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PLACEMAKING AT LES BLANCHES BANQUES, JERSEY’S FIRST WORLD WAR PRISONER OF WAR CAMP: NESTED LANDSCAPES OF INTERNEES AND GUARDS
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 August 2023
Abstract
Most recent archaeological studies of prisoners of war have concentrated on resistance to confinement and identity creation within the camps. In contrast, the findings at Les Blanches Banques, Jersey, occupied by German military prisoners during the First World War, are here viewed through the lens of the varied placemaking strategies applied by both prisoners and camp staff. The prisoners created places of meaning within the regimented and confined conditions of their internment, but the guards were also limited by their duties in their assignment to this remote location, though all also saw the camp within its wider island landscape setting. This is the first study to consider placemaking at a prisoner of war camp at nested scales and from different perspectives.
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- © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Society of Antiquaries of London
References
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Kewley Draskau, J 2012. ‘Kulturkrieg and Frontgeist from behind the wire: World War I newspapers from Douglas Internment Camp’, in Carr and Mytum 2012, 201–15Google Scholar
Kobiałka, D, Kostyrko, M and Kajda, K 2017. ‘The Great War and its landscapes between memory and oblivion: the case of prisoners of war camps in Tuchola and Czersk, Poland’, Int J Hist Archaeol, 21 (1), 134–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Myers, A and Moshenska, G (eds) 2011. Archaeologies of Internment, Springer, New York
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mytum, H 2012. ‘Deciphering dynamic networks from static images’, in Carr and Mytum 2012, 133–51Google Scholar
Mytum, H 2013. ‘Materiality matters: the role of things in coping strategies at Cunningham’s Camp, Douglas during World War I’, in Mytum and Carr 2013, 169–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mytum, H and Carr, G (eds) 2013. Prisoners of War: archaeology, memory and heritage of 19th and 20th century mass internment, Springer, New York
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Mytum, H and Hall, N 2013. ‘Norman Cross: designing and operating an eighteenth-century British prisoner of war camp’, in Mytum and Carr 2013, 75–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mytum, H, Davey, P and Tomlinson, P, 2015. ‘Statement of Significance, Knockaloe Farm’, unpublished report for the Manx Department of Environment, Food and AgricultureGoogle Scholar
Mytum, H, Philpott, R, Carr, G and Saunders, N 2020. ‘“Almost a model of its kind”: Les Blanches Banques Camp for German World War I military prisoners’, Bull Société Jersiaise, 32 (4), 841–63Google Scholar
Naish, T E 1955. ‘The German prisoners of war camp at Jersey, during the Great War, 1914–1918’, Bull Société Jersiaise, 16 (3), 269–80Google Scholar
Pringle, J K, Doyle, P and Babits, L E 2007. ‘Multidisciplinary investigations at Stalag Luft III allied prisoner-of-war camp: the site of the 1944 “great escape”, Zagan, Western Poland’, Geoarchaeology: An Int J, 22 (7), 729–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Somerfield, M R and McCrae, R R 2000. ‘Stress and coping research methodological challenges, theoretical advances, and clinical applications’, Am Psychologist, 55 (6), 620–25CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
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Google Scholar
Spencer, J 2016. ‘First World War prisoner of war camps: scheduling enhancement programme 2016’, unpublished report, Clwyd Powis Archaeological Trust Report No. 1385Google Scholar
Stanley, L and Dampier, H 2005. ‘Aftermaths: post/memory, commemoration and the concentration camps of the South African War 1899–1902’, Euro Rev Hist: Revue europeenne d’histoire, 12 (1), 91–119
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Google Scholar
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CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Der Merwe, F J 1992. ‘Sport and games in Boer prisoner-of-war camps during the Anglo-Boer war, 1899–1902’, Int J Hist Sport, 9 (3), 439–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vischer, A L 1919. Barbed Wire Disease: a psychological study of the prisoner of war, John Bale, London
Google Scholar
Wilkinson, O 2012. ‘Captivity in print: the form and function of POW camp magazines’, in Carr and Mytum 2012, 239–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, H W and Hammerton, J A (eds) 1919. The Great War, Vol XII, Amalgamated Press, London
Google Scholar
Jersey Archives A/A2/20Google Scholar
A/D1/W1/1Google Scholar
A/E/5Google Scholar
A/E/11/13Google Scholar
D/Z/H2/8Google Scholar
Jersey Museum JERSM/1995/01096Google Scholar
JHTO/0015/00001Google Scholar
LOAN/1900/00460Google Scholar
Agha, A 2006. ‘Place, place-making and African-American archaeology: considerations for future work’, S Carolina Antiq, 38 (1), 53–66
Google Scholar
Akbar, P N G and Edelenbos, J 2021. ‘Positioning placemaking as a social process: a systematic literature review’, Cogent Social Sci, 7 (1), 1905920
Google Scholar
Ariotti, K 2014. ‘Coping with captivity: Australian POWs of the Turks and the impact of imprisonment during the First World War’, Unpublished thesis, University of QueenslandGoogle Scholar
Ariotti, K and Crotty, M 2014. ‘The role of sport for Australian POWs of the Turks during the First World War’, Int J Hist Sport, 31 (18), 2362–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Badcock, A and Johnston, R 2009. ‘Placemaking through protest: an archaeology of the Lees Cross and Endcliffe protest camp, Derbyshire, England’, Archaeologies, 5 (2), 306–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beal, B A 1916. ‘Enclosure in No. 8’, in Reports of Visits of Inspection Made by Officials of the United States Embassy to Various Internment Camps in the United Kingdom. Miscellaneous no. 30. Presented to both Houses of Parliament September 1916, 13–15, HMSO, London, available online in Parliamentary Papers, original TNA ref. 383/505Google Scholar
Becker, A 2004. ‘Art, material life, and disaster: civilian and military prisoners of war’, in Saunders 2004, 26–34
Google Scholar
Beckwith, R J 2013. ‘Japanese-style ornamental community gardens at Manzanar relocation center’, in Mytum and Carr 2013, 271–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brück, J 2015. ‘“A good Irishman should blush every time he sees a penny”: gender, nationalism and memory in Irish internment camp craftwork, 1916–1923’, J Mat Culture, 20 (2), 149–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckley, A (ed) 2021. German Prisoners of the Great War: life in a Yorkshire camp, Pen and Sword, Barnsley
Google Scholar
Bush, D R 2000. ‘Interpreting the latrines of the Johnson’s Island civil war military prison’, Hist Archaeol, 34 (1), 62–78
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cameron, L 2015. ‘The ICRC in the First World War: unwavering belief in the power of law?’, Int Rev Red Cross, 97 (900), 1099–120CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carpenter, E, Knight, D, Pullen, R and Small, F 2018. Cannock Chase, Staffordshire: the Chase through time, historic England contribution, Hist England Res Rep Ser 7-2018, Historic England, Portsmouth
Google Scholar
Carr, G 2013. ‘“My home was the area around my bed”: experiencing and negotiating space in civilian internment camps in Germany, 1942–1945,’ in Mytum and Carr 2013, 189–204
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carr, G and Mytum, H (eds) 2012. Cultural Heritage and Prisoners of War: creativity behind barbed wire, Routledge, London
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, B J 2020. Finding Solace in the Soil: an archaeology of gardens and gardeners at Amache, University Press of Colorado, Colorado
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, B J and Shew, D O 2021. ‘From the inside out: thinking through the archaeology of Japanese American confinement’, Int J Hist Archaeol, 25, 803–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawford, J 2014. ‘First World War scoping study Glamorgan and Gwent’, unpublished report, Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Report No. 2014/025Google Scholar
Cresswell, Y, 1994. Living with the Wire: civilian internment in the Isle of Man during the two world wars, Manx National Heritage, Douglas
Google Scholar
Cresswell, Y 2005. ‘Behind the wire: the material culture of civilian internment on the Isle of Man in the First World War’, in Dove, R (ed), Totally Un-English? Britain’s internment of ‘enemy aliens’ in two world wars, Yearbook of the Research Centre for German and Austrian Exile Studies 7, 45–61, Rodopi, Amsterdam
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demuth, V 2009. ‘“Those who survived the battlefields”: archaeological investigations in a prisoner of war camp near Quedlinburg (Harz/Germany) from the First World War’, J Conflict Archaeol, 5 (1), 163–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Draper, K 2017, ‘Wartime huts: The development, typology and identification of temporary military buildings in Britain 1914–1945’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Draskau, J K 2009. ‘Prisoners in petticoats: drag performance and its effects in Great War internment camps in the Isle of Man’, Proc Isle of Man Nat Hist Antiq Soc, 12 (2), 187–204
Google Scholar
Dreyer, J 2002. Archaeology and the Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902): a report on the discovery of the Black refugee camp and cemetery at Brandfort, Free State’, S African J Ethnology, 24 (4), 131–7Google Scholar
Doyle, P, Babits, L and Pringle, J 2009. ‘Yellow sands and penguins: the soil of “The Great Escape”’, in Landa, E R and Feller, C (eds), Soil and Culture, 417–29, Springer, Dordrecht
Google Scholar
Ellery, P J, Ellery, J and Borkowsky, M, M 2021. ‘Toward a theoretical understanding of placemaking’, Int J Community Well-Being, 4, 55–76
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, D C 2005. ‘Stage 1 – Army camps: history and development, 1858–2000’, in J Schofield, England’s Army Camps archive, Archaeology Data Service, York, https://doi.org/10.5284/1000269 (accessed 23 May 2023)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foot, W 2005. ‘Stage 2 – Army camps survival’, in J Schofield, England’s Army Camps archive, Archaeology Data Service, York, https://doi.org/10.5284/1000269 (accessed 23 May 2023)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
González-Ruibal, A 2011. ‘The archaeology of internment in Francoist Spain (1936–1952)’, in Myers and Moshenska 2011, 53–73
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hasian, M Jr 2003. ‘The “hysterical” Emily Hobhouse and Boer War concentration camp controversy’, Western J Comm, 67 (2), 138–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, J D 1924. ‘Report on the discovery of a Neolithic ossuary at St Brelade, Jersey’, Bull Société Jersiaise, 10, 79–101
Google Scholar
Jenkins, J 2015. ‘Theatre in isolation: the enduring traditions of theatre and its role in lifting the spirits of detainees in a civilian prison camp in Germany during World War 1’, PhD dissertation, California State University, NorthridgeGoogle Scholar
Kenney, J and Hopewell, D 2015. ‘First World War military sites: military landscapes. Part 1: report and gazetteer’, unpublished report. Gwynedd Archaeological Trust Report No. 1248Google Scholar
Kewley Draskau, J 2012. ‘Kulturkrieg and Frontgeist from behind the wire: World War I newspapers from Douglas Internment Camp’, in Carr and Mytum 2012, 201–15Google Scholar
Kobiałka, D, Kostyrko, M and Kajda, K 2017. ‘The Great War and its landscapes between memory and oblivion: the case of prisoners of war camps in Tuchola and Czersk, Poland’, Int J Hist Archaeol, 21 (1), 134–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kostyrko, M and Kobiałka, D, 2020. ‘Small and large heritage of the Great War: an archaeology of a prisoner of war camp in Tuchola, Poland’, Landscape Res, 45 (5), 583–600
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, A 2010. ‘Camp Delta, Google Earth and the ethics of remote sensing in archaeology’, World Archaeol, 42 (3), 455–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, A and Moshenska, G (eds) 2011. Archaeologies of Internment, Springer, New York
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mytum, H 2012. ‘Deciphering dynamic networks from static images’, in Carr and Mytum 2012, 133–51Google Scholar
Mytum, H 2013. ‘Materiality matters: the role of things in coping strategies at Cunningham’s Camp, Douglas during World War I’, in Mytum and Carr 2013, 169–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mytum, H and Carr, G (eds) 2013. Prisoners of War: archaeology, memory and heritage of 19th and 20th century mass internment, Springer, New York
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mytum, H and Hall, N 2013. ‘Norman Cross: designing and operating an eighteenth-century British prisoner of war camp’, in Mytum and Carr 2013, 75–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mytum, H, Davey, P and Tomlinson, P, 2015. ‘Statement of Significance, Knockaloe Farm’, unpublished report for the Manx Department of Environment, Food and AgricultureGoogle Scholar
Mytum, H, Philpott, R, Carr, G and Saunders, N 2020. ‘“Almost a model of its kind”: Les Blanches Banques Camp for German World War I military prisoners’, Bull Société Jersiaise, 32 (4), 841–63Google Scholar
Naish, T E 1955. ‘The German prisoners of war camp at Jersey, during the Great War, 1914–1918’, Bull Société Jersiaise, 16 (3), 269–80Google Scholar
Pringle, J K, Doyle, P and Babits, L E 2007. ‘Multidisciplinary investigations at Stalag Luft III allied prisoner-of-war camp: the site of the 1944 “great escape”, Zagan, Western Poland’, Geoarchaeology: An Int J, 22 (7), 729–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pyper, A and Shiner, M 2017. ‘Threat-related assessment of twentieth century military sites: First World War – infrastructure and support’, unpublished report, Dyfed Archaeological Trust Report No. 2016/58Google Scholar
Rachamimov, A 2006. ‘The disruptive comforts of drag: (trans)gender performances among prisoners of war in Russia, 1914–1920’, Am Hist Rev, 111 (2), 362–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubertone, P E (ed) 2008. Archaeologies of Placemaking: monuments, memories, and engagement in Native North America, Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek CA
Google Scholar
Sachsse, F and Cossmann, W 1920. Kriegsgefangen in Skipton, Verlag von Ernst Reinhardt, Munich
Google Scholar
Saunders, N J (ed) 2004. Matters of Conflict: material culture, memory and the First World War, Routledge, London
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwan, A 2021. ‘German military internees writing the First World War: gender, irony and humour in the camp newspaper stobsiade
’, in Kelly, M and Westall, C (eds), Prison Writing and the Literary World: imprisonment, institutionality and questions of literary practice, 41–57, Routledge, Abingdon
Google Scholar
Solomon, Z, Avidor, S and Mantin, H G 2015. ‘Guilt among ex-prisoners of war’, J Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 24 (7), 721–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Somerfield, M R and McCrae, R R 2000. ‘Stress and coping research methodological challenges, theoretical advances, and clinical applications’, Am Psychologist, 55 (6), 620–25CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soto, G 2016. ‘Place making in non-places: migrant graffiti in rural highway box culverts’, J Contemp Archaeol, 3 (2), 121–294
Google Scholar
Spencer, J 2016. ‘First World War prisoner of war camps: scheduling enhancement programme 2016’, unpublished report, Clwyd Powis Archaeological Trust Report No. 1385Google Scholar
Stanley, L and Dampier, H 2005. ‘Aftermaths: post/memory, commemoration and the concentration camps of the South African War 1899–1902’, Euro Rev Hist: Revue europeenne d’histoire, 12 (1), 91–119
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
States of Jersey 2004. Island Planning Designation of Sites of Special Interest (Jersey) Order, rev edn, States of Jersey, St Helier
Google Scholar
Swenson, E 2015. ‘Archaeological approaches to sacred landscapes and rituals of place making’, in Brunn, S D (ed), The Changing World Religion Map, 477–502, Springer, Dordrecht
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Der Merwe, F J 1992. ‘Sport and games in Boer prisoner-of-war camps during the Anglo-Boer war, 1899–1902’, Int J Hist Sport, 9 (3), 439–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vischer, A L 1919. Barbed Wire Disease: a psychological study of the prisoner of war, John Bale, London
Google Scholar
Wilkinson, O 2012. ‘Captivity in print: the form and function of POW camp magazines’, in Carr and Mytum 2012, 239–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, H W and Hammerton, J A (eds) 1919. The Great War, Vol XII, Amalgamated Press, London
Google Scholar