Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-hfldf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-22T00:53:24.166Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Privatization, Small-Seed Intensification, and the Origins of Pottery in the Western Great Basin

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Jelmer W. Eerkens
Jelmer W. Eerkens*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

“Brownware” pottery technologies became widely used in the Great Basin around 600 years ago. A significant increase in the use of small seeds within the subsistence economy took place about the same time. I suggest that these two events are linked, that people consciously chose to focus on seeds because they could be privatized, that is, they could be individually owned and were not subject to unrestricted sharing. Pots were an integral component of this process because they could be individually made and owned and could be used within domiciles, placing food preparation and storage out of view from others in the community. Privatization of a staple food resource may have been a response to increased population size and, hence, the number of freeloaders, new village kinship organizations, and a desire to create surplus on the part of aggrandizers.

Resumen

Resumen

Hace aproximadamente 600 años la tecnología de cerámica “Brownware” llegó a ser ampliamente utilizada en la Gran Cuenca de los Estados Unidos, en la misma época tuvo lugar un aumento significativo en la utilización de semillas pequeñas en la economía de subsistencia. Se propone que estos dos eventos estuvieron relacionados, que la gente eligió conscientemente centrarse en la explotación de semillas porque era un recurso que podía privatizarse, esto es, ellos podían poseer éstas y no estar sujetos a las redes sociales de repartimiento general. Del mismo modo, la cerámica era un componente integral en este proceso porque era un recurso que podía ser elaborado y poseído por particulares, utilizado en las casas para la preparación y almacenamiento de alimentos, fuera de la vista de otras personas de la comunidad. La privatización de una fuente de alimento básico pudo haber sido la respuesta a un incremento de la población, correspondiente también a un aumento en el número de “gorrones”, a nuevas formas de organización de parentesco en el pueblo, y al deseo de los “aggrandizers” de crear un excedente.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 69 , Issue 4 , October 2004 , pp. 653 - 670
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Armit, lan, and Finlayson, William L. 1995 Social Strategies and Economic Change : Pottery in Context. In The Emergence of Pottery : Technology and Innovation in Ancient Societies, edited by K. Barnett, William and Hoopes, John W., pp. 267–276. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Arnold, Dean E. 1985 Ceramic Theory and Cultural Process. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Arnold, Jeanne E., Colten, Roger H., and Pletka, Scott 1997 Contexts of Cultural Change in Insular California. American Antiquity 62 : 300–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnett, William K., and Hoopes, John W. (editors) 1995 The Emergence of Pottery : Technology and Innovation in Ancient Societies. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.Google Scholar
Basgall, Mark E., and Giambastiani, Mark A. 1995 Prehistoric Use of a Marginal Environment : Continuity and Change in Occupation of the Volcanic Tablelands, Mono and Inyo Counties, California. Center for Archaeological Research at Davis, Publication No. 12. Davis, California.Google Scholar
Basgall, Mark E., and McGuire, Kelly R. 1988 The Archaeology of CA-Iny-30 : Prehistoric Culture Change in the Southern Owens Valley, California. Report submitted to the California Department of Transportation, Sacramento. Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Davis, California.Google Scholar
Bender, Barbara 1985 Emergent Tribal Formations in the American Midcontinent. American Antiquity 50 : 52–62.Google Scholar
Bettinger, Robert L. 1975 The Surface Archaeology of Owens Valley, Eastern California : Prehistoric Man-Land Relationships in the Great Basin. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside.Google Scholar
Bettinger, Robert L. 1977 Aboriginal Human Ecology in Owens Valley : Prehistoric Change in the Great Basin. American Antiquity 42 : 3–17.Google Scholar
Bettinger, Robert L. 1978 Alternative Adaptive Strategies in the Prehistoric Great Basin. Journal of Anthropological Research 34 : 27–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bettinger, Robert L. 1989 The Archaeology of Pinyon House, Two Eagles, and Crater Midden : Three Residential Sites in Owens Valley, Inyo County, California. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, No. 67. New York.Google Scholar
Bettinger, Robert L. 1999a From Traveler to Processor : Regional Trajectories of Hunter-Gatherer Sedentism in the Inyo-Mono Region, California. In Settlement Pattern Studies in the Americas, Fifty Years since Viru, edited by Billman, B. R. and Feinman, G. M., pp. 39–55. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Bettinger, Robert L. 1999b What Happened in the Medithermal. In Models for the Millennium, edited by Beck, Charlotte, pp. 62–74. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Bettinger, Robert L., and King, Thomas F. 1971 Interaction and Political Organization : A Theoretical Framework for Archaeology in Owens Valley, California. University of California Archaeological Survey Annual Report 13 : 187–195.Google Scholar
Bettinger, Robert L., Madsen, David B., and Elston, Robert G. 1994 Prehistoric Settlement Categories and Settlement Systems in the Alashan Desert of Inner Mongolia, PRC. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 13 : 74–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bettinger, Robert L., and Taylor, R. E. 1974 Suggested Revisions in Archaeological Sequences of the Great Basin and Interior Southern California. Nevada Archaeological Survey Research Papers 5 : 1–26.Google Scholar
Blackhawk, Ned 1997 Julian Steward and the Politics of Representation : A Critique of Anthropologist Julian Steward's Ethnographic Portrayals of American Indians of the Great Basin. American Indian Culture and Research Journal 21 : 61–81.Google Scholar
Braun, David 1980 Experimental Interpretation of Ceramic Vessel Use on the Basis of Rim and Neck Formal Attributes. In The Navajo Project : Archaeological Investigations, Page to Phoenix 500 KV Southern Transmission Line, edited by C. Fiero, Donald, Munson, R. W., McClain, M. T., Wilson, S. M., and Zier, A. H., pp. 170–231. Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Braun, David 1983 Pots as Tools. In Archaeological Hammers and Theories, edited by A. Moore, James and Keene, Arthur S., pp. 107–134. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Bright, Jason, Ugan, Andrew, and Hunsaker, Lorie 2002 The Effect of Handling Time on Subsistence Technology. World Archaeology 34 : 164–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, James A. 1989 The Beginnings of Pottery as an Economic Process. In What's New? A Closer Look at the Process of Innovation, edited by E. van, Sander Leeuw and Torrence, Robin, pp. 203–224. Unwin Hyman, London.Google Scholar
Cashdan, Elizabeth 1985 Coping with Risk : Reciprocity among the Basarwa of Northern Botswana. Man 20 : 454–174.Google Scholar
Crown, Patricia L., and Wills, Wirt H. 1995a Economic Intensification and the Origins of Ceramic Containers in the American Southwest. In The Emergence of Pottery : Technology and Innovation in Ancient Societies, edited by K. Barnett, William and Hoopes, John W., pp. 241–254. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Crown, Patricia L., and Wills, Wirt H. 1995b The Origins of Southwestern Ceramic Containers : Women's Time Allocation and Economic Intensification. Journal of Anthropological Research 51 : 173–186.Google Scholar
Crum, Steven J. 1999 Julian Steward's Vision of the Great Basin : A Critique and Response. In Julian Steward and the Great Basin : The Making of an Anthropologist, edited by O. Clem, Richard-mer, L. Daniel Myers, and Mary Elizabeth Rudden, pp. 117–127. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Damp, Jonathon E., and Vargas, L. Patricia 1995 The Many Contexts of Early Valdivia Ceramics. In The Emergence of Pottery : Technology and Innovation in Ancient Societies, edited by K. Barnett, William and Hoopes, John W., pp. 157–168. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Delacorte, Michael G. 1990 The Prehistory of Deep Springs Valley, Eastern California : Adaptive Variation in the Western Great Basin. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis.Google Scholar
Delacorte, Michael G. 1997 Culture Change along the Eastern Sierra Nevada/Cascade Front, vol. 7 : Pah Rah Uplands. Report submitted to Tuscarora Gas Transmission Co., Reno. Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Davis, California.Google Scholar
Delacorte, Michael G. 1999 The Changing Role of Riverine Environments in the Prehistory of the Central-Western Great Basin : Data Recovery Excavations at Six Prehistoric Sites in Owens Valley, California. Report submitted to Caltrans District 9, Bishop, California. Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Davis, California.Google Scholar
Delacorte, Michael G., Hall, Matthew C., and Basgall, Mark E. 1995 Final Report on the Evaluation of Twelve Archaeological Sites in the Southern Owens Valley, Inyo County, California. Report submitted to the California Department of Transportation, Sacramento.Google Scholar
Delacorte, Michael G., and McGuire, Kelly R. 1993 Report of Archaeological Test Evaluations at Twenty-Three Sites in Owens Valley, California. Report submitted to Contel Corporation. Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Davis, California.Google Scholar
Dowling, John H. 1968 Individual Ownership and the Sharing of Game in Hunting Societies. American Anthropologist 70 : 502–507.Google Scholar
Driver, Harold E. 1937 Culture Element Distributions, VI : Southern Sierra Nevada. University of California Anthropological Records 1(2) : 53–154.Google Scholar
Drucker, Philip 1937 Culture Element Distributions, V : Southern California. University of California Anthropological Records 1(1) : 1–51.Google Scholar
Earle, Timothy K. 1991 The Evolution of Chiefdoms. In Chiefdoms : Power, Economy, and Ideology, edited by K. Earle, Timothy, pp. 1–15. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Eerkens, Jelmer W. 1997 Preliminary Report on Survey and Test Excavations on the Western and Southern Fringes of Owens Lake. Report on file with Bureau of Land Management, Bishop, California.Google Scholar
Eerkens, Jelmer W. 2001 The Origins of Pottery among Late Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers in California and the Western Great Basin. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara.Google Scholar
Eerkens, Jelmer W. 2003 Residential Mobility and Pottery Use in the Western Great Basin. Current Anthropology 44 : 728–738.Google Scholar
Eerkens, Jelmer W., Neff, Hector, and Glascock, Michael 1999 Early Pottery from Sunga’va and Implications for the Development of Ceramic Technology in Owens Valley, California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 20 : 275–285.Google Scholar
Eerkens, Jelmer W., Neff, Hector, and Glascock, Michael 2002 Ceramic Production among Small-Scale and Mobile Hunters and Gatherers : A Case Study from the Southwestern Great Basin. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 21 : 200–229.Google Scholar
Eerkens, Jelmer W., Neff, Hector, and Glascock, Michael 2004 GC-MS Analysis and Fatty Acid Ratios of Archaeological Potsherds from the Western Great Basin of North America. Archaeometry, in press.Google Scholar
Eerkens, Jelmer W., and Rosenthal, Jeffrey S. 2004 The Transition from Geophyte to Seed Processing in the Northern Mojave Desert : Evidence from Thermal Features Near China Lake. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly, in press.Google Scholar
hedRichard P., , Mottram, Hazel R., Dudd, Stephanie N., Charters, Stephanie, Andrew, W. Stott, Lawrence, G. J., Gibson, A. M., Conner, A., Paul, W. Blinkhom, and Reeves, V. 1997 New Criteria for the Identification of Animal Fats Preserved in Archaeological Pottery. Naturwissenschaften 84 : 402–406.Google Scholar
Flannery, Kent V. 2002 The Origins of the Village Revisited : From Nuclear to Extended Households. American Antiquity 67 : 417–433.Google Scholar
Fowler, Catherine S. 1986 Subsistence. In Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 11 : Great Basin, edited by L. d’Azevedo, Warren, pp. 64–97. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Gayton, Anna H. 1929 Yokuts and Western Mono Pottery-Making. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnography 24(3) : 239–251.Google Scholar
Gayton, Anna H. 1948 Yokuts and Western Mono Ethnography. University of California Anthropological Records 10 : 1–302.Google Scholar
Gilreath, Amy J. 1995 Archaeological Evaluations of Thirteen Sites for the Ash Creek Project, Inyo County, California. Report submitted to the California Department of Transportation, Sacramento.Google Scholar
Gilreath, Amy J., and Hildebrandt, William R. 1997 Prehistoric Use of the Coso Volcanic Field. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility, No. 56. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Gould, Richard 1980 Living Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Gould, Richard 1982 To Have and Have Not : The Ecology of Sharing among Hunter-Gatherers. In Resource Managers : North American and Australian Hunter-Gatherers, edited by M. Williams, Nancy and Hunn, Eugene S., pp. 69–92. Westview Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Gurven, Michael, Hill, Kim, Kaplan, Hillard, Hurtado, Ana, and Lyles, Richard 2000 Food Transfers among Hiwi Foragers of Venezuela : Tests of Reciprocity. Human Ecology 28 : 171–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkes, Kristen 1992 Sharing and Collective Action. In Evolutionary Ecology and Human Behavior, edited by A. Smith, Eric and Winterhalder, Bruce, pp. 269–300. Aldine de Gruyter, New York.Google Scholar
Hawkes, Kristen 1993 Why Hunter-Gatherers Work : An Ancient Version of the Problem with Public Goods. Current Anthropology 34 : 341–362. ’Google Scholar
Hayden, Brian 1990 Nimrods, Piscators, Pluckers, and Planters : The Emergence of Food Production. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 9 : 31–69.Google Scholar
Hayden, Brian 1995 The Emergence of Prestige Technologies and Pottery. In The Emergence of Pottery : Technology and Innovation in Ancient Societies, edited by K. Barnett, William and Hoopes, John W., pp. 257–265. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Henrickson, Elizabeth F., and McDonald, Mary A. 1983 Ceramic Form and Function : An Ethnographic Search and an Archaeological Application. American Anthropologist 85 : 630–643.Google Scholar
Hildebrandt, William R., and McGuire, Kelly R. 2002 The Ascendance of Hunting during the California Middle Archaic : An Evolutionary Perspective. American Antiquity 67 : 231–256.Google Scholar
Hildebrandt, William R., and Ruby, Allika 2004 Prehistoric Pinyon Exploitation in the Southwestern Great Basin : A View from the Coso Range. In Avocados to Millingstones : Papers in Honor of D. L. True, edited by Waugh, Georgie and Mark, E. Basgall. Monographs in California and Great Basin Prehistory 3. California State University-Sacramento Press, Sacramento.Google Scholar
Hoopes, John W. 1995 Interaction in Hunting and Gathering Societies as a Context for the Emergence of Pottery in the Central American Isthmus. In The Emergence of Pottery : Technology and Innovation in Ancient Societies, edited by K. Barnett, William and Hoopes, John W., pp. 185–198. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Ikawa-Smith, Fumiko 1976 On Ceramic Technology in East Asia. Current Anthropology 17 : 513–515.Google Scholar
Ikawa-Smith, Fumiko 1995 The Inception of Potting in Western Asia and Its Impact on Economy and Society. In The Emergence of Pottery : Technology and Innovation in Ancient Societies, edited by K. Barnett, William and Hoopes, John W., pp. 39–54. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Irwin, Charles N. 1980 The Shoshoni Indians of Inyo County, California : The Kerr Manuscript. Ballena Press, Independence, California.Google Scholar
Juhl, Kirsten 1995 The Relation between Vessel Form and Vessel Function : A Methodological Study. Arkeologisk museum i Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.Google Scholar
Kaplan, Hilliard, and Hill, Kim 1985 Food Sharing among the Ache Foragers : Tests of Explanatory Hypotheses. Current Anthropology 26 : 223–245.Google Scholar
Kelly, Isabel T. 1932 Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3) : 67–210.Google Scholar
Kelly, Isabel T., and Fowler, Catherine S. 1986 Southern Paiute. In Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 11 : Great Basin, edited by L. d’Azevedo, Warren, pp. 368–397. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Kelly, Robert L. 1997 The Late Holocene Prehistory of the Great Basin. Journal of World Prehistory 11 : 1–49.Google Scholar
Kohler, Timothy A. 2004 Population and Resources in Prehistory. In The Archaeology of Global Change, edited by L. Redman, Charles, James, Steven R., Fish, Paul R., and Daniel Rogers, J., pp. 257–270. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Lawton, Harry W., Wilke, Philip J., DeDecker, Mary, and Mason, William M. 1976 Agriculture among the Paiute of Owens Valley. Journal of California Anthropology 3 : 13–50.Google Scholar
Linton, Ralph 1944 North American Cooking Pots. American Antiquity 9 : 369–380.Google Scholar
Lockett, Cari, and Pippin, Lonnie 1990 Re-Examining Brownware Ceramics in the Central and Southern Great Basin. In Hunter-Gatherer Pottery from the Far West, edited by Mack, J. M., pp. 67–82. Nevada State Museum Anthropological Papers No. 23. Carson City, Nevada.Google Scholar
Lowie, Robert H. 1909 The Northern Shoshone. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 2, pt. 2.Google Scholar
Lowie, Robert H. 1939 Ethnographic Notes on the Washo. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 36(5) : 301–352.Google Scholar
Malainey, Mary E., Przybylski, Roman, and Sherriff, Barbara L. 1999a The Fatty Acid Composition of Native Food Plants and Animals of Western Canada. Journal of Archaeological Science 26 : 83–94.Google Scholar
Malainey, Mary E., Przybylski, Roman, and Sherriff, Barbara L. 1999b Identifying the Former Contents of Late Precontact Period Pottery Vessels from Western Canada Using Gas Chromatography. Journal of Archaeological Science 26 : 425–438.Google Scholar
Matson, Frederick R. 1972 Ceramic Studies. In The Minnesota Messenia Expedition, edited by A. McDonald, William and George, R. Rapp Jr., pp. 220–224. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.Google Scholar
Moore, A. M. T. 1995 The Inception of Potting in Western Asia and Its Impact on Economy and Society. In The Emergence of Pottery : Technology and Innovation in Ancient Societies, edited by K. Barnett, William and Hoopes, John W., pp. 39–54. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
MottramHazel R., , Dudd, Stephanie N., Lawrence, G. J., Andrew, W. Stott, and Evershed, Richard P. 1999 New Chromatographic, Mass Spectrometric and Stable Isotope Approaches to the Classification of Degraded Animal Fats Preserved in Archaeological Pottery. Journal of Chromatography A 833 : 209–221.Google Scholar
O’ Shea, John 1981 Coping with Scarcity : Exchange and Social Storage. In Economic Archaeology : Towards and Integration of Ecological and Social Approaches, edited by Sheridan, Alison and Bailey, Geoff, pp. 167–186. BAR International Series 96, Oxford.Google Scholar
Oyuela-Caycedo, Augusto 1995 Rocks versus Clay : The Evolution of Pottery Technology in the Case of San Jacinto 1, Colombia. In The Emergence of Pottery : Technology and Innovation in Ancient Societies, edited by K. Barnett, William and Hoopes, John W., pp. 133–144. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Patrick, M., Adrianus, J. de Koning, and Smith, Andrew B. 1985 Gas Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Fatty Acids in Food Residues from Ceramics in the Southwestern Cape, South Africa. Archaeometry 27 : 231–236.Google Scholar
Pierce, Christopher D. 1999 Explaining Corrugated Pottery in the American Southwest : An Evolutionary Approach. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Washington.Google Scholar
Pierce, Wendy 2002 Paleoethnobotanical Remains. In Final Report on Phase II Investigations at 26 Archaeological Sites for the Aberdeen-Blackrock Four-Lane Project on Highway 395, Inyo County, California, vol. 1, edited by Zeahah, David and Leigh, Anastasia, pp. 623–634. Report submitted to Caltrans District 9, Bishop, California. Pacific Legacy and Archaeological Research Center, Sacramento.Google Scholar
Pippin, Lonnie C. 1986 Intermountain Brown Wares : An Assessment. In Pottery of the Great Basin and Adjacent Areas, edited by Griset, Suzanne, pp. 9–21. Anthropological Papers, No. 111. University of Utah, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Reddy, Seetha 2003 Harvests in the Past : Paleoethnobotanical Remains from INY-1317, INY-1991, INY-5967, INY-5987, INY-6021, and INY-6263. In Lacustrian Lifestyles along Owens Lake : NRHP Evaluation of 15 Prehistoric Sites for the Olancha/Cartago Four-Lane Project, U. S. Route 395, Inyo County, California, edited by F. Byrd, Brian and Hale, Micah, pp. 713–763. Report submitted to Caltrans District 9, Bishop, California. ASM Affiliates, San Diego.Google Scholar
Rhode, David 1994 Direct Dating of Brown Ware Ceramics Using Thermoluminescence and Its Relation to the Numic Spread. In Across the West : Human Population Movement and the Expansion of the Numa, edited by B. Madsen, David and Rhode, David, pp. 124–130. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Rice, Prudence M. 1999 On the Origins of Pottery. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 6 : 1–54.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, Michael 1998 Cheating at Musical Chairs : Territoriality and Sedentism in an Evolutionary Context. Current Anthropology 39 : 653–681.Google Scholar
Saitta, Dean J., and Keene, Arthur S. 1990 Politics and Surplus Flow in Prehistoric Communal Societies. In Evolution of Political Systems : Sociopolitics in Small-Scale Sedentary Societies, edited by Upham, Steadman, pp. 203–224. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Sassaman, Kenneth 1993 Early Pottery in the Southeast : Tradition and Innovation in Cooking Technology. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
Schiffer, Michael B. 1990 The Influence of Surface Treatment on Heating Effectiveness of Ceramic Vessels. Journal of Archaeological Science 17 : 373–381.Google Scholar
SchifferMichael B., , Skibo, James M., Boelke, Tamara C., Neupert, Mark A., and Aronson, Meredith 1994 New Perspectives on Experimental Archaeology : Surface Treatments and Thermal Responses of the Clay Cooking Pot. American Antiquity 59 : 197–217.Google Scholar
Skibo, James M. 1992 Pottery Function : A Use-Alteration Perspective. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Skibo, James M., Schiffer, Michael B., and Reid, Kenneth C. 1989 Organic-Tempered Pottery : An Experimental Study. American Antiquity 54 : 122–146.Google Scholar
Smith, Eric A. 1988 Risk and Uncertainty in the “Original Affluent Society’’ : Evolutionary Ecology of Resource Sharing and Land Tenure. In Hunters and Gatherers, vol. 1 : History, Evolution, and Social Change, edited by Ingold, Tim, Riches, David, and Woodburn, James, pp. 222–251. Berg, Oxford.Google Scholar
Smith, Marion F. Jr., 1985 Towards an Economic Interpretation of Ceramics : Relating Vessel Size and Shape to Use. In Decoding Prehistoric Ceramics, edited by A. Nelson, Ben, pp. 254–309. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Sørenson, Marie L. S. 2000 Gender Archaeology. Polity Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Steward, Julian H. 1929 Irrigation without Agriculture. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters 12 : 149–156.Google Scholar
Steward, Julian H. 1933 Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnography 33 : 233–350.Google Scholar
Steward, Julian H. 1938 Basin-Plateau Aboriginal Sociopolitical Groups. Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D. C.Google Scholar
Steward, Julian H. 1941 Culture Element Distributions, XIII : Nevada Shoshoni. University of California Anthropological Records 4(2) : 209–360.Google Scholar
Stewart, Omer C. 1941 Culture Element Distributions, XIV : Northern Paiute. University of California Anthropological Records 4 : 361–446.Google Scholar
Stewart, Omer C. 1942 Culture Element Distributions, XVII : Ute-Southern Paiute. University of California Anthropological Records 6 : 231–356.Google Scholar
Thomas, David H. 1971 Prehistoric Subsistence-Settlement Patterns of the Reese River Valley, Central Nevada. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis.Google Scholar
Thomas, David H. 1981 How to Classify the Projectile Points from Monitor Valley, Nevada . Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 3 : 7–43.Google Scholar
Thomas, David H. 1983 On Steward's Model of Shoshonean Sociopolitical Organization : A Great Bias in the Basin? In The Development of Political Organization in Native North America, edited by Tooker, Elisabeth and Fried, Morton H., pp. 59–67. American Ethnological Society, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Thomas, David H. 1988 The Archaeology of Monitor Valley, 3 : Survey and Additional Excavations. Anthropological Papers, vol. 66, Pt. 2. American Museum of Natural History, New York.Google Scholar
Van Camp, Gena R. 1979 Kumeyaay Pottery : Paddle-and-Anvil Techniques of Southern California. Ballena Press, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Voegelin, Erminie 1938 Tubatulabal Ethnography. University of California Anthropological Records 2(1) : 1–84.Google Scholar
Waguespack, Nicole M. 2003 Caribou Sharing and Storage : Refitting the Palangana Site. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 21 : 396–417.Google Scholar
Walker, Deward E. Jr., 1999 A Revisionist View of Julian Steward and the Great Basin Paradigm from the North. In Julian Steward and the Great Basin : The Making of an Anthropologist, edited by O. Clemmer, Richard, Daniel Myers, L., and Mary, Elizabeth Rudden, pp. 60–84. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Wandsnider, Luann 1997 The Roasted and the Boiled : Food Composition and Heat Treatment with Special Emphasis on Pit-Hearth Cooking. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 16 : 1–48.Google Scholar
Weissner, Polly 1980 Beyond Willow Smoke and Dogs’ Tails : A Comment on Binford's Analysis of Hunter-Gatherer Settlement Systems. American Antiquity 47 : 171–178.Google Scholar
Winterhalder, Bruce 1986 Diet Choice, Risk, and Food Sharing in a Stochastic Environment. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 5 : 369–392.Google Scholar
Winterhalder, Bruce 1996 A Marginal Model of Tolerated Theft. Ethology and Sociobiology 17 : 37–53.Google Scholar
Winterhalder, Bruce 1997 Gifts Given, Gifts Taken : The Behavioral Ecology of Non-Market, Intragroup Exchange. Journal of Archaeological Research 5 : 121–168.Google Scholar
Wobst, Martin H. 1978 The Archaeo-Ethnology of Hunter-Gatherers or the Tyranny of the Ethnographic Record in Archaeology. American Antiquity 43 : 303–309.Google Scholar
Wright, Gary A. 1978 The Shoshonean Migration Problem. Plains Anthropologist 23 : 113–137.Google Scholar
Yellen, John E. 1977 Archaeological Approaches to the Present : Models for Reconstructing the Past. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar