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Myocardial infarction risk in relation to zinc concentration in toenails

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

J. M. Martin-Moreno ,
L. Gorgojo ,
R. A. Riemersma ,
J. Gomez-Aracen ,
J. D. Kark ,
J. Guillen ,
J. Jimenez ,
J. J. Ringstad ,
J. Fernandez-Crehuet  and
P. Bode
...Show all authors
J. M. Martin-Moreno*
Affiliation:
Institute of Health Carlos III, Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs, Paseo del Prado 18-20, 28071 Madrid, Spain Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
L. Gorgojo
Affiliation:
Institute of Health Carlos III, Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs, Paseo del Prado 18-20, 28071 Madrid, Spain
R. A. Riemersma
Affiliation:
Cardiovascular Research Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
J. Gomez-Aracen
Affiliation:
Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
J. D. Kark
Affiliation:
Epidemiology Unit, Department of Social Medicine, Hadassah Medical Organization and Hebrew University – Hadassah School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
J. Guillen
Affiliation:
Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
J. Jimenez
Affiliation:
Medical Department, AstraZeneca, Madrid, Spain
J. J. Ringstad
Affiliation:
Østfold Central Hospital, Fredrikstad, Norway
J. Fernandez-Crehuet
Affiliation:
Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
P. Bode
Affiliation:
Interfaculty Reactor Institute, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
F. J. Kok
Affiliation:
Division of Human Nutrition and Epidemiology, University of Wageningen, Wageningen, The Netherlands
*
*Corresponding Author: Dr Jose M. Martin-Moreno, fax +34 91 596 4409, email jmartinm@msc.es
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Abstract

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Zn is an essential mineral. The role of Zn in atherosclerosis is not clear. Epidemiological studies, which have reported contradictory results, are limited by the use of serum Zn levels as a marker of intake. We assessed the association of toenail Zn, which integrates dietary Zn intake over 3 to 12 months, with the risk of a first myocardial infarction. Toenail Zn concentrations were determined by neutron activation analysis in the European multi-centre case–control study on antioxidants, myocardial infarction and breast cancer. This multi-centre case–control study included 684 cases and 724 controls from eight European countries and Israel. Toenail Zn levels of controls (adjusted for age and study centre) were positively associated with age, α-tocopherol and Se, but not with additional dietary variables or with classical risk factors for CHD. Average toenail Zn was 106·0 mg/kg in cases (95 % CI 103·1, 108·9) and 107·5 mg/kg in controls (95 % CI 104·5, 110·7). After controlling for cardiovascular risk factors and for centre, the adjusted odds ratios of myocardial infarction for quintiles 2–5 of toenail Zn with respect to the first quintile were 0·97 (95 % CI 0·59, 1·58), 1·15 (95 % CI 0·72, 1·85), 0·91 (95 % CI 0·56, 1·50), and 0·85 (95 % CI 0·52, 1·39). The P for trend was 0·45. In conclusion toenail Zn levels (reflecting long-term dietary intake) were not significantly associated with acute myocardial infarction.

Keywords

Case–control studiesHeavy metalsZincMyocardial infarctionNeutron activation analysis
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 89 , Issue 5 , May 2003 , pp. 673 - 678
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2003

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