Selection on the basis of estimated breeding value for cow fertility was successful in establishing two distinct lines of high (H) and low (L) fertility in a herd of Droughtmaster (Brahman × Shorthorn) cattle. The average difference in pregnancy rates over 3 years between the H and L line was 12% (P < 0·01) in the selected cows. In lactating cows this difference was 17% indicating that lactational anoestrus was an important component of the line difference in fertility. The total calf losses between confirmed pregnancy and weaning were 17%, but there were no line differences. Cow mortalities were 5% higher (P < 0·01) in pregnant cows than in empty cows but were similar in the H and L 'lines.

H cows were proportionately 0·06 lighter in body weight (P < 0·01) at mating and 0·075 lighter (P < 0·01) at weaning than L cows. Much of this difference was due to the greater number of calves carried and weaned by H cows during their lifetime. Smaller lactation effects on weight gains and weight losses in H cows indicated that these cows were less sensitive in terms of weight gain to seasonal fluctuations in nutrition. H cows conceived earlier than L cows in 2 out of the 3 years and reared calves which were proportionately 0·04 lighter at weaning (P < 0·01). It is suggested that lower milk production in H cows leading to shorter periods of lactational anoestrous, combined with lower sensitivity to nutritional stress, was responsible for their higher fertility.