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Effects of Metal-Polycation Pillaring and Exchangeable Cations on Aflatoxin Adsorption by Smectite

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Ahmad Khan ,
Mohammad Saleem Akhtar ,
Saba Akbar ,
Khalid Saifullah Khan ,
Mazhar Iqbal ,
Ana Barrientos-Velazquez  and
Youjun Deng
Ahmad Khan
Affiliation:
Institute of Soil Science, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77845, Texas, USA
Mohammad Saleem Akhtar
Affiliation:
Institute of Soil Science, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
Saba Akbar
Affiliation:
Institute of Soil Science, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77845, Texas, USA
Khalid Saifullah Khan
Affiliation:
Institute of Soil Science, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
Mazhar Iqbal
Affiliation:
Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77845, Texas, USA
Ana Barrientos-Velazquez
Affiliation:
Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77845, Texas, USA
Youjun Deng*
Affiliation:
Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77845, Texas, USA
*
e-mail: yjd@tamu.edu
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Abstract

Natural smectites bind aflatoxins from water effectively, but the complex chemical environment in the guts of mammals and other animals can limit binding of aflatoxins. Many efforts have been made to enhance the adsorption capacity and affinity of smectites for aflatoxins in the presence of biological compounds. The main objective of the present study was to modify smectite structures by pillaring and cation exchange to enhance aflatoxin B1 adsorption capacity and selectivity. Smectite was pillared with Al and Al-Fe polycations or saturated with Ca, Mg, Zn, or Li. Structural changes in smectites with or without heat treatment were determined using X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Equilibrium aflatoxin B1 adsorption to the smectites was measured in aqueous solution and in simulated gastric fluid. Pillaring with the polycations expanded smectites in the z-direction to 18.6 Å and the expansion was stable after heating at 500°C. Changes in the Al–OH–Al infrared bands in the stretching region supported the formation of pillared clays. Migration of Mg, Zn, and Li into the octahedral sites of the smectite was observed as Mg and Zn saturation yielded a d spacing of 15 Å at 200°C which collapsed to 9.6 Å at 400°C. The 14.6 Å peak of the Li-saturated smectite collapsed to 9.6 Å at 200°C while the 15 Å Ca-saturated smectite peak was stable up to 400°C. The unheated Al- and AlFe-pillared smectites adsorbed significantly more aflatoxin B1 from an aqueous suspension than did unpillared clay. In both water and simulated gastric fluid, heat treatment decreased aflatoxin B1 adsorption to pillared smectites, but heat treatment increased aflatoxin B1 adsorption to unpillared smectites. Without heat treatment, smectites saturated with divalent cations (Ca, Mg, Zn) adsorbed more aflatoxin B1 from an aqueous suspension than the smectite saturated with a monovalent cation (Li). Ca-saturated smectite showed the greatest aflatoxin B1 adsorption, 114 g kg–1, from aqueous suspension after 400°C heat treatment. The Zn-, Mg-, and Li-saturated smectites showed maximum aflatoxin adsorption of 107, 93, and 90 g kg–1, respectively, after 200°C heat treatment. From simulated gastric fluid with pepsin, the 200°C heated, Zn-saturated smectite had maximum aflatoxin B1 adsorption of 68 g kg–1. Pillared smectites effectively adsorbed aflatoxin B1 from aqueous suspension, but Ca- and Zn-saturated smectites after heat treatment might improve the selectivity of smectites for aflatoxin B1 over pepsin and enhance the efficacy of smectite as a feed additive.

Keywords

AdsorptionAflatoxinCation exchange smectitePillaringSelectivity
Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 70 , Issue 2: Special Issue: Biological toxins-clay interactions , April 2022 , pp. 155 - 164
Copyright
Copyright © Clay Minerals Society 2022

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Footnotes

This paper belongs to a thematic set on ‘Biological toxins–Clay Interactions’

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