Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-x5gtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-21T21:45:50.266Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Earliest Utilization of Chicken in Upper California: The Zooarchaeology of Avian Remains from the San Diego Royal Presidio

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 May 2020

Aharon Sasson Open the ORCID record for Aharon Sasson [Opens in a new window]  and
Susan Arter
Aharon Sasson*
Affiliation:
San Diego Zooarchaeology Laboratory, Department of Birds and Mammals, San Diego Natural History Museum, P.O. Box 121390, San Diego, CA92112-1390, USA
Susan Arter
Affiliation:
San Diego Zooarchaeology Laboratory, Department of Birds and Mammals, San Diego Natural History Museum, P.O. Box 121390, San Diego, CA92112-1390, USA
*
(asasson@sdnhm.org, corresponding author)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The San Diego Presidio, established in AD 1769, was the first European settlement in Upper California. Very little is known about chicken husbandry in colonial America, which makes this study the first comprehensive analysis of chicken remains in North America. Chickens are scarcely mentioned in historical accounts describing early California, and information on their sex, age, or management is rare. The faunal assemblage from the San Diego Presidio yielded 20 avian and 14 mammalian species. Chicken remains were studied through a wide range of zooarchaeological methods, including taphonomy, biometry, medullary bone, epiphyseal fusion, butchering, and body-part representation. Taphonomic analysis indicates good preservation of the bone assemblage. The biometric study points to two breeds of chickens: a smaller (bantam) breed alongside a standard-size chicken. The percentage of juvenile chickens (23%), the rooster/hen ratio (1:8.5), and high proportion of medullary bone point to on-site chicken husbandry focusing on meat and egg production. The historical record suggests that California presidios were not self-sufficient and that they relied on food provisioned from Mexico and nearby missions. We argue that small-scale poultry production, likely managed by women and children, provided California presidios with a form of subsistence independence.

El Presidio de San Diego, establecido en 1769, fue el primer asentamiento Europeo en la Alta California. El record histórico siguiere que los presidios de California no eran autosuficiente y necesitaban subministro alimenticio de México y las misiones cercanas. Sin embargo, muy poco se conoce sobre la crianza de pollos en la América colonial. Este es el primer estudio comprensivo analizando restos de pollo en Norte América. Los pollos son raramente mencionados en acontecimientos históricos describiendo a la temprana California e información de su sexo, edad, o mantención es rara. La colección de fauna del Presidio de San Diego produjo especies de 20 aves y 14 mamíferos. Los restos de pollos fueron estudiados usando una amplia gama de métodos zooarqueológicos incluyendo tafonomía, biometría, hueso medular, fusión de epífisis, carnicería y representación de las partes del cuerpo. El análisis tafonómico, indico una buena preservación de la colección de huesos. El estudio biométrico apunta a dos razas de pollos, la pequeña raza (Bantam) junto a pollos de tamaño estándar. La proporción de pollos juveniles (23%), la proporción de gallo/gallina (1:8.5), y la alta proporción de hueso medular apunta a la crianza de pollos en sitio, enfocándose en la producción de carne y huevo. Argumentamos que la producción de pollos a escala pequeña, probablemente practicado por mujeres y niños, proporciono a los presidios de California con una forma de subsistencia independiente.

Keywords

historical archaeologytaphonomymedullary bonechicken husbandrychicken breedscolonial periodavifaunabantam chickenarqueología históricatafonomíahueso medularcría de pollosraza de pollosperíodo colonialfauna avialpollo bantam
Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 85 , Issue 3 , July 2020 , pp. 516 - 534
Copyright
Copyright © 2020 by the Society for American Archaeology

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Abubakar, Mustapha, Ambali, Abdul-Ganiyu, and Tamjdo, Tarik 2007 Rural Chicken Production: Constraints Limiting Rural Chicken Production in Some Areas of Nigeria and Cameroon. Family Poultry 17(1):57–62.Google Scholar
Aiken, S. Robert 1983 The Spanish Missions of Alta California Rise, Decline, and Restoration. Pioneer America 15:3–19.Google Scholar
Archibald, Robert 1978 The Economic Aspects of the California Missions. Academy of American Franciscan History, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Arter, Susan, Sasson, Aharon, and Unitt, Philip 2018 Avifaunal Change in Southern California from an Archaeological Perspective. In Trends and Traditions: Avifaunal Change in Western North America, edited by Shuford, David, Gill, Robert Jr., and Handel, Colleen, pp. 442–452. Studies of Western Birds 3. Western Field Ornithologists, Camarillo, California.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bancroft, Hubert Howe 1885 History of the Pacific States of North America: California. A.L. Bancroft, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Bancroft, Hubert Howe 1888 California Pastoral, 1769–1848. History Company, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Barbolla, Diane E. 1992 Alta California Troops: Acculturation and Material Wealth in a Presidio and Mission Context, 1769–1810. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside.Google Scholar
Bartel, Brad 1991 Archaeological Excavation and Education at the San Diego Royal Presidio, 1987–1990. Journal of San Diego History 37:1–30.Google Scholar
Benecke, Norbert 1993 On the Utilization of the Domestic Fowl in Central Europe from the Iron Age up to the Middle Ages. Archaeofauna (2):21–31.Google Scholar
Benté, Vance G., Tordoff, Judith D., and Hilderman-Smith, Mary 1982 Phase VIII: Archaeological Excavations of the Chapel Site CA-SBA-133. Submitted to the Santa Barbara Trust for Historic Preservation, Santa Barbara, California.Google Scholar
Blackie, Seth 2014 Village Chicken Production System in the Greater Accra Region Ghana. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare 4(9):89–94.Google Scholar
Blind, Eric B., Voss, Barbara L., Kenton, Osborn. S., and Barker, Leo R. 2004 El Presidio De San Francisco: At the Edge of Empire. Historical Archaeology 38(3):135–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boessneck, Joachim, and von den Driesch, Angela 1979 Eketorp: Befestigung und Siedlung auf Öland/Schweden: Die Fauna. Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm.Google Scholar
Bovy, Kristine M. 2012 Why So Many Wings? A Re-examination of Avian Skeletal Part Representation in the South-Central Northwest Coast, USA. Journal of Archaeological Science 39:2049–2059.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canoville, Aurore, Schweitzer, Mary H., and Zanno, Lindsay E. 2019 Systemic Distribution of Medullary Bone in the Avian Skeleton: Ground Truthing Criteria for the Identification of Reproductive Tissues in Extinct Avemetatarsalia. BMC Evolutionary Biology 19(1):71. DOI:10.1186/s12862-019-1402-7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheever, Dayle M. 1983 An Historical Faunal Analysis: Large Mammal Utilization at the San Diego Presidio. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California.Google Scholar
Christenson, Lynne 1993 Appendix A: Analysis of Faunal and Botanical Remains and Inferences on Hedges/Tumco Dietary Habits. In Hedges/Tumco: Historic Mining Traditions of Southeastern California, edited by Hemphill, Claudia B., pp. 1–18. Burney and Associates, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Church, Lloyd E., and Johnson, Lent C. 1964 Growth of Long Bones in the Chicken: Rates of Growth in Length and Diameter of the Humerus, Tibia, and Metatarsus. American Journal of Anatomy 114:521–538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, Alan, and Serjeantson, Dale A. 1996 Manual for the Identification of Bird Bones from Archaeological Sites. Archetype Press, London.Google Scholar
Copland, John W., and Alders, Robyn G. 2009 The Comparative Advantages of Village or Smallholder Poultry in Rural Development. In Village Chickens, Poverty Alleviation and the Sustainable Control of Newcastle Disease, edited by Alders, Robyn G., Spradbrow, Peter B., and Young, Mary P., pp. 11–15. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra.Google Scholar
Corona, Eduardo 2010 Small Domestic Fowl in a Roman Site from Spain (Veranes, Asturias). In Birds in Archaeology: Proceedings of the 6th Meeting of the ICAZ Bird Working Group in Groningen, edited by Prummel, Wietske, Zeiler, Jørn T., and Brinkhuizen, Dick C., pp. 23–28. Barkhuis, Groningen, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Davis, Simon J. M. 1996 Measurements of a Group of Adult Female Shetland Sheep Skeletons from a Single Flock: A Baseline for Zooarchaeologists. Journal of Archaeological Science 23:593–612.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Cupere, Bea, Van Neer, Wim, Monchot, Hervé, Rijmenants, Elina, Udrescu, Mircea, and Waelkens, Marc 2005 Ancient Breeds of Domestic Fowl (Gallus Gallus F. Domestica) Distinguished on the Basis of Traditional Observations Combined with Mixture Analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 32:1587–1597.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dirrigl, Frank J. Jr. 2001 Bone Mineral Density of Wild Turkey (Meleagris Gallopavo) Skeletal Elements and Its Effect on Differential Survivorship. Journal of Archaeological Science 28:817–832.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dong, Zhuan 1997 Mixture Analysis and Its Preliminary Application in Archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Science 24:141–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunnington, E. Anne, and Siegel, Paul B. 1991 Genetic Analyses of Bantam and Selected Low-Weight White Plymouth Rock Chickens and Their Crosses: 1. Growth, Immunoresponsiveness and Carcass Characteristics. Genetics Selection Evolution 23(2):141. DOI:10.1186/1297-9686-23-2-141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engelhardt, Zephyrin 1912 The Missions and Missionaries of California. James H. Barry Company, San Francisco, California.Google Scholar
Engelhardt, Zephyrin 1920 San Diego Mission. James H. Barry, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Ericson, Per G. P. 1987 Interpretations of Archaeological Bird Remains: A Taphonomic Approach. Journal of Archaeological Science 14:65–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ezell, Paul 1976 The Excavation Program at the San Diego Royal Presidio. Journal of San Diego History 22:1–20.Google Scholar
Fernández, Hermógenes, and Monchot, Hervé 2007 Sexual Dimorphism in Limb Bones of Ibex (Capra Ibex L.): Mixture Analysis Applied to Modern and Fossil Data. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 17:479–491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forbes, Alexander 1839 California: A History of Upper and Lower California from Their Discovery to the Present Time. Smith, Elder and Company, London.Google Scholar
Fothergill, Tyr B., Best, Julia, Foster, Alison, and Demarchi, Beatrice 2017 Hens, Health and Husbandry: Integrated Approaches to Past Poultry-Keeping in England. Open Quaternary 3:5. DOI:10.5334/oq.34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gál, Erika 2006 The Role of Archaeo-Ornithology in the Environmental and Animal History Studies. In Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Preservation, edited by Jerem, Erzsébet, Mester, Zsolt, and Réka, Benczes, pp. 49–61. Archaeolingua, Budapest.Google Scholar
Geiger, Maynard 1963 Fray Junípero Serra: Organizer and Administrator of the Upper California Missions, 1769–1784. California Historical Society Quarterly 42:195–220.Google Scholar
Gordon, Rebecca, Thomas, Richard, and Foster, Alison 2015 The Health Impact of Selective Breeding in Poultry: A Probable Case of “Creeper” Chicken (Gallus Gallus) from 16th-Century Chester, England. International Journal of Paleopathology 9:1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guèye, El Hadji Fallou 2000 Women and Family Poultry Production in Rural Africa. Development in Practice 10:98–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gust, Sherri M. 1982 Faunal Analysis and Butchering. In The Ontiveros Adobe: Early Rancho Life in Alta California, edited by Frierman, Jay D., pp. 101–144. Report on file at Greenwood and Associates, Pacific Palisades, California.Google Scholar
Haber, Annat, and Dayan, Tamar 2004 Analyzing the Process of Domestication: Hagoshrim as a Case Study. Journal of Archaeological Science 31:1587–1601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hackel, Steven W. 1997 Land, Labor, and Production: The Colonial Economy of Spanish and Mexican California. California History 76:111–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammer, Øyvind, Harper, David A. T., and Ryan, Paul D. 2001 PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Education and Data Analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica 4:1–9. Electronic document, https://palaeo-electronica.org/2001_1/past/past.pdf, accessed April 24, 2020.Google Scholar
Hittell, Theodore Henry 1897 History of California, Volume I. N. J. Stone, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Kenneally, Finbar (editor) 1965 Writings of Fermin Francisco De Lasuen. 2 vols. Academy of American Franciscan History, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Kyselý, René 2010 Review of the Oldest Evidence of Domestic Fowl Gallus Gallus f. Domestica from the Czech Republic in Its European Context. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia - Series A: Vertebrata 53:9–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langdon, Robert 1989 When the Blue-Egg Chickens Come Home to Roost: New Thoughts on the Prehistory of the Domestic Fowl in Asia, America and the Pacific Islands. Journal of Pacific History 24:164–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Latimer, Homer B. 1927 Postnatal Growth of the Chicken Skeleton. American Journal of Anatomy 40:1–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Latimer, Homer B., and Rosenbaum, John A. 1926 A Quantitative Study of the Anatomy of the Turkey Hen. Anatomical Record 34:15–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawler, Andrew 2014 Why Did the Chicken Cross the World? The Epic Saga of the Bird That Powers Civilization. Simon and Schuster, New York.Google Scholar
Lucido, Jennifer A. 2013 Decoding the Bones: Spanish Colonial Butchering Practices at the Royal Presidio of Monterey. Boletín 29(1):60–77.Google Scholar
Lyman, Robert L. 1977 Analysis of Historic Faunal Remains. Historical Archaeology 11:67–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyman, Robert L. 1994 Vertebrate Taphonomy. Cambridge University Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mack, Simon, Hoffmann, Dennis, and Otte, Joachim 2007 The Contribution of Poultry to Rural Development. World's Poultry Science Journal 61:7–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maltby, Mark 1997 Domestic Fowl on Romano-British Sites: Inter-Site Comparisons of Abundance. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 7:402–414.3.0.CO;2-A>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mason, Bill 1978 The Garrisons of San Diego Presidio: 1770–1794. Journal of San Diego History 24:399–424.Google Scholar
Miles, Gilbert B., Martin, Larry D., and Savage, Howard G. 1985 Avian Osteology. Modern Printing Company, Laramie, Wyoming.Google Scholar
Monchot, Hervé, and Léchelle, Jacques 2002 Statistical Nonparametric Methods for the Study of Fossil Populations. Paleobiology 28:55–69.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moreno-García, Marta, and Detry, Cleia 2010 The Dietary Role of Hens, Chickens and Eggs among a 17th-Century Monastic Order: The Clarisse of Santa Clara-a-Velha, Coimbra (Portugal). In Birds in Archaeology: Proceedings of the 6th Meeting of the ICAZ Bird Working Group in Groningen, edited by Prummel, Wietske, Zeiler, Jørn T., and Brinkhuizen, Dick C., pp. 45–55. Barkhuis, Groningen, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Mosk, Sanford A. 1938 Price-Fixing in Spanish California. California Historical Society Quarterly 17:118–122.Google Scholar
Myers, Philip, Espinosa, Roger, Parr, Cynthia S., Jones, Tricia, Hammond, George M. S., and Dewey, Tanya A. 2018 The Animal Diversity Web. Electronic document, http://www.animaldiversity.org, accessed August 4, 2017.Google Scholar
Palóu, Francisco 1926 Historical Memoirs of New California. 4 vols. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Pavao-Zuckerman, Barnet 2011 Rendering Economies: Native American Labor and Secondary Animal Products in the Eighteenth-Century Pimería Alta. American Antiquity 76:3–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Payne, Sebastian, and Bull, Gail 1988 Components of Variation in Measurements of Pig Bones and Teeth, and the Use of Measurements to Distinguish Wild from Domestic Pig Remains. Archaeozoologia 2:27–65.Google Scholar
Perry-Gal, Lee, Erlich, Adi, Gilboa, Ayelet, and Bar-Oz, Guy 2015 Earliest Economic Exploitation of Chicken outside East Asia: Evidence from the Hellenistic Southern Levant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112:9849–9854.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pitt, Jacqueline, Gillingham, Phillipa K., Maltby, Mark, and Stewart, John R. 2016 New Perspectives on the Ecology of Early Domestic Fowl: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Journal of Archaeological Science 74:1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pourade, Richard F. 1961 Time of the Bells: The History of San Diego. Union-Tribune Publishing Company, San Diego.Google Scholar
Redding, Richard W. 2015 The Pig and the Chicken in the Middle East: Modeling Human Subsistence Behavior in the Archaeological Record Using Historical and Animal Husbandry Data. Journal of Archaeological Research 23:325–368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reitz, Elizabeth J., Scarry, C. Margaret, and Seifert, Donna J. 1985 Reconstructing Historic Subsistence with an Example from Sixteenth-Century Spanish Florida. Society for Historical Archaeology, Glassboro, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Reitz, Elizabeth J., and Wing, Elizabeth S. 2008 Zooarchaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richman, Irving Berdine 1911 California under Spain and Mexico, 1535–1847. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.Google Scholar
Rick, Anne M. 1975 Bird Medullary Bone: A Seasonal Dating Technique for Faunal Analysts. Canadian Archaeological Association Bulletin 7:183–190.Google Scholar
Sadler, Peta 1991 The Use of Tarsometatarsi in Sexing and Ageing Domestic Fowl (Gallus Gallus L.), and Recognising Five Toed Breeds in Archaeological Material. Circaea 8:41–48.Google Scholar
Sánchez, Joseph P. 1990 Spanish Bluecoats: The Catalonian Volunteers in Northwestern New Spain, 1767–1810. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Sasson, Aharon 2010 Animal Husbandry in Ancient Israel, a Zooarchaeological Perspective on Livestock Exploitation, Herd Management and Economic Strategies. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Sasson, Aharon 2011 Faunal Remains from the Carrillo Ranch House and Warner's Trading Post. In Two Forks in the Road: Test Excavations of the Ranch House at Warner's Ranch (Warner – Carrillo Ranch House) and Site of Jonathan T. Warner's House and Store, edited by Van Wormer, Stephen R. and Walter, Susan D., pp. 30–58. Vol. III. Walter Enterprises, Chula Vista, California.Google Scholar
Sasson, Aharon 2014 Faunal Remains from the Central Fountain Area at Mission San Diego De Alcalá (CA-SDI-35), San Diego, California. Report on file at Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá. Copies avialable from San Diego Zooarchaeology Laboratory, San Diego.Google Scholar
Sasson, Aharon 2017 Zooarchaeology of Urban San Diego: The Vertebrate and Invertebrate Remains from F & 11th Avenue (CA-SDI-22034). In Historical and Archaeological Investigations of SDI-22034, Block 55 (334) of the City of San Diego Horton's Addition Subdivision, edited by Van Wormer, Stephen, Walter, Susan D., and Wade, Mary Robbins, pp. 1–33. San Diego, California. Report on File at HELIX Environmental Planning. Copies available from San Diego Zooarchaeology Laboratory, San Diego, California.Google Scholar
Schulz, Peter D., Quinn, Ronald, and Fulmer, Scott 1987 Archaeological Investigations at the Rose-Robinson Site, Old Town San Diego Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 23(2):1–51.Google Scholar
Schweitzer, Teagan A. 2010 Philadelphia Foodways ca. 1750–1850: An Historical Archaeology of Cuisine. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Serjeantson, Dale A. 2009 Birds. Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Serra, Junípero 1955 Writings of Junípero Serra, Volume II. Edited and translated by Tibesar, Antonine. Academy of American Franciscan History, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Simons, Dwight D. 1980 Bird Remains. In Historical Archaeology at the Golden Eagle Site, edited by Praetzellis, Mary, Praetzellis, Adrian, and Brown, Marley R. III, pp. 1–13. Sonoma State University, California.Google Scholar
Simons, Dwight D. 1984 Avifaunal Remains at the Woodland Opera House Site. In The Chinese Laundry on Second Street: Papers on Archaeology at the Woodland Opera House Site, Vol. 24, edited by Felton, David L., pp. 167–180. California Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento.Google Scholar
Simpson, George G., Roe, Anne, and Lewontin, Richard C. 1960 Quantitative Zoology. Harcourt Brace, New York.Google Scholar
Slavin, Philip 2009 Chicken Husbandry in Late-Medieval Eastern England: C. 1250–1400. Anthropozoologica 44(2):35–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith-Lintner, Cheryl A. 2007 Becoming Californio: Archaeology of Communities, Animals, and Identity in Colonial California. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Sonaiya, Emmanuel Babafunso 2009 Fifteen Years of Family Poultry Research and Development at Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria. In Village Chickens, Poverty Alleviation, and the Sustainable Control of Newcastle Disease, edited by Alders, Robyn, Spradbrow, Peter B., and Young, Marry P., pp. 15–26. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra.Google Scholar
Sykes, Naomi 2012 A Social Perspective on the Introduction of Exotic Animals: The Case of the Chicken. World Archaeology 44:158–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szuter, Christine R. 1996 Faunal Analysis of Home Butchering and Meat Consumption at the Hubbel Trading Post, Ganado, Arizona. In Images of the Recent Past: Readings in Historical Archaeology, edited by Orser, Charles E., pp. 333–354. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, California.Google Scholar
Thomas, Richard, Sadler, Pemela, and Cooper, Joanne 2014 Developmental Osteology of Cross-Bred Red Junglefowl (Gallus Gallus L. 1758) and the Implications for Ageing Chickens from Archaeological Sites. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 26:176–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomson, Vicki A., Lebrasseur, Ophélie, Austin, Jeremy J., Hunt, Terry L., Burney, David A., Denham, Tim, Rawlence, Nicolas J., Wood, Jamie R., Gongora, Jaime, Flink, Linus Girdland, Linderholm, Anna, Dobney, Keith, Larson, Greger, and Cooper, Alan 2014 Using Ancient DNA to Study the Origins and Dispersal of Ancestral Polynesian Chickens across the Pacific. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111:4826–4831.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Unitt, Philip 2004 San Diego County Bird Atlas. Proceedings 39. San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego, California.Google Scholar
Valente, Nancy 2002a Appendices E and F: The Vertebrate Assemblage from the Funston Avenue Project, Presidio of San Francisco, Psf Faarp 2000. In Funston Avenue Archaeological Research Project, Presidio of San Francisco, 2000, edited by Ramsay, Amy and Voss, Barbara L., pp. 1–45. Archaeological Research Facility, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Valente, Nancy 2002b The Vertebrate Assemblage from R-Block, Unit Ri the Funston Avenue Project, Presidio of San Francisco, Psf Faarp 2000. In Funston Avenue Archaeological Research Project, Presidio of San Francisco, 2000, edited by Ramsay, Amy and Voss, Barbara L., pp. 1–56. Archaeological Research Facility, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Van Neer, Wim, Noyen, Katrien, De Cupere, Bea, and Beuls, Ingrid 2002 On the Use of Endosteal Layers and Medullary Bone from Domestic Fowl in Archaeozoological Studies. Journal of Archaeological Science 29:123–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
von den Driesch, Angela 1976 A Guide to the Measurements of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 1:1–136.Google Scholar
Voss, Barbara L. 2008 The Archaeology of Ethnogenesis: Race and Sexuality in Colonial San Francisco. University of California Press, Berkeley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wake, Thomas A. 1996 Appendix A.1: Faunal Bone. In Archaeological Discovery and Investigation of the Historic Presidio de San Francisco Archaeological Site, edited by Barbara L. Voss and Vance Benté, pp. A.1-1-A.1-38, Oakland, California. Submitted to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Sacramento District. Copies available from Woodward Clyde Consultants.Google Scholar
Walker, Phillip 1985 Analysis of Faunal Remains. In Test Excavations in Ten Rooms of the Santa Ines Mission Quadrangle, Vol. I: Archaeological Research, edited by Costello, Julia G. and Gasco, Janine pp. 70-79. Copies available from Social Process Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara.Google Scholar
Webb, Edith Buckland 1952 Indian Life at the Old Missions. W.F. Lewis, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Webster, Richard W. 1899 The Practical Management of Poultry with a View to Profit: A Guide to Successful Poultry Keeping on a Large or Small Scale. Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent, London.Google Scholar
West, Barbara 1982 Spur Development: Recognizing Caponized Fowl in Archaeological Material. In Ageing and Sexing Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites, edited by Wilson, Bob, Payne, Sebastian, and Grigson, Caroline, pp. 255–261. BAR International Series 109. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Whitehead, Colin C. 2004 Overview of Bone Biology in the Egg-Laying Hen. Poultry Science 83:193–199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, Jack S. 1997 Adobe Ramparts: Archaeology and the Evolution of the Presidio of San Diego. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 33(4):30–56.Google Scholar
Williams, Jack S. 2004a The Evolution of the Presidio in Northern New Spain. Historical Archaeology 38(3):6–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, Jack S. 2004b San Diego Presidio: A Vanished Military Community of Upper California. Historical Archaeology 38(3):121–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, Don E., and Reeder, DeeAnn M. (editors) 2005 Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3rd ed.Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Sasson and Arter supplementary material

Sasson and Arter supplementary material

Download Sasson and Arter supplementary material(File)
File 45.4 KB