Any realistic mathematical model of insect pest population dynamics to be used in maximizing control efficiency must mimic the effects of weather, the habitat, other organisms of various specles, food, and chemicals applied by man. However. before such a model can be constructed. suitable mathematical formulations for the mechanismof each type of factor must be developed.

In the course of recent field studies in southern Alberta on the behaviour of adults of the sugar-beet wireworm, Limonius californicus (Mann.), it has been observed that the males spend much of their time after emergence resting on small clods of earth with their heads pointed upward into the breeze and with their antennae waving as though testing for odours. When they appeared to scent a female they moved into the breeze, crawling or flying, depending on the velocity of the wind. As they neared the female they became increasingly agitated, but when in close proximity to her they seemed confused and often passed within an inchof her. Eventually one of them located her and mating occurred almost immediately. The remaining males finally dispersed after crawling repeatedly around and over the copulating pair. These observations suggested that the females, soon aftcr emerging, release a sex attractant.

The literature contains numerous references to observations and investigations on various aspects of the biology of many species of black flies. During recent studies on the blackfly fauna of Utah, observations were made on mating, feeding, and oviposition of several species of black flies for which such data are fragmentary or completely lacking.

The senior author collected several nearly mature lepidopterous larvae found tunnelling in ripening strawberries at Saanich, Vancouver Island, B.C., on June 10, 1957. From larvae reared on fruit in cages in an insectary, six moths emerged, two each on July 15, 18, and 22. These six and another individual collected in flight were identified as the omnivorous leaf tier, Cnephasia longana (Haw.).

In the genus Anoplodera two species, mutabilis Newman and aspera LeConre, represent a small, distinct group. A thirdspecies, previously unrecognized and closely related to aspera, has been noted in material submitted for identification. The present description and distributional notes are based on material in the California Academy of Sciences, the Canadian National Collection, Cornell University, Ohio State University, the United States National Museum, and the personal collections of Dr. J. N. Knull, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, and Mr. C. A. Frost, Framingham, Mass. I wish to thank Dr. Knull for examining some of the eastern specimens that have been confused with aspera; he concurred that they represented an undescribed species

Through the kindness of Mr. Hugh B. Leech I have been able to examine a large number of Pyralidae from the collection of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. Five new species found in this material are described here. A new genus is described to accommodate two of the species, and two known species are transferred from the genus in which they were described

The “spinach leaf miner” – referred to in North American literature consistently as Pegomyia hyoscymi (Panzer) or, in early years, as P. vicina Lintner and in European literature under a variety of names (hyoscyami, atriplicis Goureau, chenopodii Rondani, betae Curtis, spinaciae Holmgren, etc.) – is known to represent a complex in Europe of at least two species, with different morphology and host preferences. The present paper records the presence of these two species in North America. points out the recognition characters of the Nearctic forms, and summarizes the known ecological and outbreak data for the species in Canada

In the description of the Byron Bog (Judd, 1957a) it was pointed out that the pitcher-plant, Sarracenia purpurea L., is to be found in the Chamaedaphnetum calyculatae association in the bog. The period of blooming of this plant in 1956 was from June 13 to June 22(Judd, 1958). In that year rearings were made of larvae of the moth Exyra rolandiana on the flowers and leaves of the plant (Judd, 1957b). Also in 1956 a study of the inquilines and victimsto be found in the leaves of the plant was undertaken, based upon a series of daily collections of insects and other arthropods from the leaves. The present paper is a report on this project.

Many authors observed that mosquitoes respond to a large variety of artificial sounds (for references see Roth. 1948). Efforts to attract males of Aedes aegypti (L.) by play-back recoridings of the flight sound of the female have met with moderate success (Kahn et al., 1945; Offenhauser and Kahn, 1949; Kahn and Offenhauser, 1949). Roth (1948) demonstrated that males of A. aegypti approached the sounds of tuninh forks and sine sounds from a speaker. He also determined the upper and lower limits of frequencies that stimulated males, but in these experiments he did not use attraction to the source of the sound as the criterion of response, but the “seizing and clasping”reaction. He exposed the maIe mosquitoes in cages, three inches by three inches by one inch, placed against a box that housed a loud speaker. Under these conditions the mosquitoes had little opportunity to fly to orient themselves toward the sound source. Moreover the sound used was of such intensity (108 db at 2½ inches) that the whole cage vibrated, so that at least part of the response was undoubtedly caused by vibration of the substratum on which the mosquitoes rested. Sounds of such intensity do not normally occur in the natural environment of the mosquito. Moreover, the “seizing and clasping” response does not occur until the male approaches the female in response to sound or other stimulus. If the place of sound in the attraction of thc males is to be studied, the primary response, that of approach, should be the criterion and the amount of sound used should bear a reasonable relation to that occurring in nature.