Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-pftt2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-06T22:03:01.430Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Bidirectional cross-linguistic influence with different-script languages: Evidence from eye tracking

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 April 2023

Jamie Taylor Open the ORCID record for Jamie Taylor [Opens in a new window]  and
Yoichi Mukai Open the ORCID record for Yoichi Mukai [Opens in a new window]
Jamie Taylor*
Affiliation:
Foreign Language Education Center, Nanzan University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan Graduate School of Humanities, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
Yoichi Mukai
Affiliation:
Modern Languages Studies Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
*
*Corresponding author. Email: taylor@nanzan-u.ac.jp
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This study compared patterns of nonselective cross-language activation in L1 and L2 visual word recognition with different-script bilinguals. The aim was to determine (1) whether lexical processing is nonselective in the L1 (as in L2), and (2) if the same cross-linguistic factors affected processing similarly in each language. To examine the time course of activation, eye movements were tracked during lexical decision. Thirty-two Japanese–English bilinguals responded to 250 target words in Japanese and in English. The same participants and items (i.e., cognate translation equivalents) were used to directly compare L1 and L2 processing. Response latencies as well as eye movements representing early and late processing were analyzed using mixed-effects regression modeling. Similar cross-linguistic effects, namely cognate word frequency, phonological similarity, and semantic similarity, were found in both languages. These factors affected processing to different degrees in each language, however. While cognate frequency was significant as early as the first fixation, effects of cross-linguistic phonological and semantic similarity arose later in time. Increased phonological similarity slowed responses in L2 but speeded them in L1, while greater semantic overlap was facilitatory in both languages. Results are discussed from the perspective of the BIA+ model of visual word recognition.

Keywords

visual word recognitiondifferent-script bilingualscross-linguistic influenceeye movements
Type
Original Article
Information
Applied Psycholinguistics , Volume 44 , Issue 5 , September 2023 , pp. 635 - 667
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, D. B., & Conklin, K. (2013). Cross-linguistic similarity and task demands in Japanese- English bilingual processing. PLoS ONE, 8(8). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072631 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baayen, R. H., Davidson, D. J., & Bates, D. M. (2008). Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. Journal of Memory and Language, 59, 390–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2007.12.005 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baayen, R. H., & Milin, P. (2010). Analyzing reaction times. International Journal of Psychological Research, 3(2), 12–28. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.807 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balota, D. A., & Chumbley, J. I. (1984). Are lexical decisions a good measure of lexical access? The role of word frequency in the neglected decision stage. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 10, 340–357. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.10.3.340 Google ScholarPubMed
Balota, D. A., Cortese, M. J., Sergent-Marshall, S. D., Spieler, D. H., & Yap, M. J. (2004). Visual Word recognition of single-syllable words. Journal of Expermimental Psychology: General, 133, 283–316. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.133.2.283 Google ScholarPubMed
Balota, D. A., Yap, M. J., Cortese, M. J., Hutchison, K. A., Kessler, B., Loftis, B., Neely, J. H., Nelson, D. L., Simpson, G. B., & Treiman, R. (2007). The English lexicon project. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 445–459. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193014 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C. and Tily, H. J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, 68(3), 255–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bates, D., Kliegl, R., Vasishth, S., & Baayen, R. H. (2015). Parsimonious mixed models. Available from arXiv:1506.04967 https://arxiv.org/pdf/1506.04967.pdf Google Scholar
Box, G. E. P., & Cox, D. R. (1964). An analysis of transformations (with discussion). Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B, 26, 211–252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1964.tb00553.x Google Scholar
Brysbaert, M., & New, B. (2009). Moving beyond Kučera and Francis: A critical evaluation of current word frequency norms and the introduction of a new and improved word frequency measure for American English. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 977–990. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.977 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brysbaert, M., Mandera, P., & Keuleers, E. (2018). The word frequency effect in word processing: An updated review. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27(1), 45–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214177275 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bullock, B. (2017). English to Katakana Converter. Sci. Lang.Japan. http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/e2k.cgi Google Scholar
Burgess, C., & Livesay, K. (1998). The effect of a corpus size in predicting reaction time in a basic word recognition task: Moving on from Kučera and Francis. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 30(2), 272–277. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200655 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carreiras, M., Armsrtong, B. C., Perea, M., & Frost, R. (2014). The what, when, where, and how of visual word recognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(2), 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.11.005 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chikamatsu, N., Yokoyama, S., Nozaki, H., Long, E., & Fukuda, S. (2000). A Japanese logographic character frequency list for cognitive science research. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 32, 482–500. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200819 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cop, U., Dirix, N., van Assche, E., & Drieghe, D. (2017). Reading a book in one or two languages? An eye movement study of cognate facilitation in L1 and L2 reading. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 20(4), 747–769. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728916000213 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, A., Caramazza, N., & Sebastian-Galles, N. (2000). The cognate facilitation effect: Implications for models of lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26(5), 1283–1296. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.26.5.1283 Google ScholarPubMed
Davis, C., Sánchez-Casas, R., García-Albea, J. E., Guasch, M., Molero, M., & Ferré, P. (2010). Masked translation priming: Varying language experience and word type with Spanish-English bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(2), 137–155. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728909990393 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Degani, T., Prior, A., & Hajajra, W. (2018). Cross-language semantic influences in different script bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 21(4), 782–804. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728917000311 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Degani, T., Prior, A., & Tokowicz, N. (2011). Bidirectional transfer: The effect of sharing a translation. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 23(1), 18–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2011.445986 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dijkstra, T., & van Heuven, W. J. B. (2002). The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system: From identification to decision. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 5, 175–197. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728902003012 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dijkstra, T., Grainger, J., & van Heuven, W. J. B. (1999). Recognition of cognates and interlingual homographs: The neglected role of phonology. Journal of Memory and language, 41, 496–518. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1999.2654 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dijkstra, T., Miwa, K., Brummelhuis, B., Sappelli, M., & Baayen, R. H. (2010). How cross- language similarity affects cognate recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 62, 284–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2009.12.003 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dijkstra, T., Wahl, A., Buytenhuijs, F., van Halem, N., Al-Jibouri, Z., de Korte, M., & Rekké, S. (2019). Multilink: A computational model for bilingual word recognition and word translation. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 22(4), 657–679. https://doi.org/doi:10.1017/S1366728918000287 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duyck, W., van Assche, E., Drieghe, D., & Hartsuiker, R. (2007). Visual word recognition by bilinguals in a sentence context: Evidence for nonselective lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33, 663–679. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.33.4.663 Google Scholar
Duyck, W., Vanderelst, D., Desmet, T., & Hartsuiker, R. J. (2008). The frequency effect in second-language visual word recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15(4), 850–855. https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.15.4.850 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finkbeiner, M., Forster, K., Nicol, J., & Nakamura, K. (2004). The role of polysemy in masked semantic and translation priming. Journal of Memory and Language, 51(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2004.01.004 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forster, K. I. (1998). The Pros and Cons of Masked Priming. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 27(2), 203–233. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023202116609 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friesen, D. C., Whitford, V., Titone, D. & Jared, D. (2020). The impact of individual differences on cross-language activation of meaning by phonology. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23, 323–343. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728919000142 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gollan, T., Forster, K., & Frost, R. (1997). Translation priming with different scripts: Masked priming with cognates and noncognates in Hebrew-English bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23(5), 1122–1139. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.23.5.1122 Google ScholarPubMed
Goo 辞書. (2017). Retrieved from https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/ Google Scholar
Hyönä, J., Laine, M., & Niemi, J. (1995). Effects of a word’s morphological complexity on readers’ eye fixation patterns. Studies in Visual Information Processing, 6, 445–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-907X(05)80037-6 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, N. (1999). Testing processing explanations for the asymmetry in masked cross- language priming. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 2(1), 59–75. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728999000152 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980). A theory of reading: From eye fixations to comprehension. Psychological Review, 87, 329–354. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.87.4.329 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keatley, C. W., Spinks, J. A., & De Gelder, B. (1994). Asymmetrical cross-language priming effects. Memory & Cognition, 22, 70–84. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03202763 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keuleers, E., & Brysbaert, M. (2010). Wuggy: A multilingual pseudoword generator. Behavior Research Methods, 42(3), 627–633. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.42.3.627 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, J., & Davis, C. (2003). Task effects in masked cross-script translation and phonological priming. Journal of Memory and Language, 49, 484–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-596X(03)00093-7 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kroll, J. F., & Stewart, E. (1994). Category interference in translation and picture naming: Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 33, 149–174. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1994.1008 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuperman, V., Schreuder, R., Bertram, R., & Baayen, R. H. (2009). Reading polymorphemic Dutch compounds: Toward a multiple rout model of lexical processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 35(3), 876–895. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013484 Google Scholar
Lauro, J., & Schwartz, A. I. (2017). Bilingual non-selective lexical access in sentence contexts: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Memory and Language, 92, 217–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2016.06.010 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Legge, G. E., & Bigelow, C. A. (2011). Does print size matter for reading? A review of findings from vision science and typography. Journal of Vision, 11(5), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1167/11.5.8 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemhöfer, K., & Broersma, M. (2012). Introducing LexTALE: A quick and valid Lexical Test for Advanced Learners of English. Behavior Research Methods, 44, 325–343. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0146-0 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lemhöfer, K., & Dijkstra, T. (2004). Recognizing cognates and interlingual homographs: Effects of code similarity in language-specific and generalized lexical decision. Memory & Cognition, 32(4), 533–550. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195845 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lemhöfer, K., Dijkstra, T., & Michel, C. (2004). Three languages, one ECHO: Cognate effects in trilingual word recognition. Language and Cognitive Processes, 19(5), 585–611. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960444000007 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemhöfer, K., Huestegge, L., & Mulder, K. (2018). Another cup of TEE? The processing of second language near-cognates in first language reading. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2018.1433863 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Libben, G., & Jarema, G. (2002). Mental lexicon research in the new millennium. Brain and Language, 81, 2–11. https://doi.org/10.1006/brln.2002.2654 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Libben, M. R. & Titone, D. A. (2009). Bilingual lexical access in context: Evidence from eye movements during reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35(2), 381–390. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014875 Google ScholarPubMed
Maekawa, K., Yamazaki, M., Ogiso, T., Maruyama, T., Ogura, H., Kashino, W., Koiso, H., Yamaguchi, M., Tanaka, M., & Den, Y. (2014). Balanced corpus of contemporary written Japanese. Language Resources & Evaluation, 48, 345–371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-013-9261-0 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marian, V. & Spivey, M. (2003). Bilingual and monolingual processing of competing lexical items. Applied Psycholinguistics, 24, 173–193. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716403000092 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marian, V., Blumenfeld, H. K., & Kaushanskaya, M. (2007). The Language Experience and Proficiency Questionnaire (LEAP-Q): Assessing language profiles in bilinguals and multilinguals. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 50, 940–967. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2007/067)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marsolek, C. J. (2008). What antipriming reveals about priming. Trends in Cognitive Science, 12(5), 176–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.02.005 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matuschek, H., Kliegl, R., Vasishth, S., Baayen, H., Bates, D. (2017). Balancing Type I error and power in linear mixed models. Journal of Memory and Language, 94, 305–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2017.01.001 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mishra, R. (2019). A few suggestions on broadening the cross-linguistic relevance of the Multilink model. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 22(4), 691–692. https://doi:10.1017/S1366728918000834 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miwa, K, Dijkstra, T., Bolger, P., & Baayen, H. (2014). Reading English with Japanese in mind: Effects of frequency, phonology, and meaning in different-script bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 17, 445–463. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728913000576 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miwa, K. & Dijkstra, T. (2017). Lexical processes in the recognition of Japanese horizontal and vertical compounds. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 30(4), 791–812. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-016-9700-6 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakayama, M., Sears, C. R., Hino, Y., & Lupker, S. J. (2012). Cross-script phonological priming for Japanese-English bilinguals: Evidence for integrated phonological representations. Language and Cognitive Processes, 27, 1563–1583. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690965.2011.606669 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Reagan, J. K., & Jacobs, A. M. (1992). Optimal viewing position effect in word recognition: A challenge to current theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 18, 185–197. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.18.1.185 Google Scholar
Peleg, O., Degani, T., Raziq, M., & Taha, N. (2020). Cross-lingual phonological effects in different-script bilingual visual-word recognition. Second Language Research, 36(4), 653–690. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658319827052 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
R Core Team. (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/ Google Scholar
Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 124(3), 372–422. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.372 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rayner, K., Chace, K. H., Slattery, T. J., & Ashby, J. (2006). Eye movements as reflections of comprehension processes in reading. Scientific Studies of Reading, 10(3), 241–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532799xssr1003_3 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ringbom, H. (2001). Lexical transfer in L3 production. In Cenoz, J., Hufeisen, B. & Jessner, U. (Eds.), Cross-linguistic Influence in Third Language Acquisition: Psycholinguistic Perspectives (pp. 59–68). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schilling, H. E. H., Rayner, K., & Chumbley, J. I. (1998). Comparing naming, lexical decision, and eye fixation times: Word frequency effects and individual differences. Memory & Cognition, 26(6), 1270–1281. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03201199 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Assche, E., Duyck, W., & Brysbaert, M. (2013). Verb processing by bilinguals in sentence contexts: The effect of cognate status and verb tense. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 35(2), 237–259. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263112000873 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Assche, E., Duyck, W., Hartsuiker, R. J., & Diependaele, K. (2009). Does bilingualism change native-language reading? Cognate effects in a sentence context. Psychological Science, 20(8), 923–927. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02389.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, F., Fairchild, A. J., & Li, X. (2017). Visual antipriming effect: Evidence from Chinese character identification. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01791 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed