Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-pftt2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-20T08:07:25.033Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Significance of New Faunal Identifications Attributed to an Early Paleoindian (Gainey Complex) Occupation at the Udora Site, Ontario, Canada

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Peter L. Storck  and
Arthur E. Spiess
Peter L. Storck
Affiliation:
Department of New World Archaeology, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2C6
Arthur E. Spiess
Affiliation:
Maine Historic Preservation Commission, Augusta, ME 04333
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Analysis of calcined bone from the Udora site in south-central Ontario, Canada, indicates that the subsistence of Early Paleoindian (Gainey complex) peoples in the lower Great Lakes region included a mix of both large and small mammals: caribou, hare, and arctic fox. The presence of arctic fox and other paleoecological data indicate that the Paleoindian occupation at Udora occurred in a spruce parkland environment between 10,000 and 10,500 years ago, the minimum age of that habitat, or earlier. Evidence that Paleoindian peoples in northeastern North America also hunted caribou suggests that the concept of a “northern” adaptive zone in the greater Northeast (including the Great Lakes region) has some validity; however, the presence of both parkland and forested environments in this zone and presumed caribou behavioral responses to those environments indicate that Paleoindian adaptations to caribou may have been quite variable.

Resumen

Resumen

El análisis de hueso quemado del sitio de Udora en el área centro-sur de Ontario, Canadá, indica que el sustento Paleoindio Temprano (complejo Gainey) en la región inferior de los Grandes Lagos consistía en una mezcla de mamíferos tanto grandes como pequeños: reno norteamericano, liebre y zorra ártica. La presencia de la zorra ártica, junto con otros datos paleoecológicos, indica que la ocupación paleoindia en Udora tuvo lugar en un ambiente de campiña de abeto hace 10.000 a 10.500 años, la edad mínima de dicho ambiente, o más temprano. Evidencia de que los grupos paleoindios del noreste de Norteamérica también cazaban el reno sugiere que el concepto de una zona “norteña” de adaptación en el noreste (inclusive la región de los Grandes Lagos) tiene algo de validez; sin embargo, la presencia tanto de campiña como de ambientes forestados en esta zona, así como las presuntas reacciones del reno a dichos ambientes, indican que las adaptaciones de los paleoindios al reno podrían haber sido bastante variables.

Type
Reports
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 59 , Issue 1 , January 1994 , pp. 121 - 142
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Anderson, E. 1984 Review of the Small Carnivores of North America During the Last 3. 5 Million Years. In Contributions in Quaternary Vertebrate Paleontology : A Volume in Memorial to John E. Guilday, edited by Genoways, H. and Dawson, M. R., pp. 257–266. Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Anderson, T. W. 1971 Postglacial Vegetative Changes in the Lake Huron-Lake Simcoe District, Ontario, with Special Reference to Glacial Lake Algonquin. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.Google Scholar
Anderson, T. W. 1979 Stratigraphy, Age, and Environment of a Lake Algonquin Embayment Site at Kincardine, Ontario. Current Research, pt. B. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 79-1B : 147–152. Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
Anderson, T. W. 1982 Pollen and Plant Macrofossil Analyses on Late Quaternary Sediments at Kitchener, Ontario. Current Research, pt. A. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 82–1A : 131—136. Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
Anderson, T. W. 1987 Terrestrial Environments and Age of the Champlain Sea Based on Pollen Stratigraphy of the Ottawa Valley-Lake Ontario Region. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 86-23 : 31–42. Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
Banfield, A. W. F. 1961 A Revision of the Reindeer and Caribou, Genus Rangifer. Bulletin No. 177 (Biological Series No. 66). National Museum of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
Banfield, A. W. F. 1974 Mammals of Canada. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.Google Scholar
Bittner, S. L., and Rongstad, O. J. 1982 Snowshoe Hare and Allies. In Wild Mammals of North America, edited by Chapman, J. S. and Feldhammer, G. A., pp. 146–163. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.Google Scholar
Byers, D. S. 1954 Bull Brook—A Fluted Point Site in Ipswich, Massachusetts. American Antiquity 19 : 343–351.Google Scholar
Cleland, C. E. 1965 Barren Ground Caribou (Rangifer arcticus) from an Early Man Site in Southeastern Michigan. American Antiquity 30 : 350–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coleman, A. P. 1933 The Pleistocene of the Toronto Region. Forty-First Annual Report of the Ontario Department of Mines XLI(VII) : 1-60. Toronto, Ontario.Google Scholar
Coleman, A. P. 1937 Lake Iroquois. Forty-Fifth Annual Report of the Ontario Department of Mines XLV (Part VII) : 1–36. Toronto, Ontario.Google Scholar
Corner, R. G. 1977 A Late Pleistocene-Holocene Vertebrate Fauna from Red Willow County, Nebraska. Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences 4 : 77–93.Google Scholar
Corner, R. G. 1981 Caribou ﹛ Rangifer tarandus) in the Pleistocene of Nebraska. Abstract published in the Proceedings of the Ninety-First Annual Meeting of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences, pp. 30–31. Lincoln.Google Scholar
Couturier, S., Brunelle, J., Vandal, D., and St-Martin, G. 1990 Changes in the Population Dynamics of the George River Caribou Herd, 1976-1987. Arctic 43 : 9–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curran, M. L. 1984 The Whipple Site and Paleoindian Tool Assemblage Variations : A Comparison of Intrasite Structuring. Archaeology of Eastern North America 12 : 5–40.Google Scholar
Curran, M. L. 1987 The Spatial Organization of Paleoindian Populations in the Late Pleistocene of the Northeast. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Google Scholar
Curran, M. L., and Grimes, J. R. 1989 Ecological Implications for Paleoindian Lithic Procurement Economy in New England. In Eastern Paleoindian Lithic Resource Use, edited by Ellis, C. J. and Lothrop, J. C., pp. 41–74. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Davis, R. B., and Jacobson, G. L. Jr. 1985 Late Glacial and Early Holocene Landscapes in Northern New England and Adjacent Areas of Canada. Quaternary Research 23 : 341–368.Google Scholar
Davis, R. B., and III, T. Webb 1975 The Contemporary Distribution of Pollen in Eastern North America : A Comparison with the Vegetation. Quaternary Research 5 : 395–434.Google Scholar
Davis, S. A. 1991 Two Concentrations of Paleoindian Occupation in the Far Northeast. Revista de Arqueologia Americana 3 : 31–56.Google Scholar
Deller, D. B., and Ellis, C. J. 1984 Crowfield : A Preliminary Report on a Probable Paleo-Indian Cremation in Southwestern Ontario. Archaeology of Eastern North America 12 : 41–71.Google Scholar
Deller, D. B., and Ellis, C. J. 1992 Thedford II : A Paleo-Indian Site in the Ausable River Watershed of Southwestern Ontario. Memoir No. 24. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Ellis, C. J., and Deller, D. B. 1988 Some Distinctive Paleo-Indian Tool Types from the Lower Great Lakes Region. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 13 : 111–158.Google Scholar
Ellis, C. J., and Deller, D. B. 1990 Paleo-Indians. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario t. o A. D. 1650, edited by Ellis, C. J. and Ferris, N., pp. 37–63. Occasional Publication No. 5. London Chapter, Ontario Archaeological Society, London, Ontario.Google Scholar
Ellis, C. J., and Lothrop, J. C. (editors) 1989 Eastern Paleoindian Lithic Resource Use. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Eschelman, R., and Grady, F. 1986 Quaternary Vertebrate Localities of Virginia and Their Avian and Mammalian Fauna. In The Quaternary of Virginia : A Symposium Volume, edited by McDonald, J. N. and Bird, S. O., pp. 43–70. Publication No. 75. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources, Charlottesville.Google Scholar
Eschman, D. F., and Karrow, P. F. 1985 Huron Basin Glacial Lakes : A Review. In Quaternary Evolution of the Great Lakes, edited by Karrow, P. F. and Calkin, P. E., pp. 79–93. Special Paper No. 30. Geological Association of Canada, St. John's, Newfoundland.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, W. D. 1985 Postglacial History of the Minesing Basin, Ontario. In Quaternary Evolution of the Great Lakes, edited by Karrow, P. F. and Callin, P. E., pp. 133–146. Special Paper No. 30. Geological Association of Canada, St. John's, Newfoundland.Google Scholar
Funk, R. E. 1972 Early Man in the Northeast and the Late-Glacial Environment. Man in the Northeast 4 : 7–39.Google Scholar
Funk, R. E. 1976 Recent Contributions to Hudson Valley Prehistory. Memoir No. 22. New York State Museum, Albany.Google Scholar
Funk, R. E., Fisher, D. W., and Reilly, E. M. Jr. 1970 Caribou and Paleo-Indian in New York State : A Presumed Association. American Journal of Science 268 : 181–186.Google Scholar
Funk, R. E., Walters, G. R., and Ehlers, W. F. Jr. 1969 The Archaeology of Dutchess Quarry Cave, Orange County, New York. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 39 : 7–22.Google Scholar
Gaudreau, D. C. 1988 The Distribution of Late Quaternary Forest Regions in the Northeast. In Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Paleoecology and Archaeology of the Eastern Great Lakes Region, edited by Laub, R. S., Miller, N. G., and Steadman, D. W., pp. 215–256. Bulletin No. 33. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo, New York.Google Scholar
Gramly, R. M. 1982 The Vail Site : A Palaeo-Indian Encampment in Maine. Bulletin No. 30. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo, New York.Google Scholar
Gramly, R. M. 1988 Paleo-Indian Sites South of Lake Ontario, Western and Central New York State. In Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Paleoecology and Archaeology of the Eastern Great Lakes Region, edited by Laub, R. S., Miller, N. G., and Steadman, D. W., pp. 265–280. Bulletin No. 33. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo, New York.Google Scholar
Gramly, R. M., and Funk, R. E. 1990 What is Known and Not Known About the Human Occupation of the Northeastern United States Until 10, 000 B. P. Archaeology of Eastern North America 18 : 5–31.Google Scholar
Grimes, J. R. 1979 A New Look at Bull Brook. Anthropology 3(1-2) : 109–130.Google Scholar
Guilday, J. E. 1968 Archaeological Evidence of Caribou from New York and Massachusetts. Journal of Mammalogy 49 : 344–345.Google Scholar
Guilday, J. E., Hamilton, Harold W., and Parmalee, Paul W. 1975 Caribou (Rangifer tarandus L.) from the Pleistocene of Tennessee. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science 50(3) : 109–112.Google Scholar
Gwyn, Q. H. J. 1980 Untitled field notes. On file, Departement de Geographie, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec.Google Scholar
Haynes, C. V. 1992 Contributions of Radiocarbon Dating to the Geochronology of the Peopling of the New World. In Radiocarbon After Four Decades, edited by Taylor, R. E., Long, A., and Kra, R. S., pp. 355–374. Springer-Verlag, New York.Google Scholar
Haynes, C. V., Donahue, D. J., Jull, A. J. T., and Zabel, T. H. 1984 Application of Accelerator Dating to Fluted Point Paleoindian Sites. Archaeology of Eastern North America 12 : 184–191.Google Scholar
Hyland, D. C, Tersak, J. M., Adovasio, J. M., and Siegel, M. I. 1990 Identification of the Species of Origin of Residual Blood on Lithic Material : A Case Study from the Shoop Site, Central Pennsylvania. American Antiquity 55 : 104–112.Google Scholar
Jackson, L. J. 1988 Steep Rock and the Falls Bay Rangifer. ARCH Notes (Newsletter of the Ontario Archaeological Society) 88-2 : 14–20. Toronto, Ontario.Google Scholar
Jackson, L. J. 1990 Interior Paleoindian Settlement Strategies : A First Approximation for the Lower Great Lakes. In Early Paleoindian Economies of Eastern North America, edited by Tankersley, K. B. and Isaac, B. L., pp. 95–142. Research in Economic Anthropology, supplement 5. JAI Press, Greenwich, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Jackson, L., and McKillop, H. 1989 First Ontario C14 Date for Late Pleistocene Caribou. ARCH NOTES (Newsletter of the Ontario Archaeological Society) 89-1 : 4–5. Toronto, Ontario.Google Scholar
Jackson, L., and McKillop, H. 1991a New Fossil Records for the Rice Lake Region. ARCH NOTES (Newsletter of the Ontario Archaeological Society) 91-5 : 12–16. Toronto, Ontario.Google Scholar
Jackson, L., and McKillop, H. 1991b Approaches to Palaeo-Indian Economy : An Ontario and Great Lakes Perspective. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 16 : 34–68.Google Scholar
Karrow, P. F., and Warner, B. G. 1990 The Geological and Biological Environment for Human Occupation in Southern Ontario. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A. D. 1650, edited by Ellis, C. J. and Ferris, N., pp. 5–35. Occasional Publication No. 5. London Chapter, Ontario Archaeological Society, London, Ontario.Google Scholar
Karrow, P. F., Anderson, T. W., Clarke, A. H., Delorme, L. D., and Sreenivasa, M. R. 1975 Stratigraphy, Paleontology, and Age of Lake Algonquin Sediments in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. Quaternary Research 5 : 49–87.Google Scholar
Kaszicki, C. A. 1985 History of Glacial Lake Algonquin in the Haliburton Region, South-Central Ontario. In Quaternary Evolution of the Great Lakes, edited by Karrow, P. F. and Calkin, P. E., pp. 109–123. Special Paper No. 30. Geological Association of Canada, St. John's, Newfoundland.Google Scholar
Knight, J. A. 1985 Differential Preservation of Calcined Bone at the Hirundo Site, Alton, Maine. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Quaternary Studies, University of Maine, Orono.Google Scholar
Kopper, J. S., Funk, R. E., and Dumont, L. 1980 Additional Paleo-Indian and Archaic Materials from the Dutchess Quarry Cave Area, Orange County, New York. Archaeology of Eastern North America 8 : 125–127.Google Scholar
Kurten, B., and Anderson, E. 1980 Pleistocene Mammals of North America. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Lepper, B. T., and Meltzer, D. J. 1991 Late Pleistocene Human Occupation of the Eastern United States. In Clovis : Origins and Adaptations, edited by Bonnichsen, R. and Turnmire, K., pp. 175–184. Center for the Study of the First Americans, Department of Anthropology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.Google Scholar
Levine, M. A. 1990 Accommodating Age : Radiocarbon Results and Fluted Point Sites in Northeastern North America. Archaeology of Eastern North America 18 : 33–63.Google Scholar
McAndrews, J. H. 1973 Pollen Analysis of the Sediments of the Great Lakes of North America. In Proceeding of the HI International Palynological Conference (Palynology Holocene and Marine Palynology), pp. 76–80.Google Scholar
Nauka, Moscow. 1981 Late Quaternary Climate of Ontario : Temperature Trends from the Fossil Pollen Record. In Quaternary Paleoclimate, edited by Mahaney, W. C., pp. 319–333. Geo Abstracts, Norwich, England.Google Scholar
Nauka, Moscow. 1984 Late Quaternary Vegetation History of Rice Lake, Ontario, and the Mclntyre Archaeological Site. In Archaeology of the Mclntyre Site, edited by Johnston, R. B., pp. 159–189. Mercury Paper No. 126. Archaeological Survey of Canada, National Museum of Man, Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
Nauka, Moscow. 1985 Palaeoecology of the Palaeo-Indian Deavitt Site. In Late Palaeo-Indian Settlement Along the Margins of the Simcoe Lowlands in Southcentral Ontario, pp. 240–254. Unpublished Master's thesis, Dibb, Gordon C., Department of Anthropology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario.Google Scholar
Mac Donald, G. F. 1968 Debert : A Palaeo-Indian Site in Central Nova Scotia. Anthropology Papers No. 5. National Museum of Canada, Ottawa.Google Scholar
Mac Pherson, A. H. 1969 The Dynamics of Canadian Arctic Fox Populations. Canadian Wildlife Report Series No. 8. Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
Meltzer, D. J. 1984 On Stone Procurement and Settlement Mobility in Eastern Fluted Point Groups. North American Archaeologist 6 : 1–24.Google Scholar
Meltzer, D. J. 1988 Late Pleistocene Human Adaptations in Eastern North America. Journal of World Prehistory 2 : 1–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meltzer, D. J. 1989 Was Stone Exchanged Among Eastern North American Paleoindians? In Eastern Paleoindian Lithic Resource Use, edited by Ellis, C. J. and Lothrop, J. C., pp. 11–39. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Meltzer, D. J. 1992 Is There A Clovis Adaptation? In From Kostenki to Clovis : Problems in Late Paleolithic Adaptations, edited by Soffer, O. and Praslov, N., pp. 293–310. Plenum, New York.Google Scholar
Meltzer, D. J., and Smith, B. D. 1986 Paleoindian and Early Archaic Subsistence Strategies in Eastern North America. In Foraging, Collecting, and Harvesting : Archaic Period Subsistence and Settlement in the Eastern Woodlands, edited by Neusius, S. W., pp. 3–31. Occasional Paper No. 6. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Mott, R. J., and Farley-Gill, L. D. 1978 A Late-Quaternary Pollen Profile from Woodstock, Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 15 : 1101–1111.Google Scholar
Peterson, R. L. 1966 The Mammals of Eastern Canada. Oxford University Press, Toronto.Google Scholar
Pilny, J. J., Morgan, A. V., and Morgan, A. 1987 Paleoclimatic Implications of a Late Wisconsinan Insect Assemblage from Rostock, Southwestern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 24 : 617–630.Google Scholar
Prevec, R. 1987 The Udora Site (Bb Gt-4) Faunal Report. Manuscript on file, Department of New World Archaeology, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto.Google Scholar
Ritchie, W. A., and Funk, R. E. 1973 Aboriginal Settlement Patterns in the Northeast. Memoir No. 20. New York State Museum and Science Service, Albany.Google Scholar
Savage, H. G., McAndrews, J. H., McKillop, H., and Jackson, L. J. 1989 Caribou Hunting in Southern Ontario. Paper presented at the 21st Annual Meeting of the Canadian Archaeological Association, Fredericton, New Brunswick.Google Scholar
Schwert, D. P., Anderson, T. W., Morgan, A., Morgan, A. V., and Karrow, P. F. 1985 Changes in Late Quaternary Vegetation and Insect Communities in Southwestern Ontario. Quaternary Research 23 : 205–226.Google Scholar
Shipman, P., Foster, G., and Schoeninger, M. 1984 Burnt Bones and Teeth : An Experimental Study of Color, Morphology, Crystal Structure, and Shrinkage. Journal of Archaeological Science 11 : 307–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shott, M. J. 1986 Settlement Mobility and Technological Organization Among Great Lakes Paleo-Indian Foragers. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Simons, D. B., Shott, M. J., and Wright, H. T. 1984a Paleoindian Research in Michigan : The Gainey and Leavitt Sites. Current Research 1 : 21–22.Google Scholar
Simons, D. B., Shott, M. J., and Wright, H. T. 1984b The Gainey Site : Variability in a Great Lakes Paleo-Indian Assemblage. Archaeology of Eastern North America 12 : 266–279.Google Scholar
Simons, D. B., Shott, M. J., and Wright, H. T. 1987 Paleoindian Research in Michigan : Current Status of the Gainey and Leavitt Projects. Current Research in the Pleistocene 4 : 27–30.Google Scholar
Sisson, S. 1975a Ruminant Osteology. In Sisson and Grossman's Anatomy of the Domestic Animals, 5th ed., edited by Getty, R., pp. 741–790. Saunders, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Sisson, S. 1975b Carnivore Osteology. In Sisson and Grossman's Anatomy of the Domestic Animals, 5th ed., edited by Getty, R., pp. 1427–1503. Saunders, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Spiess, A. E. 1979 Reindeer and Caribou Hunters : An Archaeological Study. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Spiess, A. E. 1992 Archaic Period Subsistence in New England and the Atlantic Provinces. In Early Holocene Occupation in Northern New England, edited by Robinson, B., Petersen, J. B., Robinson, and A., pp. 163–185. Occasional Publications in Maine Archaeology No. 9. Maine Historic Preservation Commission, Augusta.Google Scholar
Spiess, A. E., and Hedden, M. 1983 Kidder Point and Sears Island in Prehistory. Occasional Publications in Maine Archaeology No. 3. Maine Historic Preservation Commission, Augusta.Google Scholar
Spiess, A. E., and Lewis, R. 1990 The Turner Farm : Five Thousand Years of Hunting and Fishing in Penobscot Bay, Maine. Manuscript on file, Maine Historic Preservation Commission, Augusta.Google Scholar
Spiess, A. E., and Storck, P. L. 1990 New Faunal Identifications from the Udora Site : A Gainey-Clovis Occupation Site in Southern Ontario. Current Research in the Pleistocene 7 : 127–129.Google Scholar
Spiess, A. E., and Wilson, D. B. 1987 Michaud : A Paleoindian Site in the New England-Maritimes Region. Occasional Publications in Maine Archaeology No. 6. Maine Historic Preservation Commission and the Maine Archaeological Society, Augusta.Google Scholar
Spiess, A. E., and Wilson, D. B. 1989 Paleoindian Lithic Distribution in the New England-Maritimes Region. In Eastern Paleoindian Lithic Resource Use, edited by Ellis, C. J. and Lothrop, J. C., pp. 75–97. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Spiess, A. E., Curran, M. L., and Grimes, J. R. 1984-1985 Caribou (Rangifer tarandus L.) Bones from New England Paleoindian Sites. North American Archaeologist 6 : 145–159.Google Scholar
Stafford, T. W. Jr. 1988 Accelerator 14C Dating of Late Pleistocene Megafauna. Current Research in the Pleistocene 5 : 41–43.Google Scholar
Stafford, T. W. Jr., Brendel, K., and Duhamel, R. C. 1988 Radiocarbon, 13C and 15N Analysis of Fossil Bone : Removal of Humates with XAD-2 Resin. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 52 : 2257–2267.Google Scholar
Stafford, T. W. Jr., Jull, A. J. T., Brendel, K., Duhamel, R. C., and Donahue, D. 1987 Study of Bone Radiocarbon Dating Accuracy at the University of Arizona NSF Accelerator Facility for Radioisotope Analysis. Radiocarbon 29 : 24–44.Google Scholar
Steadman, D. W., and Funk, R. E. 1987 New Paleontological and Archaeological Investigations at Dutchess Quarry Cave No. 8, Orange County, New York. Current Research in the Pleistocene 4 : 118–120.Google Scholar
Storck, P. L. 1979 A Report on the Banting and Hussey Sites : Two Paleo-Indian Campsites in Simcoe County, Southern Ontario. Mercury Series Paper No. 93. Archaeological Survey of Canada, National Museum of Man, Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
Storck, P. L. 1982 Palaeo-Indian Settlement Patterns Associated with the Strandline of Glacial Lake Algonquin in Southcentral Ontario. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 6 : 1–31.Google Scholar
Storck, P. L. 1984a Glacial Lake Algonquin and Early Paleo-Indian Settlement Patterns in Southcentral Ontario. Archaeology of Eastern North America 12 : 286–298.Google Scholar
Storck, P. L. 1984b Research into the Paleo-Indian Occupation of Ontario : A Review. Ontario Archaeology AX : !-!?!.Google Scholar
Storck, P. L. 1988 Recent Excavations at the Udora Site : A Gainey/Clovis Occupation Site in Southern Ontario. Current Research in the Pleistocene 5 : 23–24.Google Scholar
Storck, P. L. 1990 Excavations at the Early Paleoindian Udora Site, Georgina Township, York County. In First Annual Archaeological Report, Ontario : 1990 (n. s.), edited by Storck, P. L., pp. 51–52. Ontario Heritage Foundation, Toronto.Google Scholar
Tankersley, K. B., and Isaac, B. L. 1990 Concluding Remarks on Paleoecology and Paleoeconomy. In Early Paleoindian Economies of Eastern North America, edited by Tankersley, K. B. and Isaac, B. L., pp. 337–355. Research in Economic Anthropology, supplement 5. JAI Press, Greenwich, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Terasmae, J. 1968 A Discussion of Deglaciation and the Boreal Forest History in the Northern Great Lakes Region. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario 96 : 31–43.Google Scholar
Terasmae, J. 1980 Some Problems of the Late Wisconsin History and Geochronology in Southeastern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 17 : 361–381.Google Scholar
Terasmae, J. 1981 Late Wisconsin Deglaciation and Migration of Spruce into Southern Ontario, Canada. In Geobotany II, edited by Romans, R. C., pp. 75–90. Plenum, New York.Google Scholar
Terasmae, J., and Matthews, H. L. 1980 Late Wisconsin White Spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) at Brampton, Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 17 : 1087–1095.Google Scholar
Underwood, J., and Mosher, J. A. 1982 Arctic Fox. In Wild Mammals of North America, edited by Chapman, J. A. and Feldhammer, G. A., pp. 491–503. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.Google Scholar
von Bitter, P., and Eley, B. 1992 ‘Collingwood Type’ Fossil Hill Formation Chert at the Fisher Site : Geological Source and Significance. In The Fisher Site : Archaeological, Geological, and Paleobotanical Studies at an Early Paleo-Indian Site in Southern Ontario, edited by Storck, P., pp. 1–39. Manuscript on file, Department of New World Archaeology, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto.Google Scholar
Webb, T. III, and McAndrews, J. H. 1976 Corresponding Patterns of Contemporary Pollen and Vegetation in Central North America. In Investigations of Late Quaternary Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, edited by Cline, R. M. and Hays, J. D., pp. 267–299. Memoir No. 145. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Witthoft, J. 1952 A Paleo-Indian Site in Eastern Pennsylvania : An Early Hunting Culture. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 96(4) : 464–95.Google Scholar