Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-hfldf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-06T18:02:44.372Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Localization of Neuroendocrine Functions Within the Hypothalamus

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2015

Lee L. Bernardis
Lee L. Bernardis*
Affiliation:
Department of Surgery, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
*
Dept. of Surgery, State University of New York at Buffalo, New York
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The results of lesion, stimulation, deafferentation, implantatión and transplantation studies employed in the identification of hypophysiotrophic control areas in the hypothalamus to date suggest the following probable locations: corticotropic releasing factor (CRF) is formed in a diffuse area along the base of the median eminence, if not the base of the entire hypothalamus. Follicle stimulating hormone releasing factor (FSHRF) is elaborated in the paraventricular-suprachiasmatic areas but its cyclic control may reside in the anterior hypothalamic area. Luteinizing hormone (LH) is controlled by luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LHRF) formed in the suprachiasmatic area: its cyclic control may be in the preoptic area. Prolactin is controlled by prolactin inhibiting factor (PIF) localized in a diffuse area comprising the ventromedial, dorsomedial, arcuate and paraventricular nuclei. The hypothalamic area involved in thyroid control is also rather large, since thyrotropin stimulating hormone releasing factor (TSHRF) has been found in an area including the supraoptic and chiasmatic nuclei. Growth hormone releasing factor (GHRF) is elaborated in a rather narrow zone, the ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei.

Type
Canadian Association of Anatomists Symposium
Information
Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences , Volume 1 , Issue 1 , February 1974 , pp. 29 - 39
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Neurological Sciences Federation 1974

References

Adams, J.H.Daniel, P.M. and Prichard, M.M.L. (1965–66). Observations on the portal circulation of the pituitary gland. Neuroendocrinology, 1, 193–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersson, B.Ekman, L.Gale, C.C and Sundsten, J.W., (1962). Activation of the thyroid gland by cooling of the preoptic area in the goat. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 54, 191–192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andersson, B.Gale, C.C. and Ohga, A. (1963). Suppression by thyroxine of the thyroidal response to local cooling of the “heat loss center.″ Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 59, 67–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arimura, A.Saito, T.Muller, E.E.Bowers, C.Y.Sawano, S. and Schally, A.V. (1967). Absence of prolactin release inhibiting activity in highly purified LH-releasing factor. Endocrinology, 80, 972–974.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aschner, B. (1912). Zur Physiologie des Zwischenhims. Wien Klinische Wochenschrift, 25, 1042–1043.Google Scholar
Bernardis, L.L. and Skelton, F.R. (1965–66). Growth and obesity following ventromedial hypothalmic lesions placed in female rats at four different ages. Neuroendocrinology, 1, 265–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernardis, L.L. and Skelton, F.R. (1967). Growth and obesity in male rates after placement of ventromedial hypothalamic lesions at four different ages. Journal of Endocrinology, 38, 351–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernardis, L.L. and Frohman, L.A. (1967). Plasma and pituitary growth hormone levels in rats with hypothalamic lesions. Endocrinology Society Annual Meeting, p. 86.Google Scholar
Bernardis, L.L. and Frohman, L.A. (1970). Effect of lesion size in the ventromedial hypothalamus on growth hormone and insulin levels in the weanling rat. Neuroendocrinology, 6, 319–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernardis, L.L. and Frohman, L.A. (1971). Plasma growth hormone responses to electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus in the rat. Neuroendocrinology, 7, 193–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beugen, V.L. and Werfften Bosch, V.D. (1961). Effects of hypothalamic lesions and of cold on thyroid activity in the rat. Acta Endocrinologica (Kobenhavn), 38, 585–597.Google ScholarPubMed
Blake, C.A. and Sawyer, C.H. (1972). Effects of vaginal stimulation on hypothalamic unit-activity and pituitary LH release in the rat. Neuroendocrinology, 10, 358–370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brodish, A. (1963). Diffuse hypothalamic system for the regulation of ACTH secretion. Endocrinology, 73, 727–735.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brodish, A. (1964). Delayed secretion of ACTH in rats with hypothalamic lesions. Endocrinology, 74, 28–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cahane, M. and Cahane, T. (1938). Sur I’existence des centres nerveux infundibulaires réglant la fonction du corps thyroide. Acta Medica Scandinavica, 94, 320–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cajal, R. (1911). Histologic de systeme nerveux de I’homme et des vertebres. Maloine: Paris.Google Scholar
Carlos-Valverde, R.Chieffo, V. and Reichlin, S. (1972). Prolactin-releasing factor in porcine and rat hypothalamic tissue. Endocrinology, 91, 982–993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charcot, J.M. (1856). Memoire surune affection caracterisee par des palpations de coeur et des arteries, le tumefaction de la glande thyroide etune double exopthalmie. Gax de Paris, pp. 38–39.Google Scholar
Clattenburg, R.E.Singh, R.P. and Montemurro, D.G. (1972). Post-coital ultrastructural changes in the neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rabbit. Zeitschrift fur Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomy, 125, 448–459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cleveland, D. and Davis, L. (1936). Further studies on the effect of lesions of the hypothalamus on carbohydrate metabolism. Brain, 59, 459–465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colfer, H.R. (1949). Transcript from American Goitre Association, pp. 376–378. Quoted after Harris, G. W. (1955). The reciprocal relationship between the thyroid and adrenocortical responses to stress. Ciba Foundation Coloquia on Endocrinology, 8, 531–550.Google Scholar
Critchlow, V. (1963). The role of light in the neuroendocrine system. In Advances in Neuroendocrinology, pp. 377–402. Edited by Nalbandov, A.A.University of Illinois Press: Urbana, ILL.Google Scholar
Cross, B.A. and Harris, B.W. (1952). The role of the neurohypophysis in the milk ejection reflex. Journal of Endocrinology, 8, 148–161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D’Angelo, S.A. and Snyder, J. (1963). Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus and TSH secretion in the rat. Endocrinology, 73, 75–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeGroot, J. and Harris, G.W. (1950). Hypothalamic control of the anterior pituitary gland and blood lymphocytes. Journal of Physiology (London), 111, 335–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Desclin, L. (1950). A propos de mecanisme d’action des oestrogens sur la lobe anterieur de I’hypophyse chez le rat. Annals of Endocrinology (Paris), 11, 656–659.Google Scholar
Desclin, L. (1956). Hypothalamus et liberation d’hormone luteotrophique. Experiences de greffe hypophysaire chez le rat hypophysectomise. Action lute trophique de I’oxytocine. Annals of Endocrinology (Paris), 17, 586–595.Google Scholar
Dhariwal, A.P.S.Krulich, L.Katz, S.H. and McCann, S.M. (1965). Purification of growth hormone-releasing factor. Endocrinology, 77, 932–936.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dhariwal, A.P.S.Grosvenor, C.E.Antunes-Rodrigues, J. and McCann, S.M. (1968). Studies on the purification of ovine prolactininhibiting factor. Endocrinology, 82, 1236–1241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flérko, B. (1956). Die Rolle hypothalamischer Strukturen auf die Hemmungswirkung des erhoehten Oestrogenblutspiegels auf die Gonadotrophinsekretion. Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest, 9, 17–18.Google Scholar
Flérko, B. (1957a). Einfluss experimenteller Hypothalamuslaesionen auf die durch Follikelhormon indirekt hervorgerufene Hemmung der Luteinisation. Endokrinologie, 34, 202–208.Google Scholar
FLérko, B. (1957b). Le role des structures hypothalamiques dans Taction inhibitrice de la folliculine sur la secretion de l'hormone folliculostimulante. Archives d'Anatomie Microscopique et de Morphologie Experimentale (Paris), 46, 159–172.Google Scholar
Flérko, B. and BARDOS, V. (1956). Eluso hypothalamus sertes hatasa a tuszohormonkezelessel gatolit luteinizaciora. (The effect of the lesion of the anterior hypothalamus on luteinization inhibited by estrogen treatment.) Vllth Meeting of Koranyi Sandor Society Budapest: Magyar-Tudomanyos Akademia Biologiai EsOrvosi Tudomanyok Osztalyanak Kozlemenyei 8, 90–93.Google Scholar
FLérko, B. and Bardos, V. (1961). Absence of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy in rats with anterior hypothalamic lesions. Acta Endocrinologica (Kobenhavn), 36, 180–184.Google ScholarPubMed
Fortier, C. (1952). Studies on the control of ACTH release by means of hypophyseal transplants. Ciba Foundation Colloquia on Endocrinology, 4, 124–138.Google Scholar
Franz, J.Haselbach, C.H. and Libert, O. (1962). Studies of the effect of hypothalamic extracts on somatotrophic pituitary function. Acta Endocrinologica (Kobenhavn), 41, 336–350.Google ScholarPubMed
Fraschini, F.Motta, M. and Martini, L. (1966). Methods in Drug Evaluation, p. 424. Edited by Mantegazza, P. and Fraschini, F.North-Holland Publishing Company: Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Frohman, L.A. and Bernardis, L.L. (1968). Growth hormone and insulin levels in weanling rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions. Endocrinology, 82, 1125–1132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greer, M.A. (1952). Role of the hypothalamus in control of thyroid function. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology, 12, 1259–1268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greer, M.A. and Erwin, H.L. (1954). The location of the hypothalamic area controlling the secretion of thyrotropin by the pituitary. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 33, 939–949.Google Scholar
Greer, M.A. and Erwin, H.L. (1956). Evidence of separate hypothalamic centers controlling corticotrophin and thyrotrophin secretion by pituitary. Endocrinology, 58, 665–670.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halasz, B. (1964). Neural control of growth hormone secretion. Proceedings of the Second International Congress on Endocrinology, International Congress Service Excerpta Medica Foundation (London), 83, 517–521.Google Scholar
Halasz, B. and Gorski, R.A. (1967). Gonadotrophic hormone secretion in female rats after partial or total interruption of neural afferents to the medial basal hypothalamus. Endocrinology, 80, 608–622.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halasz, B.Pupp, L. and Uhlarik, S. (1962). Hypophysiotrophic area in the hypothalamus. Journal of Endocrinology, 25, 147–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halasz, B.Pupp, L.Uhlarik,, S. and Tima, L. (1965). Further studies on the hormone secretion of the anterior pituitary transplanted into the hypophysiotrophic area of the rat hypothalamus. Endocrinology, 77, 343–355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halasz, B.Schalch, D.S. and Gorski, R.A. (1971). Growth hormone secretion in young rats after partial or total interruption of neural afferents to the medial basal hypothalamus. Endocrinology, 89, 198–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halasz, B.Slusher, M.A. and Gorski, R.A. (1967). Adrenocorticotrophic hormone secretion in rats after partial or total deafferentation of the medial basal hypothalamus. Neuroendocrinology, 2, 43–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, G.W. (1937). The induction of ovulation in the rabbit, by electrical stimulation of the hypothalamo-hypophysial mechanism. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 122, 374–394.Google Scholar
Harris, G.W. (1948). Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus and the mechanism of neural control of the adenohypophysis. Journal of Physiology (London), 107, 418–429.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hetherington, A.W. and Ranson, S.W. (1942). The relation of various hypothalamic lesions to adiposity in the rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 76, 475–499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hiroshige, T. and Sakakura, M. (1971). Circadian rhythm of corticotropin-releasing activity in the hypothalamus of normal and adrenalectomized rats. Neuroendocrinology, 7, 25–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hiroshige, T. and Sato, T. (1970). Postnatal development of circadian rhythm of corticotropin-releasing activity in the rat hypothalamus. Endocrinologia Japonica, 17, 1–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hohlweg, W. and Junkmann, K. (1932). Die hormonal-nervoese Regulierung der Funktion des Hypophysenvorderlapens. Klinische Wochenschrift, 11, 321–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Igarashi, M. and McCann, McCann (1964). A hypothalamic follicle stimulating hormone releasing factor. Endocrinology, 74, 446–452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendall, J.W. (1962). Studies on inhibition of corticotropin and thyrotropin release utilizing microinjections into the pituitary. Endocrinology, 71, 452–455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knigge, K.M. (1964). Regulation of TSH release, neural regulation of TSH secretion; effect of diencephalic lesions and intracerebral injection of thyroxin and thyrotropin upon thyroid activity in the cat. In Major Problems in Neuroendocrinology, pp. 261–285.Edited by Bajusz, E. and Jasmin, G.Karger Verlag: Basel, New York.Google Scholar
Knigge, K.M. and Bierman, S.M. (1958). Evidence of central nervous system influence upon coldinduced acceleration of thyroidal I131 release. American Journal of Physiology, 192, 625–632.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koves, K. and Halasz, B. (1970). Location of the neural structures triggering ovulation in the rat. Neuroendocrinology, 6, 180–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kragt, C.L. and Meites, J. (1965). Stimulation of pigeon pituitary prolactin release by pigeon hypothalamic extract in vitro. Endocrinology, 76, 1169–1176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kragt, C.L. and Meites, J. (1967). Dose response relationships between hypothalamic PIF and prolactin release by rat pituitary tissue in vitro. Endocrinology, 80, 1170–1176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krulich, L.Dhariwal, A.P. and Mccann, S.M. (1968). Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of purified hypothalamic extracts on growth hormone release from rat pituitary in vitro. Endocrinology, 83, 783–790.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCann, S.M. and Friedman, H.M. (1960). The effect of hypothalamic lesions on the secretion of luteotrophin. Endocrinology, 67, 597–608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCann, S.M.Taleisnik, S. and Friedman, H.M. (1960). LH-releasing activity in hypothalamic extracts. Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York), 105, 432–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, F.H.A. (1936). Sexual periodicity and the causes which determine it. The Croonian Lecture, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London; B: Biological Sciences, 226, 423–456.Google Scholar
Martin, (1972). Plasma growth hormone (GH) response to hypothalamic or extrahypothalamic electrical stimulation. Endocrinology, 91, 107–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matsuo, H.Baba, Y.Nair, R.M.G.Arimura, A. and Schally, A.V. (1971). Chemical structure of the porcine LH- and FSH-releasing hormone. I. The proposed amino acid sequence. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 43, 1334–1339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mess, B.Fraschini, F.Motta, M. and Martini, L. (1967). The topography of the neurons synthesizing the hypothalamic releasing factors. Second International Symposium on Steroid Hormones No. 132, pp. 1004–1013. Edited by Martini, L.Excerpta Medica Foundation: Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Mess, B.Zanisi, M. and Tima, L. (1970). Site of production of releasing and inhibiting factors. In The Hypothalamus, pp. 259–276. Edited by Martini, L.Motta, M. and Fraschini, F.Academic Press: New York and London.Google Scholar
Mess, B.Zanisi, M. and Tima, L. (1970). Site of production of releasing and inhibiting factors. In The Hypothalamus, pp. 259–276. Edited by Martini, L.Motta, M. and Fraschini, F.Academic Press: New York and London.Google Scholar
Moberg, G.P.Scapagnini, U.Degroot, J. and Ganong, W.G. (1971). Effect of sectioning the fornix on diurnal fluctuation in plasma corticosterone levels in the rat. Neuroendocrinology, 7, 11–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller, E.E.Giustina, G.Mied1Co, D.Pecile, A.Cocchi, D. and Pozza, G. (1970). Orcadian pattern of bioassayable and radioimmunoassayable growth hormone in the pituitary of female rats. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York), 135, 934–939.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakayama, I. and Nickerson, P.A. (1973). Suppression of anteriorm pituitary in rats bearing a transplantable growth hormone and prolactin secreting tumor (MtTO-WlO). Endocrinology, 92, 516–524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakayama, I.Nickerson, P.A. and Skelton, F.R. (1969). An ultrastructural study of the adrenocorticotrophic hormone secreting cell in the rat adenohypophysis during adrenal cortical regeneration. Laboratory Investigation, 21, 169–178.Google ScholarPubMed
Nakayama, I.Tseng, M.T. and Bernardis, L.L. (1973). Ultrastructural evidence for possible localization of growth hormone inhibiting factor (GIF) in dorsomedial hypothalamus. Federal Proceedings, 32, Abstract No. 293.Google Scholar
Nicoll, C.S.Fiorindo, R.P.Mckennee, C.T. and Parson, J.A. (1970). In Hypophysiotropic Hormones of the Hypothalamus, Assay and Chemistry, p. 115. Edited by Meites, J.Williams and Wilkins Company: Baltimore.Google Scholar
Nikitovitch-Winer, M.D. (1960). The influence of the hypothalamus on luteotrophin secretion. Memoirs of the Society for Endocrinology, 9, 70–72.Google Scholar
Nikitovitch-Winer, M.D. (1962). Induction of ovulation in rats by direct intrapituitary infusion of median eminence extracts. Endocrinology, 70, 350–358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pasteels, J.L. (1961). Secretion deprolactine par I’hypophyse on culturede tissus. Comptes Rendus Heldom adaires des Seances de I’Academie des Sciences (Paris), 253,2140–2142.Google Scholar
Pasteels, J.L. (1962). Administration d’extraits hypothalamiques a 18 hypophyse de rat in vitro, dans le but D8 controller le secretion de prolactine. Comptes Rendus Heldom adaires des Seances de I’Academie des Sciences (Paris), 254, 2664–2666.Google Scholar
Pecile, A.Felici, M. and Müller, E.E. (1971). Growth hormone releasing (GRF) activity in rats submitted to electrolytic lesions of the ventromedial nuclei (VMN) or of the posterior nuclei (PH) of the hypothalamus. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology (Berlin), 269, 407–408.Google Scholar
Quinn, D.L. and Everett, J.W. (1967). Delayed pseudopregnancy induced by selective hypothalamic stimulation. Endocrinology, 80, 155–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reichlin, S. (1960). Thyroid function, body temperature regulation and growth in rats with hypothalamic lesions. Endocrinology, 66, 340–354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reichlin, S. (1961). Growth Hormone (GH) content of pituitaries in rats with hypothalamic lesions. Endocrinology, 69, 225–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roth, J.Gl1Ck, S.M.Yalow, R.S.S. and Berson, S.A. (1963). Hypoglycemia: A potent stimulus to secretion of growth hormone. Science, 140, 987–988.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saffran, M. and Schally, A.V. (1955). Release of corticotrophin by anterior pituitary tissue in vitro. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry, 33, 408–415.Google ScholarPubMed
Sawyer, C.H. (1959). Effects of brain lesions on estrous behavior and reflexogeneous ovulation in the rabbit. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 132, 227–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schally, A.V.Arimura, A.Kastin, A.J.Matsuo, H.Baba, Y.Redding, T.Nair, R.M.G. and Debeljuk, L. (1971). Gonadotropin-releasing hormone: one polypeptide regulates secretion of luteinizing and folliclestimulating hormones. Science, 173, 1036–1038.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seiden, G. and Brodish, A. (1971). Physiological evidence for ˵short loop˶ feedback effects of ACTH on hypothalamic CRF. Neuroendocrinology, 8, 154–164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seiden, G. and Brodish, A. (1972). Persistence of a diurnal rhythm in hypothalamic corticotrop in-releasing factor (CRF) in the absence of hormonal feedback. Endocrinology, 90, 1401–1403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Selye, H. (1934). On the nervous control of lactation. American Journal of Physiology, 107, 535–538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shibusawa, K.Nishi, K. and Abe, C. (1959). Further observations on the hypothalamic control of the thyroid gland. Endocrinologia Japonica, 6, 31–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, (1927). The disabilities caused by hypophysectomy and their repair. Journal of the American Medical Association, 88, 158–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szentágothai, J.Flérko, B.Mess, B. and Halász, B. (1968). Hypothalamic control of the anterior pituitary. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest.Google Scholar
Toivola, P.T.K. and Gale, C.C. (1972). Stimulation of growth hormone by micro injection of norepinephrine into the hypothalamus of baboons. Endocrinology, 90, 895–902.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vale, W.Brazeau, P.Rivier, C.Rivier, J.Grant, C.Burgus, R. and Guillemin, R. (1973). Inhibitory hypophysiotropic activities of hypothalamic somatostatin. Federal Proceedings, 32, 211, Abstract No. 2.Google Scholar
Weiner, R.I.Blake, C.A. and Sawyer, C.H. (1972). Integrated levels of plasma LH and prolactin following hypothalamic deafferentation in the rat. Neuroendocrinology, 10, 349–357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zanisi, M. and Martini, L. (1969). Effect of brain implants of cycloheximide on hypothalamic follicle stimulating hormone releasing factor (FSHRF) and on pituitary FSH. Program 51st Meeting Endocrine Society, p. 202, Paper No. 343.Google Scholar