narratorial choices 263–264
need for appreciation 224
overloaded schedule xv, 52–53, 110, 138–139, 140–142, 150, 187, 227
prefaces 346–347
public readings 327
publishers' agreements 23–24, 88–89, 150, 153, 175, 193–194, 281–282
clashes between 141–147
See also Bentley, Richard
range of options 83–85, 108–112
range of outlets/audiences 53–55
renown, manipulation of 305
rewriting of own history 21, 25–26, 32–33, 92–94, 167, 208–209, 230–231, 275, 296–297
role models 21, 79–83
sources 21–22, 56–60
theater writings, unpopularity of 140
treatment of “vocation” 21
analogy with medicine 73
treatments of family relationships 285–286
writer's block 230–231
year-long break (1841–2) 304–305, 322–323
See also “Boz”
See under titles of works
as editor 24–25, 42–43, 111, 135–138, 142
cancellation of engagements 25, 137–138, 234–235
departure from Bentley's Miscellany 233–235
later career 327
social status 176–177, 224
workload 137, 154–155
overestimation of capacities 144
See under titles of periodicals
employment (non-literary) 28–31
in blacking factory 20, 22, 26–27, 162–163, 335, 358
focus on print culture 22
lack of plan 26
as lawyer's clerk 28, 48, 131
plans for acting career 30, 49, 337
plans for legal career 34, 252–253
plans to stand for Parliament 322
range of options 22, 29–30, 48–49
events of life
education 22, 27–28
lack of formal learning 27
emigration, contemplation of 307
surgery 308
travels
See Scotland, United States
family life/relationships
deaths of family members 62
See also Hogarth, Mary
marriage 83, 98
residences 246–247, 296
support for extended family 24, 29–30, 51, 286, 343
See under names of relations
finances
debts 100, 302–306
dissatisfaction with income 228–230
income from authorship 52, 86, 87–88, 110–111, 145, 146, 149, 159–160, 305, 341, 350
modern equivalents 305, 357
objections to newspaper misrepresentation 148
payment dates 89
unconcern with profits 287–288, 305–306
value of estate at death 327
See also Chapman and Hall
journalism xv, 28–29, 30–31, 35, 48–49, 109, 138, 336–337, 342
furnishing of material for sketches 56, 57, 60
range of coverage 58
relations with colleagues 30–31
transcription skills 28–29
working conditions 50–51
personal characteristics
(alleged) anti-Semitism 41–42
library 220
mood swings 70, 100, 111, 229, 298, 308
physical appearance 73, 219, 326
political views 53–56, 58, 306–308
signature 222–223
wardrobe 82, 219, 326, 367
portraits of 103, 182–183, 200, 223, 227, 361, 367
Nickleby frontispiece 217–223
Dickens, Charles Culliford Boz (“Charley”) (son) 159
birth 142, 160
christening 77, 81
Dickens, Elizabeth (mother) 28, 246, 286, 315, 336, 368
Dickens's portrayal of 27, 196
Dickens, Frances Elizabeth (“Fanny”) (sister, later Burnett) 29, 41, 62, 84, 182, 246
Dickens, Frederick William (brother) 30, 51, 151
Dickens, Harriet (sister) 62
Dickens, Henry Fielding (son) 41
Dickens, John (father) 30, 39, 77, 181, 315, 318, 368
debts/imprisonment 20, 41–42, 51, 62, 69, 117, 196, 335
Dickens's positive image of 27, 28, 286
role in Dickens's career choices 22, 28, 29–30
trading on son's fame/fortune 286, 312, 379
Dickens's efforts to prevent 298
Dickens, Kate (daughter) 229, 280
Dickens, Letitia Mary (sister) 30, 62
Dickens, Mary (daughter) 187
Dickens, Walter Landor (son) 298
“A Dinner in Poplar Walk” (sketch) 56–57, 65, 67
Disraeli, Benjamin 19, 102, 151, 210
Doctors' Commons, Dickens's employment at 29
Dombey and Son 75–76, 267, 274, 327, 375
critical/commercial success 33, 94
Donaldson v. Becket (1774) 11–12
D'Orsay, Alfred 219
Dowling, Henry 157
Drake, Sir Fancis 169
Drew, John M. L. 342–343
Drummond, Rose Emma 183
Drummond, Samuel 182–183, 200
“The Drunkard's Death” (sketch) 72
Dryden, John, Troilus and Cressida 10
Easson, Angus 347
Easthope, John 84–85, 86, 108–109
Eden, Garden of 123–124, 373
Edgar, David, Nicholas Nickleby (stage production) 195, 212
education
See children, Yorkshire schools
See under Dickens, Charles
Egan, Pierce 35–36, 248
Life in London 75
Tom and Jerry 205
“The Election for Beadle” (sketch) 60–61
Eliade, Mircea 285, 378
Eliot, George (Mary Ann Evans) 223, 268, 367
Eliot, Simon xv
Eliot, T. S. 17
Elizabeth I 6
Engels, Friedrich 80, 214
The Condition of the Working Class in England 210
eschatology 373
Evening Chronicle 52, 58–60
readership 53
The Examiner 236
executions (public), objections to 250, 346, 371
expectations, frustration of (as theme of sketches) 56–57, 68
expulsion, as comic theme 126
Fagin, Bob 162–163, 358
Faulkner, William 17
Feather, John 5, 9, 12
Fielding, Henry 55, 117, 179, 248, 295
Tom Jones 276
Finden, William 219–220, 222
“The Fine Old English Gentleman” (satirical poem) 306–307
“The First of May” (sketch) 85
flâneur, figure of 2, 43, 63, 340
Flaubert, Gustave 62, 344
Fleischer, Frederick 158
Fletcher, Angus 301–302
Follett, Robert Bayly 147, 187, 228, 234, 287
Ford, Mark 195
Ford, Richard 190
Forrester, Charles/Alfred
See Crowquill, Alfred
Forster, E. M. 130
Forster, John xiii, 2–3, 20, 26, 27–28, 35, 81, 83, 151, 159, 163, 180, 182, 228, 252, 253, 258–259, 264, 270, 298, 300, 368
The Life of Charles Dickens 26, 41, 242–243, 275, 302, 348, 369–370
The Life and Times of Oliver Goldsmith 33, 40, 41, 74
negotiations with Dickens's publishers 187, 189–190, 231–233, 235–236, 238, 243–244, 368
professional jealousy 325
review of Pickwick 117, 121
Foucault, Michel 18–19, 20, 62–63, 91, 117, 254, 324, 334, 344
France
copyright law 14–15, 16
drama, English translations 205
literary theory 17–19
Franklin, Sir John 307
Freud, Sigmund 265, 374–375
Frith, William Powell 271
Frobisher, Martin 169
Frye, Northrop 124–125
Galignani (publishers) 158
Garcha, Amanpal 48, 209, 343
Gardiner, Juliet 333–334
Garrick, David 40
Garrick Club 180
Gaskell, Elizabeth 84
Cranford 131–132
Gatty, Margaret, “The Black Bag” 254, 371
Gay, John, The Beggar's Opera 249
Genette, Gérard 179, 192, 329, 366
“gentleman,” status of 174, 179, 223, 225
redefinition 174
treatment in Barnaby Rudge 317–318
treatment in Oliver Twist 175–176
George IV 302
Germany, copyright law 15, 16
Gibbon, Edward 349
Giles, William 40
Gilmour, Robin 174, 180, 360
Gissing, George 179, 194, 280, 328
Glavin, John 337
Goldsmith, Oliver 10, 33, 43, 74, 238, 340
links with Dickens 40–41, 43
The Bee 40–41, 241
The Citizen of the World 40, 41, 243
The Vicar of Wakefield 37, 39–42
Gone With the Wind (1939) 17
Gordon, George, Lord (historical figure) 283, 312, 380
Gordon riots (1780) 11, 280, 283, 297–300
Gore, Catherine 102
Grant, Daniel/William 207, 208, 369
Grant, James 30–31
Great Expectations 131
autobiographical elements 162
influences on 20–21
Gregory, John Swarbreck 287
Grey, Lord 50–51
Grillo, Virgil 345
Grimaldi, Joey 154, 180–182, 216
See also Memoirs of Joseph Grimaldi
Grossman, Jonathan H. 79, 125–126
Grosvenor, Robert, Lord 361
Grote, George 180
Gutenberg, Johannes 330
Hall, Anna Maria 185
Hall, Spencer 180
Hall, William 86–87, 102, 180, 183, 237, 241, 242, 308
first visit to Dickens 33, 93
See also Chapman and Hall
Hammond, W. J. 157
Hansard, T. C. 141
Hard Times 21
Hardy, Barbara 253, 315
Hardy, Thomas 268
Harley, John Pritt 355–356
Hazlitt, William 79–80, 182, 347
decline/death 80, 83
Liber Amoris 79–80
The Spirit of the Age 80
Head, Sir Francis Bond, Bubbles from the Brunnens of Nassau 74
Heath, William 156
Heminges, John 7
Hemstedt, Geoffrey 345
Hennell, Sara 367
Hicks, Charles 179
Hill, Thomas 179
history, writing of 283–284
relationship/competition with fiction 311–313
Hogarth, George (father-in-law) 29, 46, 52, 59, 70, 72, 74, 80, 82–83, 85, 99, 180, 253, 286, 309–310
Memoirs of the Musical Drama 187
Hogarth, George, Jr. (brother-in-law) 308
Hogarth, Georgina (sister-in-law) 182, 200, 286
Hogarth, Mary Scott (sister-in-law) 69, 246–247, 286
death 117, 128, 147, 149, 263–264, 273, 310, 372
Hogarth, William 55, 223, 248, 254
Industry and Idleness 139
Holcroft, Thomas, Narrative of the Late Riots 281
Holland, J. B., Capt. 32, 338
Hollington, Michael 340
Hood, Thomas 2, 131, 253, 269, 270
Hope, Anthony 37
“Horatio Sparkins” (sketch) 67, 176
“The Hospital Patient” (sketch) 54
House, Madeline xiii
“The House” (sketch) 58–59
Household Words 42–43, 131, 222
Hullah, John Pyke 84, 109
Humphreys, Thomas/William 245
Hunt, Leigh 180, 219
Hurnall, Mary 298–299
Hurst, Blackett 13
Hutter, Albert 265, 374–375
illegitimacy (of children)
in fiction 160, 314
in law 171, 357
industrial age
authorship 3, 327–328
defined 3
importance of written word 22
Ingham, Patricia 163
Irving, Washington 74, 170, 346
The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. 74, 367
Tales of the Alhambra 243
Is She His Wife? or, Something Singular (burletta) 338, 355–356
Italy, copyright law 15
Jackson, John 95, 102
Jacox, Francis 335
Jaffe, Audrey 344, 372, 376
James, G. P. R., The Smuggler 169
James I of England/VI of Scotland 7
Jarvis, Steven 349
Jeffrey, Francis (Lord) 34, 80, 177, 300, 301
Jephson, Emily 162
Jerdan, William 137, 144, 149, 179, 235
Jerrold, Douglas 137, 367
Jesse, Edward, Gleanings in Natural History 97
Johnson, E. D. H. xiii
Johnson, Samuel, Dr. 10, 12, 40, 177, 211, 365
Jones, Mary 289–290
Jones, William 27
Jonson, Ben 113, 332, 360, 365
Jordan, John O. 222–223
Kafka, Franz 62, 344
Kean, Edmund 201
Keeley, Mrs. 249
Kennett, Brackley, Lord Mayor 290
Kermode, Frank 79, 129, 130
Kidd, William, Characteristic Sketches of Young Gentlemen 355
Kincaid, James R. 372, 373, 378
Kitton, Frederic 28
Knight, Charles 244
Knopf, Alfred 17
Kolle, Henry 32, 46, 49, 253
“The Ladies' Societies” (sketch) 61
Lamb, Lady Caroline 80
Lamb, Charles 43
Lamert, George (aka James) 26
Landor, Walter Savage 236
Langdale, Thomas 312
Laurence, Samuel 182, 200, 218
lawyers, social status 174
Lea, H. C. 158
Leary, Patrick, and Andrew Nash, “Authorship” 2
Lee, John 157
Leech, John 74, 108, 346
Leopold I of Belgium 15
Lever, Charles 84, 243
Lewes, G. H. 162, 220
Ley, J. W. T. 182
The Library of Fiction 33, 86, 88–89, 92, 102, 348
“The Lifted Veil” (sketch) 249
“The Lions of London” 254
literacy, rise in 3
Little Dorrit 131
Liverpool, anti-Catholic feeling in 283
Liverpool, Lord 55
Locke, John 8, 11, 210, 331
Lockhart, John Gibson 79, 81, 82–83, 301
biography of Scott 309–311
London, as cultural center 84
“London By Night” 49
Longman, Thomas 12, 223–224, 240
Lover, Samuel 180
Lyttleton, George, 4th Baron 180
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 1st Baron 19
Mackenzie, Henry 34
Mackenzie, R. Shelton 148, 155, 236
Maclise, Daniel 41, 245, 367
frontispiece to Nicholas Nickleby 218–223
Macready, William 81, 179–180, 192, 195, 246
Macrone, John 25, 70, 72, 75, 76, 82, 85, 90, 100, 109–110, 280, 281–282
death 286, 355
See also Pic Nic Papers
Dickens's problems fulfilling commissions for 137, 138, 141
proposed reissue of Sketches 151, 153–154, 155
prevention by buyout 154
publication of Sketches by Boz 53, 74
working relationship with Dickens 112, 286
Maginn, William 55, 81, 136, 152, 247, 352–353
Magnet, Myron 381
Mahony, Francis 37
Mansfield, Lord 11, 14, 136, 307–308, 380
Manzoni, Alessandro, I Promessi Sposi 311
Marcus, Steven 101, 125, 196, 228, 265, 270, 374–375, 376
Marler-Kennedy, Kara 380
Marryat, Frederick, Capt. 186–187, 319
Martin, Theodore 37
Martin Chuzzlewit 64–65, 197, 206
Marx, Karl 214
Mary I, Queen 6
Master Humphrey's Clock xvi, xvii, 41, 118, 159, 237, 253–259, 268
(alleged) aims 296
authorial voice 258, 268, 295–297
circulation 273–274, 321
collaborative creation 243–253
contrasted with Barnaby Rudge 293
Dickens as sole contributor 244, 245, 256, 257–258
Dickens's control over 241–242
Dickens's proposals for 238, 300, 369–370
Dickens's reasons for proposing 242–243
illustrations 244–245, 370
narrative framework 256
narrative structure 256–257, 258
negotiations 243–244, 303–304
personnel 254–257, 267, 320–321, 323
pricing 271–272
proposed format 241
proposed topics 243
recycling of Pickwick characters 255–257, 258, 297
serialization of Barnaby Rudge 287
sources 269
switch to third-person narration 257, 260–261
target readership 271–273
US publication 250–251, 253
winding-up 25, 308, 320–323, 325
reasons for 321–323
Mathews, Charles 278
Maxwell, Richard 342
Mayhew, Henry 49
McKenzie, D.F. xiv–xv, 329
McKitterick, David xv, 334
Meadows, Kenny 156
“Meditations in Monmouth Street” (sketch) 69, 71–72, 113, 342
Melbourne, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount 55, 109, 118, 283
Memoirs of Joseph Grimaldi 153, 180–182
criticisms 181–182
sales 181
Michie, Helena 197
Middle Temple, Dickens's admission to 252–253
Millar v. Taylor (1769) 11, 14
Miller, J. Hillis 101, 195–196
Milnes, Richard Monckton (later Baron Houghton) 180, 371
Milton, John 8
Paradise Lost 10
The Mirror of Parliament (report journal) 28–29
Mitford, Mary Russell 84, 162
Mitton, Thomas 51, 147, 187–188, 234, 246, 305, 310–311
Moir, David MacBeth (“Delta”) 36, 301
Molloy, Charles 28, 48
Moncrieff, W.T. 204–205, 217, 249
Nicholas Nickleby 204–205
Sam Weller; or The Pickwickians 157, 204, 356
Monthly Magazine 31–32, 35, 44, 49–50, 56–57
Moore, Thomas 151
morality, novels as vehicles for 130–131, 224
More, Hannah 274
More, Thomas, Utopia 211
Morgan, Edwin S. 186, 189
Morland, George 340
Morning Chronicle 29, 44, 50–53, 58–60, 84–85, 108–109, 111
political stance/readership 53
Morritt, John 34
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus
Abduction from the Seraglio 170
The Magic Flute 170
“Mrs Joseph Porter Over the Way” (sketch) 49
Mudfog (projected setting for sketches) 140, 353
Mudie, Robert 223
Murphy, Peter 168
Murray, Isobel 302
Murray, James A. H. 171
Murray, John 12, 44, 74, 102
names, use in Sketches 66–68, 343
See also Oliver Twist
natural rights, theory of 8
Neal, Joseph Clay 155
New Poor Law
See Poor Law Amendment Act
Newgate fiction 72, 81–82, 224, 225, 370–371
(alleged) copycat crimes 250
criticisms 247–250, 253, 312
reworking of conventions in Barnaby Rudge 293–294
Niboyet, Eugénie 157–158
Nicholas Nickleby 24, 177, 263
adaptations/imitations 204–205, 212
attacks on piracy 204–206
autobiographical elements 27, 203–204, 217, 364, 365, 366
as career-defining work 186, 192, 204
characterization 202–204, 207–208, 212, 213
real-life originals
See Grant, Daniel/William
contemporary criticism 208
ending 285, 364
generic definition 186–187
illustrations 185, 366–367
frontispiece 217–223
income from 228–229, 238–239
inserted stories 213–214
narrative framework 216–217
paratexts 215–216
prefigurings in Sketches 196
process of composition 187, 237
“Proclamation” 194
publication agreement 149–150
range of issues 225
RSC production
See Edgar, David
social critique 194, 212–214
structure 195–197
theatricality 195, 196, 201–204, 253, 363
treatment of commerce 197–200, 214–215, 221
alternatives to 206–209
treatment of employment 212–213, 366
treatment of portraiture 183, 200
use of humor 186
Nord, Deborah Epstein 340
North, Christopher
See Wilson, John, Prof.
Norton v. Melbourne (1836) 109, 116
novels
competition for literary audience 271
readers'/reviewers' preferences 376
O'Connell, Daniel 109
The Old Curiosity Shop 253, 257
autobiographical significance 273, 276–277, 372, 376
characterization 266
comic elements 259–260, 373
commercial success 273–274, 288
in US 272
conclusion 288
death of Nell 258–259, 301
deletion of material from Master Humphrey's Clock 269–270
dream motif 276–277, 377
generic characteristics 269, 278
illustrations 245, 256, 273–274, 373
interweaving of themes 274–275
Marxist interpretations 264
narrative voice 263–264, 277
narratorial voice/identity 259–263, 267, 268, 274–275
problems of 260–261
page format 376
prefaces 270, 275–278, 375–376
publication 272
setting 267
sexual implications 261–263, 265–267, 374–375
structure 272–273
theme of spying/overhearing 261–262, 373
theme of tale-telling 278
treatment of money 375
O'Leary, Joanna 358
Oliphant, Margaret 118
Oliver Twist xvii, 23, 40–42, 49–50, 74, 128, 158, 215, 359
advertising of other works by association with 251
attacks on 247–248
Dickens's defense 248–249
authorial credit 2–3, 173, 191–193, 216
autobiographical elements 162–164
“coffin” motif 358–359
composition 117, 146
copyright 143, 145–146, 159, 234–235
transfer of 251–252
Dickens's income from 228–230
disputes over 189–192, 207
dramatizations 157
echoes/contrasts in later works 208–209, 294, 295, 314
generic definition 186
historical/social context 174–175
illustrations 146, 161, 190
origins 139–140, 160–161
prefigurings in Sketches 54, 69, 70, 73, 79, 167, 342
publication 147, 187
significance of names 163–164, 167, 193
social critique 69, 160–162, 175–176, 183, 198–199, 211
stories, telling of 164–166
as commercial transaction 165–166
treatment of identity 163–164, 167–168, 172, 173, 206, 285
treatment of plagiarism 172–173
unsuitability for Bentley's Miscellany 135, 161–162, 249
Ollier, Charles 312
Onwhyn, Thomas 156, 158
Orczy, Baroness 341
origins, Dickens's interest in/treatment of 285–286
Osgood, James Ripley 355–356
O'Thello (Shakespeare burlesque) 49
Our Mutual Friend 131
“Our Next-Door Neighbours” (sketch) 65
“Our School” (1851 article) 27
paratext xiv
defined 329
“A Passage in the Life of Mr. Watkins Tottle” (sketch) 61
Paulson, Ronald 286, 294
Pavese, Caesar 43
Payne, J. H., Clari 49
Peel, Sir Robert 55, 249, 322
Perkins, Maxwell 17
Petrarch 80
“Phiz”
See Browne, Hablot Knight
physiognomy, as key to character 200
Pic Nic Papers (benefit publication for Macrone's widow and family) 154–155, 187, 230, 239–240, 355
Pickering, Ferdinand 227
The Pickwick Papers xvii, 23, 55, 66, 79, 111, 135, 140, 200, 228–229, 250, 262, 281
Address from the Publishers (Part iii, June 1836) 105
advance Prospectus 89–91, 94–95
authorial credit 23, 76, 192
celebratory dinner (Nov. 17, 1837) 179–180
challenges facing author 108–121
chancy nature of venture 101, 106–107
characterization 64–65, 96–97, 112–115, 113–115, 124–125
formed around language 114–115
Jingle 107
Sam Weller 114–115
use of stock types 114
collaborative nature of project 95–96, 97, 98, 253
commercial success 107–108, 149, 151, 162, 179–180
conclusion 130, 259
conflicts, internal/intergenerational 120–121, 125–126
critical analyses 101
dates, significance of 125–126, 351–352
death, as theme 91, 119–125, 126–127, 133
background of real-life deaths 117–118
metaphoric presence 122–123
dedication 177
Dickens's (claimed) control over 91–94, 100, 101
Dickens's contribution to illustrations 97, 99–100, 350
Dingley Dell Christmas episode 128–129
“Dying Clown” episode/illustration 98–100, 107, 350
echoes/contrasts in later works 133, 167, 208–209, 213
eighteenth-century models 90
Fleet Prison chapters 69–70, 117, 128
foreign pirate editions 157–159
Garden/Fall motif 123–124
generic definition 118, 130, 186
genesis 89–91, 94–96
mythologized version 91
illustrations
See Browne, H. K., Buss, R. W., Seymour, Robert
increase in length of installments 103–104, 111–112
integration of darkness and comedy 128
narrative framework 116–117
Notice to Correspondents 106
parodies/reworkings 131–133, 154, 155–157
plot development 108, 116–121
poor early sales 101, 103
Postscript from the Editor (Part iii, June 1836) 105–106
Preface to 1847 edition 32, 39, 42, 92–94, 337–338, 352
prefigurings in Sketches 73, 79, 96, 98–99, 128
publication agreements 148–150, 149–150, 159
publication schedule 142
readers' correspondence 105–107
recycling of characters 255–257, 258, 297, 324–325
reduction of illustrations 103–104
sources of comedy 124–128
reworking of comic conventions 124–126
stage adaptations 156–157
switch of narrative direction 107
transformations 127–128
treatment of family relationships 120, 121, 285
treatment of law 125–126, 252
treatment of male–female relationships 116, 120, 121
treatment of social class 175
treatment of time 129–130, 133
piracy 11, 169–170, 359
Dickens's attacks on 157, 170, 173, 204–206
efforts at restriction 170
remedies 170
romantic connotations 169–170
plagiarism 171–173
Dickens accused of 355
distinguished from piracy 169, 171
gravity of offence 173
in Oliver Twist 172–173
Plato, Republic 211
Poe, Edgar Allan 321–322
Poor Law Amendment Act 161–162, 174–175, 180, 209
Pope, Alexander 10–11
Pope-Hennessy, Una 188
population shifts 167–168
Potter (clerk) 28
Powell, Anthony 118
Prescott, W. H. 188
Prest, T. P. 76
Price, Leah 267–268, 272, 376
prison, Dickens's visit to/use of as setting 70–72
professions, aspirations to status of gentleman 174, 225
property, law of 171
Protestant Association 283
Protestant work ethic 21
Proust, Marcel 62, 344
pseudonym(s) 192, 339
advantages 33–36
in fiction 67
popularity 34, 37–38
See also “Boz”, “Sparks, Timothy”
See under “Tibbs”; “W”
publishers, role in communications industry 12
Quiz (Edward Caswall), Sketches of Young Ladies 153
Rabelais, François, Gargantua 37
rape (implied), treatments 261–263, 374
Raven, James 34
Reade, Charles 84
realism, conventions of 130
reception history/theory xvi
Rede, William Leman, Peregrinations of Pickwick (musical adaptation) 156–157, 356
Reform Act 48–49, 55, 180
Reynolds, George W. M., Pickwick Abroad 156
Reynolds, Sir Joshua 200
Rice, Thomas J. 283, 308, 378
Richardson, Samuel 10, 268
Rogers, Samuel 81
Room, Adrian 34
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 211
Rowlinson, Matthew 375
Rushton, William 157
Ruskin, John 274
Russell, Lord John 51
Russell, Lord William 250
Salisbury, Dowager Marchioness of 51
Salmon, Frederick 309
“Scenes and Characters” 52
Schlicke, Paul 196
Schor, Hilary M. 131
Scotland
copyright law 11
Dickens's visit to (1841) 299, 300–302, 304
celebratory dinner (June 25, 1841) 300–302
Scott, John 79
Scott, Sir Walter 13–14, 34, 82–83, 90, 169, 182, 224, 254, 301
Dickens seen as heir to 301
financial misfortunes 82–83, 242, 309–310
influence on Barnaby Rudge 309–311
The Heart of Midlothian 280
Selby, Charles 238
Seville, Catherine 81
Seymour, Jane, née Holmes 93–94, 95, 100–101, 349
Seymour, Robert 66, 86–87, 88, 89, 90, 200
Dickens's posthumous tribute 93
illustrations for Pickwick 94–101, 108, 113, 350
suicide 100–101, 102, 104–105, 109, 112, 116–117, 121
Shakespeare, William 80, 115, 253
As You Like It 125
First Folio 7, 331
Hamlet 140–141, 285
Henry V 42
King Lear 66, 203
A Midsummer Night's Dream 125
Othello 49, 151
Romeo and Juliet 202–203
The Tempest 125
Twelfth Night 125
Shaw, William 184–185
Shelley, Mary, Frankenstein 20–21, 44
Shelley, Percy Bysshe 16
Sheridan, Richard Brinsley 57
Sibson, Thomas 156
Simmons, Samuel 10
Sketches by Boz xvii, 23, 45, 57, 58–61, 65, 79, 82, 90, 100, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 135, 141, 221, 241, 263
common themes 66–73
echoes in later works
See under titles of novels
illustrations 74–75
popularity 91, 138
projected reissue (1837) 151, 153–154, 155
reviews 55, 62–63, 79, 85, 100
studies 345
“Sketches from Our Parish” 58–59, 60–61, 217
“Sketches of London” 49, 52, 58–60, 108–109
Sketches of Young Couples 153, 237, 369
Sketches of Young Gentlemen 135, 153, 180
Skura, Meredith Anne 374, 377
Slater, Michael 53, 74, 335, 337
slavery, profits from 225, 319–320
Smith, Sydney 44, 57
Smith, Victoria Ford 371
Smithson, Charles 303–304
Smollett, Tobias 179
“Solomon Bell the Raree Showman” 138, 153
Solomons, Ikey 247
Spain, copyright law 15
“Sparks, Timothy” (pseudonym) 109, 153
The Spectator 243
St. Clair, William xv, 329
Stallworthy, Jon xiv
Star Chamber 6, 7
Stationers' Company 6–9, 169
booksellers' control of 6–7
extent of authority 6
loss of monopoly 8–9, 331
registration requirements 7
“The Steam Excursion” (sketch) 68
Stein, Richard, Victoria's Year 167–168
Stendhal (Henri-Pierre Bayle) 43
Stewart, Garrett 71, 132, 227, 352, 372
Stirling, Edward 156, 205
“The Story Without a Beginning” 53
Strachey, Lytton 328
The Strange Gentleman (musical play) 110, 140, 354–355
author credit 152
“Street Sketches” 58–59
“The Streets – Morning” (sketch) 69–70
subscription, publication by 10
Sunday Under Three Heads (political satire) 109
Surveyor of the Press, office of 7
Swift, Jonathan 36
Gulliver's Travels 243
A Tale of Two Cities 293, 379
Talfourd, Thomas Noon 16, 23–24, 177, 180, 223, 252, 322, 333
Ion 177
Tauchnitz, Bernhard 159
Taylor, Robert
See Millar v. Taylor
Taylor, Weld 182
Tegg, Thomas 138, 153
Tennyson, Alfred, 1st Baron 19, 84
Thackeray, William Makepeace 37–38, 108, 130, 190, 193–194, 250, 367, 371
criticisms of Dickens 227, 247–250, 253, 273
Dickens's response 248–249
Catherine 247
“Horae Catnachianae” 247–248
The Yellowplush Correspondence 132
theater
See acting, Nicholas Nickleby
Thompson, T. J. 225
Thomson, C. E. Poulett 16
Thomson, James, The Seasons 11
“Thoughts About People” (sketch) 59–60
“Tibbs” (pseudonym) 44–46
Tidd, William, Practice of the Court of King's Bench 28
Tillotson, Kathleen xiii, 190, 315, 377
See also Butt, John
Tilt, Charles 32, 193, 237, 239–240
Tonson, Jacob 10
transformation, as comic theme 127–128
“Trio Club” 365
Trollope, Anthony 118
Orley Farm 174
Trollope, Frances 102
Trollope, Thomas Adolphus 84
Tudor period, copyright laws/institutions 5–6
“The Tuggses at Ramsgate” (sketch) 66–67, 85
Turpin, Dick 82, 170
Twain, Mark 164, 358
The Uncommercial Traveller 175
United States
copyright law 15–16
Dickens's visit to 24, 308, 326
“pirated” editions of British authors 169
universities, copyright privileges 6
Valentine and Orson (anon.) 285
Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) 307
Vanden Bossche, Chris 223, 224–225
Varese, Jon 197
Verdi, Giuseppe, Rienzi (uncompleted) 81
Victoria, Queen 15, 118, 237
The Village Coquettes (operetta) 73, 84, 109–110, 139, 140, 349
author credit 152
“A Visit to Newgate” (sketch) 72, 82, 99, 249
Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet) 339
“W,” pseudonym 306
Wagner, Richard, Rienzi 81
Warren's Jet Blacking 26–27, 29, 274, 335
Watson, Robert 312–313
The Life of George Gordon 281
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of 55
Wellington House Academy 27–28, 39
Wheeler, Burton 160
Whitehead, Charles 86, 348
Wilde, Oscar 328
Wilkie, David 301
Wilkinson, Ian 345
Wilks, Thomas Egerton 154
William IV 53, 55
death 117–118
Williams, Samuel 245
Willis, Nat 70, 82, 348, 367
Wills, W. H. 43
Wilson, Edmund 335
Wilson, John, Prof. 300–301
Wimsatt, William K. 17
Winter, Gilbert 207
The Wizard of Oz (1939) 17
Wood, Mrs Henry, East Lynne 341
Woodvine, John 195
Woolf, Virginia 328
Wordsworth, William 13
working classes, renderings of speech 64–65
Xavier, Andrew 361
Yates, Edmund 155
Yates, Frederick 205
Yorkshire schools
court cases involving 184–185
Dickens's attacks on 183–185, 194
Young, Robert 341
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