Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-x5gtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-17T15:02:49.570Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Early Lithic Industries of Western South America

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Edward P. Lanning  and
Eugene A. Hammel
Edward P. Lanning
Affiliation:
University of California, Berkeley, Calif.
Eugene A. Hammel
Affiliation:
University of California, Berkeley, Calif.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Sequences of preceramic cultures or well-defined artifact assemblages are now known for the Ecuadorian highlands, the central and southern highlands of Peru, the entire coast of Peru, western and southwestern Bolivia, northern Chile, highland Argentina, Patagonia, and Tierra del Fuego. The known lithic industries of the area can be organized into a scheme of five periods, based on the long sequence at Lauricocha in the central Peruvian highlands and defined by the occurrence of widely diffused artifact types. Periods I and II, estimated at 10,000-8000 B.C. and 8000-6000 B.C., are known only from scattered finds of hunting camps. The earliest evidence of seed-grinding tools and field-stone house foundations is found in central Argentina and north Chile during Period III, 6000-3000 B.C. While nomadic hunters continued to occupy the southern part of the continent until historic times, agriculture was well established in Peru during Period IV (3000-1200 B.C.). Period V, from 1200 B.C. until the extinction of the stone-using Indians of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego in the 20th century, saw the introduction of ceramics to Peru and the southward spread of agriculture, pottery-making, and related activities to Chile and Argentina.

Type
Research Article
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 27 , Issue 2 , October 1961 , pp. 139 - 154
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 1961

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aoer, Vaino 1950 Las capas volcánicas como base de la cronologàa postglacial de Fuegopatagonia. Revista de Investigations Agricolas, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 49–208. Ministerio de Agricultura de la Nación, Buenos Aires.Google Scholar
Barfield, Lawrence 1961 Recent Discoveries in the Atacama Desert and the Bolivian Altiplano. American Antiquity, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 93–100. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Bell, R. E. 1960 Evidence of a Fluted Point Tradition in Ecuador. American Antiquity, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 102–6. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Bennett, W. C. 1949 The Central Andes. In “Andean Culture History,” by Bennett, W. C. and Bird, Junius, pp. 95–244. American Museum of Natural History, Handbook Series, No. 15. New York.Google Scholar
Bird, J. B. 1938 Antiquity and Migrations of the Early Inhabitants of Patagonia. Geographical Review, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 250–75. New York.Google Scholar
Bird, J. B. 1943 Excavations in Northern Chile. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 38, Part 4. New York.Google Scholar
Bird, J. B. 1946 The Archeology of Patagonia. In “Handbook of South American Indians,” edited by Steward, J. H., Vol. 1, pp. 17–24. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 143. Washington.Google Scholar
Bird, J. B. 1948 Preceramic Cultures in Chicama and Virú. In “A Reappraisal of Peruvian Archaeology,“ edited by Bennett, W. C., pp. 21–28. Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology, No. 4. Menasha.Google Scholar
Bird, J. B. 1951 South American Radiocarbon Dates. In “Radiocarbon Dating,” edited by Johnson, Frederick, pp. 37–49. Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology, No. 8. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Brown, C. B. 1926 On Stone Implements from Northwest Peru. Man, Vol. 26, No. 6, Art. 64, pp. 97–101. London.Google Scholar
Cardich, Augusto 1958 Los yacimientos de Lauricocha, nuevas interpretaciones de la prehistoria peruana. Studia Praehistorica I. Centro Argentino de Estudios Prehistóricos, Buenos Aires.Google Scholar
Cardich, Augusto 1960 Investigaciones prehistóricas en los Andes peruanos. In Antiguo Perú: Tiempo y Espacio, Trabajos Presentados a la Semana de Arqueologia Peruana, 9-14 Noviembre, 1959, pp. 89–118. Libreràa-Editorial Juan Mejàa Baca, Lima.Google Scholar
Casavilca Curaca, Alberto 1959 Una exploración paleontologica y arqueológica en que fueron descubiertos los primeros fósiles vertebrados del Perú y restos del periodo preceramico de lea. In Actas y Trabajos del 11 Congreso National de Historia del Perú (Epoca Pre-Hispánica), 4-9 de Agosto de 1958, Vol. 1, pp. 298–303. Lima.Google Scholar
Cruxent, J. M. 1959 Noticia sobre litos de silex del Brasil. Boletàn del Museo de Ciencias Naturales, Años 1958—1959, Vols. 4–5, Nos. 1–4, pp. 7–34. Caracas.Google Scholar
Cruxent, J. M. and Rouse, Irving 1956 A Lithic Industry of Paleo-Indian Type in Venezuela. American Antiquity, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 172–9. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Engel, Frédéric 1957a Early Sites on the Peruvian Coast. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 54–68. Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Engel, Frédéric 1957b Sites et établissements sans céramique de la cúte péruvienne. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, n.s., Vol. 46, pp. 67–155. Paris.Google Scholar
Engel, Frédéric 1958 Algunos datos con referencia a los sitios precerámicos de la costa peruana. Arqueolàgicas, No. 3. Museo Nacional de Antropologàa y Arqueologàa, Lima.Google Scholar
Fung De Lanning, Rosa 1959 Informe perliminar de las excavaciones efectuadas en el Abrigo Rocoso No. 1 de Tschopik. In Actas y Trabajos del II Congreso Nacional de Historia del Perú (Epoca Pre-Hispánica), 4-9 de Agosto de 1958, Vol. 1, pp. 253–74. Lima.Google Scholar
González, A. R. 1943a Arqueologàa del yacimiento indàgena de Villa Rumipal (Provincia de Córdoba). Publicaciones del Instituto de Arqueologia, Lingüàstica y Folklore “Dr. Pablo Cabrera,” No. 4. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba.Google Scholar
González, A. R. 1943b Restos arqueológicos del abrigo de Ongamira. In Congreso de Historia Argentina del Norte y Centro, 12-16 Octubre 1941, Vol. 1, pp. 143–58. Editorial Litvack, Córdoba.Google Scholar
González, A. R. 1952 Antiguo horizonte precerámico en las Sierras Centrales do la Argentina. Runa, Archivo para las Ciencias del Hombre, Vol. 5, pp. 110–33. Buenos Aires.Google Scholar
González, A. R. 1957 Dos fechas de la cronologàa arqueológica argentina obtenidas por el metodo de radiocarbón. Universidad Nacional del Literal, Instituto de Antropologàa, Rosario.Google Scholar
Hrdlička, Aleš and Others 1912 Early Man in South America. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 52. Washington.Google Scholar
Hurt, W. R. 1960 The Cultural Complexes from the Lagoa Santa Region, Brazil. American. Anthropologist, Vol. 62, No. 4, pp. 569–85. Menasha.Google Scholar
Hurt, W. R. and Blasi, Oldemar 1960 O Sambaquà do Macedo, A.52.B., Parana, Brasil. Publicaçao do Conselho de Pesquisas da Universidade do Parana, Arqueologàa, No. 2. Imprensa da Universidade do Paraná, Curitiba.Google Scholar
Ibarra Grasso, D. E. 1951 Puntas de un tipo Folsomoide de la Patagonia. Ciencia Nueva, Revista de Etnologàa y Arqueologàa, Año II, Vol. I, No. 3, pp. 56–60. Tucumán.Google Scholar
Ibarra Grasso, D. E. 1955 Hallazgos de puntas paleolàticas en Bolivia. In Anais do XXXI Congreso International de Americanistas [São Paulo, 1954], pp. 561–8. São Paulo.Google Scholar
Ibarra Grasso, D. E. 1957 El Paleolàtico inferior en América. Cuadernos Americanos, Año 16, No. 4, pp. 135–75. Mexico.Google Scholar
Ibarra Grasso, D. E. 1958 Yacimientos paleolàticos en Bolivia. Estuario, Revista de Geografàa e Historia, Nos. 2–3, pp. 75–8. Montevideo.Google Scholar
Alfred, Kidder II, 1943 Some Early Sites in the Northern Lake Titicaca Basin. Papers of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Vol. 27, No. 1. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Kostritsky, León 1955 Hallazgos arqueológicos que demuestran la existencia de un antiquàsimo pueblo pescador. Pesca y Caza, No. 6, pp. 51–9. Ministerio de Agricultura, Lima.Google Scholar
Kroeber, A. L. 1944 Peruvian Archeology in 1942. Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology, No. 4. Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, New York.Google Scholar
Larco Hoyle, Rafael 1948 Cronologia arqueológica del norte del Perú. Biblioteca del Museo de Arqueologàa Rafael Larco Herrera, Hacienda Chiclin, Trujillo.Google Scholar
Lathrap, D. W. 1954 Preceramic South America. Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Lepaige, Gustavo 1959 Antiguas culturas atacameñas en la Cordillera chilena: época paleolàtica. Revista Universitaria, Anales de la Academia Chilena de Ciencias Naturales, Año 43, No. 22, pp. 139–65. Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago.Google Scholar
Lepaige, Gustavo 1960 Antigua cultura atacameñia en la Cordillera chilena: época paleolàtica (2° artàculo). Revista Universitaria, Anales de la Academia Chilena de Ciencias Naturales, Años 44–45, No. 23, pp. 191–206. Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago.Google Scholar
Mayer-Oakes, W. J. and Bell, R. E. 1960 Early Man Site Found in Highland Ecuador. Science, Vol. 131, No. 3416, pp. 1805–6. Washington.Google Scholar
Mccown, T. D. 1946 The Antiquity of Man in South America. In “Handbook of South American Indians,” edited by Steward, J. H., Vol. 6, pp. 1–9. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 143. Washington.Google Scholar
Menghin, O. F. A. 1952 Fundamentos cronológicos de la prehistoria de Patagonia. R«na, Archivo para las Ciencias del Hombre, Vol. 5, pp. 23–43. Buenos Aires.Google Scholar
Menghin, O. F. A. 1954 Culturas preceramicas en Bolivia. Runa, Archivo para las Ciencias del Hombre, Vol. 6, pp. 125–32. Buenos Aires.Google Scholar
Menghin, O. F. A. and Schroeder, Gerhard 1957 Un yacimiento en Ichuñia (Departamento de Puno, Perú) y las industrias precerámicas de los Andes centrales y septentrionales. Acta Praehistorica Vol. 1, pp. 41–56. Centro de Estudios Prehistóricos, Buenos Aires.Google Scholar
Montes, Anàbal 1943 Yacimiento arqueológico de Ongamira. In Congreso de Historia Argentina del Norte y Centro, 12-16 Octubre 1941, Vol. 1, pp. 229–38. Editorial Litvack, Córdoba.Google Scholar
Olsson, Ingrid 1960 Uppsala Natural Radiocarbon Measurements II. Amercan lournal of Science, Radiocarbon Supplement, Vol. 2, pp. 112–28. New Haven.Google Scholar
Rowe, J. H. 1944 An Introduction to the Archaeology of Cuzco. Papers of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Vol. 27, No. 2. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Rowe, J. H., ASSEMBLER 1960 Highland South America. In “Notes and News,“ American Antiquity, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 140–2. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Schroeder, Gerhard 1957 Hallazgos de artefactos de piedra en el Perú y los problemas del poblamiento de América. Revista del Museo Nacional, Vol. 26, pp. 290–4. Lima.Google Scholar
Strong, W. D. 1957 Paracas, Nazca and Tiahuanacoid Cultural Relationships in South Coastal Peru. Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology, No. 13. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Stuiver, Minze, Deevey, E. S., and Gralenski, J. L. 1960 Yale Natural Radiocarbon Measurements V. American ]ournal of Science, Radiocarbon Supplement, Vol. 2, pp. 49–61. New Haven.Google Scholar
Harry, Tschopik Jr. 1946 Some Notes on Rock Shelter Sites near Huancayo, Peru. American Antiquity, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 73–80. Menasha.Google Scholar
Vescelius, G. S. 1961 Some New Finds at San Nicolás, with a Discussion of the Cultural Relationships of the San Nicolás Industry by Edward P. Lanning. MS, to be published in Nawpa Pacha. Google Scholar
Vignati, M. A. 1927 Arqueologàa y antropologàa de los “conchales“ fueguinos. Revista del Museo de la Plata, Vol. 30, pp. 79–143. Buenos Aires.Google Scholar
Willey, G. R. 1958 Estimated Correlations and Dating of South and Central American Culture Sequences. American Antiquity, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 353–78. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar