Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-ttngx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-11T00:31:21.638Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Clinical Neurology of Tourette Syndrome

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2014

Abstract

Tic disorders may manifest in a wide variety of clinical presentations, ranging from single tics of relatively short duration to a series of complex tics that may last for years. An understanding of the etiology of various tic disorders is essential to establish a differential diagnosis of Tourette syndrome (TS). Because TS is incurable, improvement in quality of life is the primary goal of pharmacologic therapy. Although neuroleptics have been the most effective medications to date in managing the symptoms of TS, they may have significant adverse effects that limit their use. Several alternative pharmacologic options are either available or under investigation.

Type
Feature Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1999

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Fahn, S, Erenberg, G. Differential diagnosis of tic phenomena: a neurologic perspective. In: Cohen, DJ, Bruun, R, Leckman, JF, eds. Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons; 1988:4154.Google Scholar
2.Goldenberg, JN, Brown, SB, Weiner, WJ. Coprolalia in younger patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Mov Disord. 1994;9:622625.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3.Comings, DE, Comings, BG. Clinical and genetic relationships between autism-pervasive developmental disorder and Tourette syndrome: a study of 119 cases. American Journal of Genetics. 1991;39:180191.Google Scholar
4.Sverd, J. Tourette syndrome and autistic disorder: a significant relationship. Am J Med Genet. 1991;39:173179.Google Scholar
5.Singer, WD. Transient Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome after chronic neuroleptic withdrawal. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1981;23:518521.Google Scholar
6.Palumbo, D, Maughan, A, Kurlan, R. Tourette syndrome is only one of several causes of a developmental basal ganglia syndrome. Arch Neurol. 1997;54:475483.Google Scholar
7.Erenberg, G, Cruse, RP, Rothner, AD. Tourette syndrome: an analysis of 200 pediatric and adolescent cases. Cleveland Clinic Quarterly. 1986;53:127131.Google Scholar
8.Glaze, DG, Frost, JD, Jankovic, J. Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Disorder of arousal. Neurology. 1983;33:586592.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9.Chee, K-Y, Sachdev, PA. controlled study of sensory tics in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder using a structured interview. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997;62:188192.Google Scholar
10.Comings, DE, Homes, JA, Comings, BG. An epidemiologic study of Tourette's syndrome in a single school district. J Clin Psychiatry. 1990;51:463469.Google Scholar
11.Burd, L, Kerbeshian, L, Wikenheiser, M, et al.A prevalence study of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in North Dakota school-age children. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry. 1986;25:552553.Google Scholar
12.Burd, L, Kerbeshian, L, Wikenheiser, M, et al.Prevalence of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome in North Dakota adults. Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143:787788.Google Scholar
13.Erenberg, G, Cruse, RP, Rothner, AD. The natural history of Tourette's syndrome: a follow-up study. Ann Neurol. 1987;22:383385.Google Scholar
14.Bruun, RD. The natural history of Tourette's syndrome. In: Cohen, DJ, Bruun, R, Leckman, JF, eds. Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons; 1988:2139.Google Scholar
15.Leckman, JF, Zhang, H, Vitale, A, et al.Course of tic severity in Tourette syndrome: the first two decades. Pediatrics. 1998;102:1419.Google Scholar
16.Shapiro, AK, Shapiro, ES, Young, JG, Feinberg, TE. Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1988;381421.Google Scholar
17.Chappell, PB, Scahill, LD, Leckman, JF. Future therapies of Tourette syndrome. Neurol Clin. 1997;15:429450.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18.Erenberg, G. Treatment of Tourette syndrome with neuroleptic drugs. In: Chase, TN, Friedhoff, AJ, Cohen, DJ, eds. Advances in Neurology. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1992:241243.Google Scholar
19.Riddle, MA, Hardin, MT, Towbin, KE, et al.Tardive dyskinesia following haloperidol treatment for Tourette's syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44:9899.Google Scholar
20.Shapiro, E, Shapiro, AK, Fulop, G, et al.Controlled study of haloperidol, pimozide, and placebo for the treatment of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46:722730.Google Scholar
21.Sallee, F, Nesbitt, L, Jackson, C, et al.Relative efficacy of haloperidol and pimozide in children and adolescents with Tourette's disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154:10571062.Google Scholar
22.Bruun, RD, Budman, CL. Risperidone as a treatment for Tourette's syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996;57:2931.Google ScholarPubMed
23.Bacalu, A, Lerner, A, Korczyn, AD. Sulpiride: drug of choice in Tourette syndrome? Neurology. 1991;41:181.Google Scholar
24.Eggers, CL, Rothenberger, A, Berghaus, U. Clinical and neurobiological findings in children suffering from tic disease following treatment with tiapride. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci. 1988;237:223229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25.Chappell, PB, Riddle, MA, Scahill, L, et al.Guanfacine treatment of comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and Tourette's syndrome: preliminary clinical experience. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;34:11401146.Google Scholar
26.Cohen, DJ, Detlor, J, Young, G, Shaywitz, BA. Clonidine ameliorates Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1980;37:13501357.Google Scholar
27.Goetz, CG, Tanner, CM, Wilson, RS, et al.Clonidine and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: double-blind study using objective rating methods. Ann Neurol. 1987;21:307310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28.Truong, DD, Bressman, S, Shale, H, Fahn, S. Clonazepam, haloperidol, and clonidine in tic disorders. South Med J. 1988;81:11031105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29.Jankovic, J, Beach, J. Long-term effects of tetrabenazine in hyperkinetic movement disorders. Neurology. 1997;48:358362.Google Scholar
30.Jankovic, J. Botulinum toxin in the treatment of dystonic tics. Mov Disord. 1994;9:347349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31.Salloway, S, Stewart, CF, Israeli, L, et al.Botulinum toxin for refractory vocal tics. Mov Disord. 1996;11:746748.Google Scholar
32.Awaad, Y, Sansaricq, C, Moroney, J, et al.Baclofen in the treatment of polymyoclonus and ataxia in a patient with homocystinuria. J Child Neurol. 1995;10:294296.Google Scholar
33.Peterson, BS, Leckman, JF, Scahill, L, et al.Steroid hormones and Tourette's syndrome: early experience with antiandrogen therapy. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1994;14:131135.Google Scholar
34.Juncos, JL, Roberts, VJ, Waldeck, TL. Cholinergic strategies in Tourette syndrome: an open-label trial of tacrine hydrochloride. Neurology. 1997;48:A397.Google Scholar
35.Lipinski, JF, Sallee, FR, Jackson, C, et al.Dopamine agonist treatment of Tourette disorder in children: results of an open-label trial of pergolide. Mov Disord. 1997;12:402407.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36.Matarazzo, EB. Tourette's syndrome treated with ACTH and prednisone. Report of two cases. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 1992;2:215225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37.Allen, AJ, Leonard, HL, Swedo, SE. Case study: a new infection-triggered, autoimmune subtype of pediatric OCD and Tourette's syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;34:307311.Google Scholar
38.Sanberg, PR, McConville, BJ, Fogelson, HM, et al.Nicotine potentiates the effects of haloperidol in animals and in patients with Tourette syndrome. Biomed Pharmacother. 1989;43:1923.Google Scholar
39.Silver, AA, Shytle, RD, Philipp, M, Sanberg, PR. Case study: long-term potentiation of neuroleptics with trans-dermal nicotine in Tourette's syndrome. J Am Acad Children Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;35:16311636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40.Meyerhoff, JH, Snyder, SH. Gilles de la Tourette's disease and minimal brain dysfunction: amphetamine isomers reveal catecholamine correlates in an affected patient. Psychopharmacologia. 1973;29:211220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41.Golden, GS. Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome following methylphenidate administration. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1974;16:7678.Google Scholar
42.Erenberg, G, Cruse, RP, Rothner, AD. Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: effects of stimulant medication. Neurology. 1985;35:13461348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar