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Nitrate Reduction by Redox-Modified Smectites Exchanged with Chitosan

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Martin Pentráková ,
Linda PentráKová ,
Adi Radian ,
Yael G. Mishael  and
Joseph W. Stucki
Martin Pentráková*
Affiliation:
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia
Linda PentráKová
Affiliation:
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia
Adi Radian
Affiliation:
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
Yael G. Mishael
Affiliation:
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
Joseph W. Stucki
Affiliation:
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: mpentrak@illinois.edu
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Abstract

The presence of nitrate and other redox-active anionic contaminants in terrestrial ecosystems poses a significant risk to humans and other forms of life on Earth. The purpose of the present study was to test a potential in situ system, using poly-(D) glucosamine (chitosan) adsorbed to mineral surfaces under redox-active conditions in order to degrade nitrate to lower oxidation states. Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide derived from the chitin found in the shells of shrimp and other shellfish. Five different loadings of chitosan (0, 0.075, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 g/L; labeled C0, C1, C2, C3, and C4, respectively) were adsorbed to ferruginous smectite (SWa-1) to form chitosan-SWa-1 composites (CSC) in the pH range 5.8–4. The CSC was then reduced by Na2S2O4 in a citrate-bicarbonate buffered dispersion and washed free of excess salts under inert-atmosphere conditions. Upon addition of the nitrate, the solution pH remained slightly acidic, ranging from 5.5 to 4.7. Samples were analyzed for Fe(II) content, reacted with a NaNO3 solution, and then re-analyzed for structural Fe(II) content. Supernatant solutions were analyzed for nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium. In samples C1 to C4, extensive concentrations of nitrite were observed in the supernatants with a corresponding increase in the reoxidation of structural Fe(II), proving that a coupled redox reaction had occurred between the nitrate and the structural Fe in the clay mineral. The most efficient loading, defined as the largest percentage of adsorbed nitrate reduced to nitrite, occurred in sample C1. The total amount of nitrate reduced and Fe(II) reoxidized followed the trend 0 = C0 < C2 < C3 < C4 ≈ C1. Chitosan showed the potential to reverse the surface charge of constituent clay minerals, thereby enabling the CSC to remove nitrate anions from aqueous mineral systems via redox reactions with structural Fe(II) in clay minerals.

Keywords

ClayChitosanFTIRIron ReductionNanocompositeNitratesNitritesNontroniteXRDZeta (ζ) Potential
Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 62 , Issue 5 , October 2014 , pp. 403 - 414
Copyright
Copyright © Clay Minerals Society 2014

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