¹ Brim, Orville G. Jr., and Wheeler, Stanton, Socialization After Childhood (New York: Wiley, 1966), p. 27 Google Scholar. Much of our thinking about institutions and later-life socialization has been influenced by this volume.

² All data and estimates come from the U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1973 (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973), Tables 425,446Google Scholar.

³ Stouffer, Samuel et al., The American Soldier, Vols. 1 & 2 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1949)Google Scholar.

⁴ See, among others, Janowitz, Morris, ed., The Professional Soldier (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1960)Google Scholar; Janowitz, Morris and Little, Roger W., Sociology and the Military Establishment (New York: Russell Sage, 1965)Google Scholar; “The Military and American Society,” special issue of The Annals, 406 (March, 1973)Google Scholar; Huntington, Samuel P., The Soldier and the State (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957)Google Scholar; Moskos, Charles C. Jr., The American Enlisted Man (New York: Russell Sage, 1970)Google Scholar; Lang, Kurt, Military Institutions and the Sociology of War (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1972)Google Scholar; and Little, Roger W., ed., Handbook of Military Institutions (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1971)Google Scholar. Virtually all of the military socialization studies have dealt with the officer corps. See, among others, Lovell, John P., ‘The Professional Sociology of the West Point Cadet,” in Janowitz, , The New Military (New York: Russell Sage, 1964)Google Scholar; Lucas, William, “Anticipatory Socialization and the ROTC,” in Public Opinion and the Military Establishment, ed. Moskos, Charles C. (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1971)Google Scholar; Dornbursch, Sandford M., “The Military Academy as an Assimilating Institution,” Social Forces, 33 (May, 1955), 316–321 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bauer, Ronald G., “Military Professional Socialization in a Developing Country” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, 1973)Google Scholar; and Wamsley, Gary L., “Contrasting Institutions of Air Force Socialization: Happenstance or Bellwether?” American Journal of Sociology, 78 (September, 1972), 399–417 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵ For example, Bachman, Jerald G., Values, Preferences and Perceptions Concerning Military Service: Part II (Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, 1974)Google Scholar; Janowitz, Morris, ‘The Social Demography of the All-Volunteer Armed Force,” The Annals, 406 (March, 1973), 86–93 Google Scholar; and Janowitz, Morris and Moskos, Charles C. Jr., “Racial Composition in the All-Volunteer Force: Policy Alternatives,” Armed Forces and Society, 1 (November, 1974), 109–124 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁶ See Browning, Harley L., Lopreato, Sally C., and Poston, Dudley L. Jr., “Income and Veteran Status,” American Sociological Review, 38 (February, 1973), 74–85 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Cutright, Phillips, “The Civilian Earnings by White and Black Draftees and Nonveterans’ A merican Sociological Review, 39 (June, 1974), 317–327 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁷ See Bachman, Values, Preferences and Perceptions Concerning Military Service: Part II.

⁸ French, Elizabeth G. and Ernest, Raymond R., ‘The Relationship between Authoritarianism and Acceptance of Military Ideology,” Journal of Personality, 24 (December, 1955), 181–191 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Firestone, Richard William, “Social Conformity and Authoritarianism in the Marine Corps,” Dissertation Abstracts, 20 (July, 1959), 394 Google Scholar; and Campbell, Donald T. and McCormack, Thelma H., “Military Experience and Attitudes toward Authority,” American Journal of Sociology, 62 (March, 1957), 482–490 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁹ Roghmann, Klaus and Sodeur, Wolfgang, ‘The Impact of Military Service on Authoritarian Attitudes: Evidence from West Germany,” American Journal of Sociology, 78 (September, 1972), 418–433 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed. There is an enlightening exchange of views on this article in the July, 1973 issue of the same journal between Arthur Stinchcombe and the original authors, pp. 157–164.

¹⁰ One of the best known and most controversial is Lifton, Robert J., Home From the War (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973)Google Scholar. A thoughtful discussion of various problems faced by the returning veterans can be found in Veterans World Project, Wasted Men: The Reality of the Vietnam Veteran (Edwardsville, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Foundation, 1972)Google Scholar.

¹¹ A useful and sympathetic series of corrective statements is found in Starr, Paul, The Discharged Army: Veterans after Vietnam (New York: Charterhouse, 1973), especially chapters 1 and 5Google Scholar.

¹² Statistical A bstract, 1973, Table 430.

¹³ Brady, David and Rappoport, Leon, “Violence and Vietnam: A Comparison between Attitudes of Civilians and Veterans,” Human Relations, 26, no. 6 (1973), 735–752 Google Scholar.

¹⁴ Although the military is often called a total institution, it seems more appropriate to reserve that title for the basic training and other very structured periods, during which the classic “staff/inmate” dichotomy prevails. See Goffman, Erving, ‘On the Characteristics of Total Institutions,” in his Asylums (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1961)Google Scholar.

¹⁵ See Moskos, p. 199; Johnston, Jerome and Bachman, Gerald C., Young Men and Military Service (Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, 1972), chapter 9Google Scholar; and Human Resources Research Organization, Attitudes toward Military Service, prepared for the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (1971)Google Scholar.

¹⁶ Brim and Wheeler, pp. 90–91.

¹⁷ Roghmann and Sodeur, pp. 428–430.

¹⁸ Brim and Wheeler, pp. 35–37.

¹⁹ The field work in each instance was carried out by the Survey Research Center, University of Michigan. Details regarding the original data collection, study design, and weighting of data are available in Jennings, M. Kent and Niemi, Richard G., The Political Character of Adolescence (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974)Google Scholar. The weighted data differ only slightly from the unweighted data. Comparisons between panel respondents versus those for whom only 1965 data are available reveal virtually no differences in terms of 1965 characteristics.

²⁰ Statistical Abstract, 1973, Table 433.

²¹ The two questions were: (1) “In general, how would you describe your experience in the service. Would you say you were very satisfied, somewhat satisfied, somewhat dissatisfied, or very dissatisfied with your experience in the service?” (2) “When you were in the service, did you have any of your important beliefs or values challenged by other servicemen, by places you saw, or by things that happened?” For those responding in the affirmative: “What was that about?”

²² Jennings, M. Kent and Niemi, Richard G., “Continuity and Change in Political Orientations: A Longitudinal Study of Two Generations,” American Political Science Review, 69 (December, 1975), 1316–1335 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Miller, Arthur H., Brown, Thad A., and Raine, Alden S., “Social Conflict and Political Estrangement, 1958–1972” (paper presented at the meetings of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, 1973)Google Scholar; and Miller, Arthur H., “Political Issues and Trust in Government,” American Political Science Review, 68 (September, 1974), 951–972 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²³ See Miller for the items used. For present purposes we employ an additive index.

²⁴ The text of these questions reads: “We find that people differ in how much faith and confidence they have in various levels of government in this country. In your case, do you have more faith and confidence in the national government, the government of this state, or in the local government around here?” After a probe for why the respondent made the particular choice, the next question read: “Which level do you have the least faith and confidence in–the national government, the government of this state, or the local government around here?”

²⁵ Since length of duty in Vietnam depends to some extent on the particular branch of service, and since the qualitative nature of the tour also differs by branch, we examined the relationship between duration of tour and cynicism controlling for branch-type: ground forces (Army and Marines) versus non-ground forces (Navy and Air Force). The basic relationship between cynicism and length of duty in Vietnam was little affected by this control. For similar overall findings for the 1969 high school senior cohort, see Bachman, Jerald G. and Jennings, M. Kent, “The Impact of Vietnam on Trust in Government,” Journal of Social Issues, 31 (No. 4, 1975), 141–155 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁶ Veterans World Project, Wasted Men: The Reality of the Vietnam Veteran, p. I.3 Google Scholar.

²⁷ Our reasoning here parallels in part that developed by Howard Schuman on the moral versus pragmatic opposition to the war. See his “Two Sources of Anti-War Sentiment in America,” American Journal of Sociology, 78 (November, 1972), 513–536 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Starr, chapter 1.

²⁸ The three compositional control variables are employed in all regression analysis presented in this paper. The race variable is a white (coded “0”) nonwhite (coded “1”) dichotomy. Father's socioeconomic status is measured by the Duncan decile SES code of the 1965 occupation for each respondent's father. The college variable is coded “1” if the respondent had any college experience and “0” otherwise.

²⁹ Ceitain of the independent variables in the regressions, e.g., satisfaction with the military experience, are substantively meaningful for only a portion of the total male sample. In a given regression equation, therefore, such a predictor is, strictly speaking, an interaction variable-for example, satisfaction x service/no service, where the service/no service variable is a dichotomy scored “1” for males with active service experience and “0” otherwise. The coefficients associated with other variables may also differ across subgroups of the total sample; this possibility may be explored within each subgroup by examining the distribution of residuals, the correlations of residuals with predictor variables, and by the inclusion of additional appropriate interaction terms into the regression equation. See Johnston, J., Econometric Methods, 2nd ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972), pp. 192–207 Google Scholar.

³⁰ In both regressions, length of duty in Vietnam was operationalized by a dummy variable coded “1” for respondents with 12 months or more service in Southeast Asia and “0” otherwise.

³¹ In these regressions and the ones to follow, the coefficient of a predictor variable was required generally to be equal to twice its standard error for that variable to be included in the final equation. None of the three compositional controls passed this criterion with respect to the equation for the “low faith” dichotomous dependent variable. They were, therefore, deleted, and the equation was re-estimated.

³² This measure has elsewhere been called the local-cosmopolitanism scale. See Jennings and Niemi, The Political Character of Adolescence, chap. 10.

³³ The unstandaidized equation is: Cosmopolitanism₂ = 3.77 + .210 Cosmopolitanism₁ + .924 Military service — .173 Years since discharge. All coefficients are greater than twice their standard errors (multiple R = .30).

³⁴ The classic formulation is that of Homans, George C., The Human Group (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1950), especially pp. 11–12, 101–106 Google Scholar.

³⁵ These feelings were tapped by the “feeling thermometer” technique by which groups are assessed on a cold (unfavorable), to warm (favorable) dimension running from 0° to 100°.

³⁶ Some components of military life abroad are sketched in by Moskos, The American Enlisted Man, chapter 4.

³⁷ The three agree-disagree items were:

1) “The American system of government is one that all nations should have.”

2) “If a Communist were legally elected to some public office around here, the people should allow him to take office.”

3) “If a person wanted to make a speech in this community against religion, he should be allowed to speak.”

³⁸ Our analysis undoubtedly would have been sharpened if we had been able to obtain such information as the degree of racial integration in the serviceman's company, the actual amount of social interaction, and the like.

³⁹ Our findings on race run contrary to those for World War II (The American Soldier, Vol. I), and the Korean War ( Bogart, Leo, Social Research and the Desegregation of the U.S. Army [Chicago: Markham, 1969])Google Scholar. But they are of a piece with much impressionistic evidence about the Vietnam period. See Moskos, Charles C. Jr., “Studies of the American Soldier: Continuities and Discontinuities in Social Research” (paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, New York, 1973)Google Scholar.

⁴⁰ Moskos, , The A merican Enlisted Man, p. 35 Google Scholar.

⁴¹ The questions, in order, were: (1) “People have different views about America's involvement in Vietnam. Do you think we did the right thing in getting into the fighting in Vietnam or should we have stayed out?” (2) Do you think the government handled the Vietnam War as well as it could have?” Negative responses to this question were followed by, (3) “What do you think the government should have done?”

⁴² We have treated the effects on behavior in our “Political Participation and Vietnam War Veterans: A Longitudinal Study,” in The Social Psychology of Military Service, ed. Goldman, Nancy L. and Segal, David R. (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1976)Google Scholar.