Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-nr4z6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-21T00:45:44.013Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Structure of Archaeological Theory

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Michael B. Schiffer
Michael B. Schiffer*
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Traditional Technology, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Contradictory programmatic statements have increased uncertainty about the nature and roles of theory in archaeology. However, a framework can be constructed that ties together diverse kinds of theory that archaeologists use-and often create. Three overarching realms of theory can be recognized, each consisting of one or more functionally defined domains: social theory, reconstruction theory (the domains are material-culture dynamics and cultural and noncultural formation processes of the archaeological record), and methodological theory (the domains are recovery, analysis, and inference). Within each domain are high-level, mid-level, and low-level theories. Previous investigators often have overlooked the richness and complexity of archaeological theory, sometimes generalizing from a very narrow perspective.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 53 , Issue 3 , July 1988 , pp. 461 - 485
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 1988

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Aitken, H. 1976 Syntony and Spark: The Origins of Radio. John Wiley and Sons, New York.Google Scholar
Aldenderfer, M. S. (editor) 1987 Quantitative Research in Archaeology: Progress and Prospects. Sage, Newbury Park, California.Google Scholar
Ascher, R. 1968 Time’s Arrow and the Archaeology of a Contemporary Community. In Settlement Archaeology, edited by Chang, K. C., pp. 43–52. National Press Books, Palo Alto, California.Google Scholar
Bate, L. F. 1982 Relation General Entre Teoria y Metodo en Arqueologia. In Teorias, Metodos y Ticnicas en Arqueologia, pp. 3–50. Instituto Panamericano de Geograf ia e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Berenguer, R. J. 1985 Redefiniendo la Arqueologia. In Arqueologia y Ciencia: Primeras Jornadas, edited by L. Suarez, S., L. Cornejo, B., and F. Gallardo, I., pp. 103–126. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago, Chile.Google Scholar
Binford, L. R. 1962 Archaeology as Anthropology. American Antiquity 28:217–225.Google Scholar
Binford, L. R. 1965 Archaeological Systematics and the Study of Culture Process. American Antiquity 31:203–210.Google Scholar
Binford, L. R. 1968 Archeological Perspectives. In New Perspectives in Archeology, edited by Binford, S. R. and Binford, L. R., pp. 5–32. Aldine, Chicago.Google Scholar
Binford, L. R. 1971 Mortuary Practices: Their Study and Their Potential. In Approaches to the Social Dimension of Mortuary Practices, edited by Brown, J. A., pp. 6–29. SAA Memoirs No. 25. Society for American Archaeology, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Binford, L. R. 1977 General Introduction. In For Theory Building in Archaeology: Essays on Faunal Remains, Aquatic Resources, Spatial Analysis, and Systemic Modeling, edited by Binford, L. R., pp. 1–10. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Binford, L. R. 1978 Nunamiut Ethnoarchaeology. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Binford, L. R. 1981 Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Binford, L. R. 1986 In Pursuit of the Future. In American Archaeology Past and Future: A Celebration of the Society for American Archaeology, 1935-1985, edited by Meltzer, D. J., Fowler, D. D., and Sabloif, J. A., pp. 459–479. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Bocek, B. 1986 Rodent Ecology and Burrowing Behavior: Predicted Effects on Archaeological Site Formation. American Antiquity 51:589–603.Google Scholar
Boone, J. L. III 1980 Artifact Deposition and Demographic Change: An Archaeological Case Study of Medieval Colonialism in the Age of Expansion. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, State University of New York, Binghamton.Google Scholar
Boone, J. L. III 1987 Denning and Measuring Midden Catchment. American Antiquity 52:336–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brain, C. K. 1981 The Hunters or the Hunted? An Introduction to African Cave Taphonomy. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Braithwaite, M. 1984 Ritual and Prestige in the Prehistory of Wessex c. 2200-1400 BC: A New Dimension to the Archaeological Evidence. In Ideology, Power, and Prehistory, edited by Miller, D. and Tilley, C., pp. 93–110. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Braun, D. P., and Plog, S. 1982 Evolution of Tribal Social Networks: Theory and Prehistoric North American Evidence. American Antiquity 47:504–525.Google Scholar
Bunge, M. 1974 Technology as Applied Science. In Contributions to a Philosophy of Technology, edited by Rapp, F., pp. 10–39. Reidel, D., Dordrecht, Holland.Google Scholar
Butzer, K. W. 1971 Environment and Archaeology. 2nd ed. Aldine, Chicago.Google Scholar
Butzer, K. W. 1982 Archaeology as Human Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Carr, C. 1984 The Nature of Organization of Intra-site Archaeological Records and Spatial Analytic Approaches to Their Investigation. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 7, edited by Schiffer, M. B., pp. 103–222. Academic Press, Orlando.Google Scholar
Carr, C. (editor) 1985 For Concordance in Archaeological Analysis: Bridging Data Structure, Quantitative Technique, and Theory. Westport Publishers, Kansas City.Google Scholar
Chang, K. C. 1958 Study of the Neolithic Social Grouping: Examples from the New World. American Anthropologist 60: 298–334.Google Scholar
Chase, P. G. 1985 Whole Vessels and Sherds: An Experimental Investigation of Their Quantitative Relationships. Journal of Field Archaeology 12:213–218.Google Scholar
Childe, V. G. 1950 The Urban Revolution. The Town Planning Review 21:3–17.Google Scholar
Childe, V. G. 1951 Social Evolution. Watts, London.Google Scholar
Childe, V. G. 1956 Piecing Together the Past. Praeger, New York.Google Scholar
Clark, J. G. D. 1952 Prehistoric Europe: The Economic Basis. Methuen, London.Google Scholar
Clarke, D. L. 1968 Analytical Archaeology. Methuen, London.Google Scholar
Clarke, D. L. 1973 Archaeology: The Loss of Innocence. Antiquity 47:6-18.Google Scholar
Clarke, G. A. 1982 Quantifying Archaeological Research. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 5, edited by Schiffer, M. B., pp. 217–273. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Cotterell, B., and Kamminga, J. 1987 The Formation of Flakes. American Antiquity 52:675–708.Google Scholar
Cowgill, G. L. 1968 Archaeological Applications of Factor, Cluster, and Proximity Analysis. American Antiquity 33:367-375.Google Scholar
Cowgill, G. L. 1970 Some Sampling and Reliability Problems in Archaeology. In Archiologie et Calculateurs: Problemes Semiologiques et Mathematiques, edited by Gardin, M. J-M., pp. 161–175. Colloque Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris.Google Scholar
Deal, M. 1985 Household Pottery Disposal in the Maya Highlands: An Ethnoarchaeological Interpretation. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 4:243–291.Google Scholar
Dean, J. S. 1969 Chronological Analysis of Tsegi Phase Sites in Northeastern Arizona. Papers No. 3. Laboratory of Tree-Ring Reasearch, Tucson.Google Scholar
Dean, J. S. 1978 Independent Dating in Archaeological Analysis. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 1, edited by Schiffer, M. B., pp. 223–255. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
DeBoer, W. R. 1983 The Archaeological Record as Preserved Death Assemblage. In Archaeological Hammers and Theories, edited by Moore, J. A. and Keene, A. S., pp. 19–36. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Deetz, J. 1965 The Dynamics of Stylistic Change in Ankara Ceramics. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.Google Scholar
Deetz, J. 1970 Archaeology as a Social Science. In Current Directions in Anthropology, edited by Fischer, A., pp. 115–125. Bulletin 3, pt. 2. American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Dincauze, D. F. 1987 Strategies for Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction in Archaeology. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 11, edited by Schiffer, M. B., pp. 255–336. Academic Press, Orlando.Google Scholar
Dixon, R. B. 1928 The Building of Cultures. C. Scribner’s Sons, New York.Google Scholar
Doran, J. E., and Hodson, F. R. 1975 Mathematics and Computers in Archaeology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Dunnell, R. C. 1971 Systematics in Prehistory. The Free Press, New York.Google Scholar
Dunnell, R. C. 1978 Style and Function: A Fundamental Dichotomy. American Antiquity 43:192–202.Google Scholar
Dunnell, R. C. 1980 Evolutionary Theory in Archaeology. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 3, edited by M. B., Schiffer, pp. 35–99. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Dunnell, R. C. 1986a Five Decades of American Archaeology. In American Archaeology Past and Future: A Celebration of the Society for American Archaeology 1935-1985, edited by Meltzer, D. J., Fowler, D. D., and Sabloff, J. A., pp. 23–49. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Dunnell, R. C. 1986b Methodological Issues in Americanist Artifact Classification. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 9, edited by Schiffer, M. B., pp. 149–207. Academic Press, Orlando.Google Scholar
Dunnell, R. C , and Dancey, W. S. 1983 The Siteless Survey: A Regional Scale Data Collection Strategy. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 6, edited by Schiffer, M. B., pp. 267–287. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Enrich, R. W. 1950 Some Reflections on Archaeological Interpretation. American Anthropologist 52:468–482.Google Scholar
Friedman, J., and Rowlands, M. J. (editors) 1978 The Evolution of Social Systems. Duckworth, London.Google Scholar
Gibbon, G. 1984 Anthropological Archaeology. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Gifford, D. P. 1981 Taphonomy and Paleoecology: A Critical Review of Archaeology’s Sister Disciplines. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 2, edited by Schiffer, M. B., pp. 365–438. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Goodyear, A. C , Raab, L. M., and Klinger, T. C. 1978 The Status of Archaeological Research Design in Cultural Resource Management. American Antiquity 43:159–173.Google Scholar
Graves, M. 1981 Ethnoarchaeology ofKalinga Ceramic Design. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arizona. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Grayson, D. K. 1979 On the Quantification of Vertebrate Archaeofaunas. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 2, edited by Schiffer, M. B., pp. 199–237. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Grayson, D. K. 1984 Quantitative Zooarchaeology: Topics in the Analysis ofFaunal Remains. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Gumerman, G. J., and Phillips, Jr., D. A. 1978 Archaeology Beyond Anthropology. American Antiquity 43:184–191.Google Scholar
Harris, E. C. 1975 The Stratigraphic Sequence: A Question of Time. World Archaeology 7:109–121.Google Scholar
Harris, E. C. 1979 Principles of Archaeological Stratigraphy. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Harris, M. 1968a Comments. In New Perspectives in Archeology, edited by Binford, S. R. and Binford, L. R., pp. 359–361. Aldine, Chicago.Google Scholar
Harris, M. 1968b The Rise of Anthropological Theory. Crowell, New York.Google Scholar
Hayden, B., and Cannon, A. 1983 Where the Garbage Goes: Refuse Disposal in the Maya Highlands. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2:117–163.Google Scholar
Hildebrand, J. A. 1978 Pathways Revisited: A Quantitative Model of Discard. American Antiquity 43:274–279.Google Scholar
Hill, J. N. 1970 Broken K Pueblo: Prehistoric Social Organization in the American Southwest. Anthropological Papers No. 18. University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Hill, J. N. 1977 Systems Theory and the Explanation of Change. In Explanation of Prehistoric Change, edited by Hill, J. N., pp. 59–103. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Hodder, I. 1982a Theoretical Archaeology: A Reactionary View. In Symbolic and Structural Archaeology, edited by Hodder, I., pp. 1–16. Pica Press, New York.Google Scholar
Hodder,, I. 1982b Symbols in Action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hodder, I. 1982c The Present Past: An Introduction to Anthropology for Archaeologists. Pica Press, New York.Google Scholar
Hodder, I. 1984 Burials, Houses, Women and Men in the European Neolithic. In Ideology, Power and Prehistory, edited by Miller, D. and Tilley, C., pp. 51–68. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hodson, F. R. 1970 Cluster Analysis and Archaeology: Some New Developments and Applications. World Archaeology 1: 299–320.Google Scholar
Jelinek, A. J. 1976 Form, Function, and Style in Lithic Analysis. In Cultural Change and Continuity: Essays in Honor of James Bennett Griffin, edited by Cleland, C. E., pp. 19–33. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Keegan, W. F., and Diamond, J. M. 1987 Colonization of Islands by Humans: A Biogeographical Perspective. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 10, edited by Schiffer, M. B., pp. 49–92. Academic Press, Orlando.Google Scholar
Keeley, L. H. 1980 Experimental Determination of Stone Tool Uses: A Microwear Analysis. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Kent, S. 1984 Analyzing Activity Areas. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Kintigh, K. 1984 Measuring Archaeological Diversity by Comparison with Simulated Assemblages. American Antiquity 49:44–54.Google Scholar
Kluckholn, C. 1940 The Conceptual Structure in Middle American Studies. In The Maya and Their Neighbors, edited by Tozzer, A. M., pp. 41–51. Appleton-Century, New York.Google Scholar
Krieger, A. O. 1944 The Typological Concept. American Antiquity 9:271–288.Google Scholar
Kroeber, A. L. 1923 Anthropology. Harcourt Brace, New York.Google Scholar
Kuhn, T. 1962 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Leone, M. P. 1972 Issues in Anthropological Archaeology. In Contemporary Archaeology, edited by M. P. Leone, , pp. 14–27. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Leone, M. P. 1973 Archeology as the Science of Technology: Mormon Town Plans and Fences. In Research and Theory in Current Archeology, edited by Redman, C. L., pp. 125–150. Wiley, New York.Google Scholar
Leone, M. P. 1986 Symbolic, Structural and Critical Archaeology. In American Archaeology Past and Future: A Celebration of the Society for American Archaeology 1935-1985, edited by Meltzer, D. J., Fowler, D. D., and Sabloff, J. A.. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Leone, M. P., Potter, Jr., P. B., and P. A., Shackel 1987 Toward a Critical Archaeology. Current Anthropology 28:283–302.Google Scholar
Lightfoot, K. G. 1984 Prehistoric Political Dynamics: A Case Study from the American Southwest. Northern Illinois University Press, DeKalb.Google Scholar
Longacre, W. A. 1970 Archaeology as Anthropology: A Case Study. Anthropological Papers No. 17. University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Lumbreras, L. G. 1974 La Arqueologia como Ciencia Social. Nueva Education, Lima, Peru.Google Scholar
Lyman, R. L. 1987 Archaeofaunas and Butchery Studies: A Taphonomic Perspective. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 10, edited by Schiffer, M. B., pp. 249–337. Academic Press, Orlando.Google Scholar
Martin, P. S. 1971 The Revolution in Archaeology. American Antiquity 36:1–8.Google Scholar
McGuire, R. H. 1981 A Consideration of Style in Archaeology. Atlatl Occasional Papers 2:13–29. Anthropology Club, University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
McGuire, R. H., and Schiffer, M. B. 1983 A Theory of Architectural Design. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2:277–303.Google Scholar
McKellar, J. A. 1983 Correlates and the Explanation of Distributions. Atlatl Occasional Papers 4:2–5. Anthropology Club, University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
McManamon, F. P. 1984 Discovering Sites Unseen. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 7, edited by M. B., Schiffer, pp. 223–292. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Miksicek, C. H. 1987 Formation Processes in the Archaeobotanical Record. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 10, edited by Schiffer, M. B., pp. 211–247. Academic Press, Orlando.Google Scholar
Miller, D., and Tilley, C. (editors) 1984a Ideology, Power, and Prehistory. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Miller, D., and Tilley, C. (editors) 1984b Ideology, Power, and Prehistory: An Introduction. In Ideology, Power, and Prehistory, edited by Miller, D. and Tilley, C., pp. 1–15. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Morgan, L. H. 1877 Ancient Society. World Publishing, New York.Google Scholar
Mueller, J. W. 1974 The Use of Sampling in Archaeological Survey. Memoirs No. 28. Society for American Archaeology, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Mueller, J. W. (editor) 1975 Sampling in Archaeology. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Murdock, G. P. 1949 Social Structure. Macmillan, New York.Google Scholar
Murray, P. 1980 Discard Location: The Ethnographic Data. American Antiquity 45:490–502.Google Scholar
Murray, T. 1987 Remembrance of Things Present: Appeals to Authority in the History and Philosophy of Archaeology. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Sydney, Australia.Google Scholar
Nagel, E. 1961 The Structure of Science. Harcourt Brace, New York.Google Scholar
Nance, J. D. 1983 Regional Sampling in Archaeological Survey: The Statistical Perspective. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 6, edited by Schiffer, M. B., pp. 289–356. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
O’Connell, J. 1987 Alyawara Site Structure and Its Archaeological Implications. American Antiquity 52:74–108.Google Scholar
Odell, G. H. 1982 Emerging Directions in the Analysis of Prehistoric Tool Use. Reviews in Anthropology 9:17–33.Google Scholar
O’Shea, J. M. 1984 Mortuary Variability: An Archaeological Investigation. Academic Press, Orlando.Google Scholar
Orton, C. R. 1982 Computer Simulation Experiments to Assess the Performance of Measures of Quantity of Pottery. World Archaeology 14:1–20.Google Scholar
Patrik, L. E. 1985 Is There an Archaeological Record? In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 8, edited by Schiffer, M. B., pp. 27–62. Academic Press, Orlando.Google Scholar
Patterson, T. C. 1986 The Last Sixty Years: Toward a Social History of Americanist Archeology in the United States. American Anthropologist 88:7–26.Google Scholar
Plog, S., Plog, F., and Wait, W. 1978 Decision Making in Modern Surveys. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 1, edited by Schiffer, M. B., pp. 383–421. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Pyddoke, E. 1961 Stratification for the Archaeologist. Phoenix House, London.Google Scholar
Raab, L. M., and A. C. Goodyear, . 1984 A Review of Middle-range Theory in Archaeology. American Antiquity 49:255–268.Google Scholar
Rathje, W. L., and Schiffer, M. B. 1982 Archaeology. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York.Google Scholar
Redman, C. L. 1974 Archeological Sampling Strategies. Publications in Anthropology No. 55. Addison-Wesley Modular, Reading, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Reid, J. J. 1985 Formation Processes for the Practical Prehistorian. In Structure and Process in Southeastern Archaeology, edited by Dickens, Jr., R. S., and Ward, H. T., pp. 11–33. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
Reid, J. J., Schiffer, M. B., and Rathje, W. L. 1975 Behavioral Archaeology: Four Strategies. American Anthropologist 77:864–869.Google Scholar
Renfrew, C. 1974 Beyond a Subsistence Economy: The Evolution of Social Organization in Prehistoric Europe. In Reconstructing Complex Societies, edited by Moore, C. B., pp. 69–85. Bulletin 20 (Supplement). American Schools of Oriental Research, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Renfrew, C. 1982 Explanation Revisited. In Theory and Explanation in Archaeology: The Southampton Conference, edited by Renfrew, C., Rowlands, M. J., and Segraves, B. A., pp. 5–23. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Renfrew, C., Rowlands, M. J., and Segraves, B. A. (editors) 1982 Theory and Explanation in Archaeology: The Southampton Conference. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Rice, P. M. 1987 Pottery Analysis: A Sourcebook. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Rouse, I. 1939 Prehistory in Haiti: A Study in Method. Publications in Anthropology No. 21. Yale University, New Haven.Google Scholar
Rouse, I. 1955 On the Correlation of Phases of Culture. American Anthropologist 57:713–722.Google Scholar
Rowe, J. H. 1962 Worsaae’s Law and the Use of Grave Lots for Archaeological Dating. American Antiquity 28:128–137.Google Scholar
Ruppe, R. J. 1966 The Archaeological Survey: A Defense. American Antiquity 31:129–137.Google Scholar
Sackett, J. R. 1977 The Meaning of Style in Archaeology: A General Model. American Antiquity 42:369–380.Google Scholar
Salmon, M. H. 1982 Philosophy and Archaeology. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1972a Cultural Laws and the Reconstruction of Past Lifeways. The Kiva 37:148–157.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1972b Archaeological Context and Systemic Context. American Antiquity 37:156–165.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1974 Nomothetic Aspects of Chipped-stone Experiments. Newsletter ofLithic Technology 3:46–50.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1975 Archaeology as Behavioral Science. American Anthropologist 77:836–848.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1976 Behavioral Archeology. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1978 Taking the Pulse of Method and Theory in American Archaeology. American Antiquity 43:153–158.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1979 A Preliminary Consideration of Behavioral Change. In Transformations: Mathematical Approaches to Culture Change, edited by Renfrew, C. and Cook, K., pp. 353–368. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1982 Hohokam Chronology: An Essay on History and Method. In Hohokam and Patayan: Prehistory of Southwestern Arizona, edited by McGuire, R. H. and Schiffer, M. B., pp. 299–344. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1983a Review of Harris: Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture. American Antiquity 48:190–194.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1983b Toward the Identification of Formation Processes. American Antiquity 48:675–706.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1986 Radiocarbon Dating and the Old Wood Problem: The Case of the Hohokam Chronology. Journal of Archaeological Science 13:13–30.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1987 Formation Processes of the Archaeological Record. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, n.d. La Ubicacion de la Arqueologia del Comportamiento en la Teoria Arqueologica. In Arqueologia y Ciencia: Segundas Jornadas. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago, Chile, in press.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B., and Skibo, J. M. 1987 Theory and Experiment in the Study of Technological Change. Current Anthropology 28:595–622.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B., Sullivan, A. P., and Klinger, T. C. 1978 The Design of Archaeological Surveys. World Archaeology 10:1–28.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B., and Wells, S. J. 1982 Archaeological Surveys: Past and Future. In Hohokam and Patayan: Prehistory of Southwestern Arizona, edited by McGuire, R. H. and Schiffer, M. B., pp. 345–384. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Semenov, S. A. 1964 Prehistoric Technology. Translated by Thompson, M. W.. Cory, Adams, and Mackay, London.Google Scholar
Service, E. R. 1962 Primitive Social Organization. Random House, New York.Google Scholar
Shanks, M., and Tilley, C. 1987 Social Theory and Archaeology. Polity Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Smith, M. F., Jr. 1983 The Study of Ceramic Function from Artifact Size and Shape. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Oregon. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
South, S. A. 1955 Evolutionary Theory in Archaeology. Southern Indian Studies 7:10–32.Google Scholar
South, S. A. 1977 Method and Theory in Historical Archaeology. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Spaulding, A. C. 1960 The Dimensions of Archaeology. In Essays in the Science of Culture: In Honor of Leslie A. White, edited by Dole, G. E. and Carneiro, R. L., pp. 437–456. Crowell, New York.Google Scholar
Speth, J. D. 1974 Experimental Investigations of Hard-hammer Percussion Flaking. Tebiwa 17(1):736.Google Scholar
Speth, J. D., and Johnson, G. A. 1976 Problems in the Use of Correlation for the Investigation of Tool Kits and Activity Areas. In Cultural Continuity and Change: Essays in Honor of James Bennett Griffin, edited by Cleland, C. E., pp. 35–57. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Spriggs, M. (editor) 1984 Marxist Perspectives in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Stark, B. L. 1986 Origins of Food Production in the New World. In A merican Archaeology Past and Future: A Celebration of the Society for American Archaeology 1935-1985, edited by Meltzer, D. J., Fowler, D. D., and Sabloff, J. A., pp. 277–321. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Stein, J. K. 1983 Earthworm Activity: A Source of Potential Disturbance of Archaeological Sediments. American Antiquity 48:277–289.Google Scholar
Steward, J. H. 1955 Theory of Culture Change. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.Google Scholar
Steward, J. H., and Setzler, F. M. 1938 Function and Configuration in Archaeology. American Antiquity 4:4–10.Google Scholar
Sullivan, A. P. 1978 Inference and Evidence: A Discussion of the Conceptual Problems. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 1, edited by Schiffer, M. B., pp. 183–222. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Tainter, J. A. 1978 Mortuary Practices and the Study of Prehistoric Social Systems. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 1, edited by Schiffer, M. B., pp. 105–141. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Taylor, R. E. 1987 Radiocarbon Dating: An Archaeological Perspective. Academic Press, Orlando.Google Scholar
Taylor, W. W. 1948 A Study of Archeology. Memoir 69. American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Taylor, W. W. 1972 Old Wine and New Skins: A Contemporary Parable. In Contemporary Archaeology, edited by Leone, M. P., pp. 28–33. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Thomas, D. H. 1979 Archaeology. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.Google Scholar
Trigger, B. 1978 Time and Traditions: Essays in Archaeological Interpretation. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Trigger, B. 1981 Anglo-American Archaeology. World Archaeology 13:138–155.Google Scholar
Trigger, B. 1986 Prehistoric Archaeology and American Society. In American Archaeology Past and Future: A Celebration of the Society for American Archaeology 1935-1985, edited by Meltzer, D. J., Fowler, D. D., and Sabloff, J. A.. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Ubelaker, D. H. 1984 Human Skeletal Remains. Rev. ed. Taraxacum, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Upham, S. 1982 Politics and Power. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Vaughan, P. C. 1985 Use-wear Analysis of Flaked Stone Tools. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Vita-Finzi, C. 1978 Archaeological Sites in Their Setting. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Watson, P. J., LeBlanc, S. A., and Redman, C. L. 1971 Explanation in Archeology. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Wauchope, R. (editor) 1955 Seminars in Archaeology: 1955. SAA Memoirs No. 11. Society for American Archaeology, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Weymouth, J. 1986 Geophysical Methods of Archaeological Site Surveying. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 9, edited by Schiffer, M. B., pp. 311–395. Academic Press, Orlando.Google Scholar
White, L. 1949 The Science of Culture. Farrar Straus, New York.Google Scholar
Whittlesey, S. M. 1978 Status and Death at Grasshopper Pueblo: Experiments Toward an Archaeological Theory of Correlates. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Arizona. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Wilk, R. R. 1985 The Ancient Maya and the Political Present. Journal of Anthropological Research 41:307–326.Google Scholar
Willey, G. R., and Phillips, P. 1958 Method and Theory in American Archaeology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Willey, G. R., and Sabloff, J. A. 1980 A History of American Archaeology. 2nd ed. Freeman, W. H., San Francisco.Google Scholar
Wood, W. R., and Johnson, D. L. 1978 A Survey of Disturbance Processes in Archaeological Site Formation. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 1, edited by Schiffer, M. B., pp. 315–381. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar