Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-2pzkn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-08T13:58:51.388Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

What Incredible Yearnings Human Beings Have

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 April 2013

DAGMAR HERZOG
DAGMAR HERZOG*
Affiliation:
History Department, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA; DHerzog@gc.cuny.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

I was preoccupied by a number of puzzles during the time I was researching and writing Sexuality in Europe: A Twentieth-Century History. Among other things, I was interested in the puzzle of historical causation. I was curious to use the tools of comparative history as well as the study of transnational flows of people and ideas, and of market forces and wars and diplomatic pressures, to understand what particular conjunctions of multiple factors may have caused sexual cultures (including laws, behaviours, and values) to move either in more liberal-progressive or more neotraditionalist-conservative or overtly repressive directions. At the same time, and throughout, I was all too acutely aware that ‘sexuality’ – that elusive and contested ‘it’ – was and is precisely one of those realms of human existence that continually defy and confuse our assumptions about what exactly constitutes restriction or liberation. I was thus also especially interested to reconstruct as well as possible, using the broadest range of types of sources, how exactly people in the past expressed how they imagined and experienced whatever they thought sexuality was and, in addition, how they battled over the ethics of sexual matters. On the one hand, sexuality – like faith or work – is one of those phenomena in which representations and reality are inevitably inextricable, and I was constantly fascinated with how people grappled with that inextricability, in all its complex manifestations. After all, not only what was considered appropriate or normal or good (in the eyes of God, or the neighbours, or the doctors, or the activists, or the popular advice-writers), but also what was considered (or even physiologically felt) as anxiety-producing or immoral and/or – not least – as sexually thrilling or deeply satisfying has clearly varied considerably across time and place. On the other hand, I was particularly interested in the recurrent and remarkable gaps between lived experiences and personal, private insights, and that which was perceived to be publicly, politically defensible. The gap between the quietly lived and the openly articulable could be stark; it often took tremendous courage to defend sexual freedom, in dictatorships certainly, but also in democracies. I therefore also paid special attention to how those defences were framed, in each place and moment, and with what intended and unintended effects. So while the twentieth century in Europe is often called ‘the century of sex’ and seen as an era of increasing liberalisation, I was convinced of the need to complicate the liberalisation paradigm.

Type
Forum: Dagmar Herzog's Sexuality in Europe
Information
Contemporary European History , Volume 22 , Issue 2 , May 2013 , pp. 303 - 317
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Starke, Kurt (in conversation with Uta Kolano), ‘Ein Romantisches Ideal’, in Kolano, Uta, ed., Nackter Osten (Frankfurt/Oder: Frankfurter Oder Editionen, 1995), 103–4Google Scholar.

2 Foucault, Michel, The History of Sexuality, Vol. I: An Introduction, trans. Hurley, Robert (New York: Vintage, 1980), esp. 6–7Google Scholar.

3 Herzog, Dagmar, ‘The Politics of Sexual Ethics’, in Spector, Scottet al., eds, After The History of Sexuality: German Genealogies With and Beyond Foucault (New York: Berghahn, 2012), 183–4Google Scholar.

4 On this final point, see also Herzog, Dagmar, ‘Christianity, Disability, Abortion: Western Europe, 1960s–1970s’, Archiv für Sozialgeschichte, 51 (2011), 375–400Google Scholar.

5 Corrêa, Sonia, Parker, Richard and Petchesky, Rosalind, Sexuality, Health and Human Rights (New York: Routledge, 2008)Google Scholar; Herzog, Dagmar, ‘Missionary Positions’, in Sex in Crisis: The New Sexual Revolution and the Future of American Politics (New York: Basic, 2008),127–61Google Scholar; Hirsch, Jenniferet al., The Secret: Love, Marriage, and HIV (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2009)Google Scholar; Susser, Ida, AIDS, Sex, and Culture: Global Politics and Survival in Southern Africa (Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Parkhurst, Justin O., ‘Understanding the Correlations between Wealth, Poverty and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in African Countries’, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 88 (2010), 519–26CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

6 To track the growing backslide, see: (on Cairo 1994) http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/csw/shalev.htm (last visited 29 Jan. 2013); (on Beijing 1995) http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/platform/health.htm (last visited 29 Jan. 2013) and http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/women/womrepro.htm (last visited 29 Jan. 2013); and (on Millennium Development Goals 2002) Anne Glasier et al., ‘Sexual and Reproductive Health: A Matter of Life and Death’, The Lancet (Oct. 2006), 1595–1607. Glasier et al. document the history of regression since 1994, and remark summarily that ‘The eight Millennium Development Goals fatally omitted sexual and reproductive health’, and document in detail the damages caused by this omission (2). On Rio+20 in 2012, see: http://www.globalfundforwomen.org/impact/media-center/news-releases/163–2011/1996-rio20-a-blind-eye-towards-women (last visited 29 Jan. 2013) and http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/news/2012/06/21/11804/assault-on-reproductive-rights-and-gender-equality-at-rio20/ (last visited 29 Jan. 2013). Meanwhile, for an impressive alternative vision which formulates sexual and reproductive rights within the framework of existing international human rights legislation while sensitively attending to the particularities of local settings and thoughtfully avoiding reductiveness and essentialism in discussions of sexual and gender orientation and expression, see the Yogyakarta Principles developed by an international group of human rights experts in 2006: http://www.yogyakartaprinciples.org/principles_en.htm (last visited 29 Jan. 2013).

7 UNFPA, ‘By Choice, Not by Chance’ (2012), available at http://www.unfpa.org/public/home/publications/pid/12511 (last visited 29 Jan. 2013). See as well the newest initiative by Melinda Gates (also in 2012) to name and address systematically the catastrophic extent of the crisis: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2012/jul/11/melinda-gates-catholic-contraceptives-video?INTCMP=SRCH (last visited 29 Jan. 2013).

8 ‘Statement Of African Social Justice Activists On The Threats Of The British Government To “Cut Aid” To African Countries That Violate The Rights Of LGBTI People In Africa’, A Paper Bird: Sex, Rights, and the World, (28 Oct., 2011), available at: http://paper-bird.net/2011/10/31/african-activists-on-human-rights-and-aid/ (last visited 29 Jan. 2013); Scott Long, ‘“A Constellation of Conversations”: Hillary and Barack and LGBT Rights’, A Paper Bird: Sex, Rights, and the World (6 Dec., 2011), http://paper-bird.net/2011/12/06/a-constellation-of-conversations-hillary-and-barack-and-lgbt-rights/ (last visited 29 Jan. 2013); and Scott Long, ‘More on Hillary and Barack’, A Paper Bird: Sex, Rights, and the World (9 Dec., 2011), http://paper-bird.net/2011/12/09/more-on-hillary-and-barack/ (last visited 29 Jan. 2013).

9 Lughod, Lila Abu, ‘Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving?’, American Anthropologist, 104, 3 (Sept. 2002), 783–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Vivienne Walt, ‘Marked Women’, Time, 19 July 2004, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,665048,00.html (last visited 29 Jan. 2013); Leila Ahmed, ‘Debating the War on Women’, Foreign Policy, 24 April 2012, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/04/24/debating_the_war_on_women?page=0,5 (last visited 29 Jan. 2013).

10 Vance, Carole S., ‘Thinking Trafficking, Thinking Sex’, GLQ, 17, 1 (2010), 135–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Vance, Carole S., ‘Innocence and Experience: Melodramatic Narratives of Sex Trafficking and Their Consequences for Law and Policy’, History of the Present: A Journal of Critical History, 2, 2 (Fall 2012), 200–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

11 Miller, Alice M., ‘Sexuality, Violence Against Women, and Human Rights: Women Make Demands and Ladies Get Protection’, Health and Human Rights, 7, 2 (2004), 17–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Harrington, Carol, ‘Governing Peacekeeping: The Role of Authority and Expertise in the Case of Sexual Violence and Trauma’, Economy and Society, 35, 3 (Aug. 2006), 346–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Wood, Elisabeth Jean, ‘Sexual Violence during War: Toward an Understanding of Variation’, in Shapiro, Ian, Kalyvas, Stathis and Masoud, Tarek, eds, Order, Conflict, and Violence (New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008)Google Scholar; Wood, Elisabeth Jean, ‘Armed Groups and Sexual Violence: When is Wartime Rape Rare?’, Politics and Society 37, (March 2009), 131–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rittner, Carol and Roth, John K., eds, Rape: Weapon of War and Genocide (St. Paul: Paragon House, 2012)Google Scholar.

12 Birenbaum-Carmeli, Daphna and Inhorn, Marcia C., eds, Assisting Reproduction, Testing Genes: Global Encounters with the New Biotechnologies (New York: Berghahn, 2009)Google Scholar; Inhorn, Marcia C. and Tremayne, Soraya, Islam and Assisted Reproductive Technologies: Sunni and Shia Perspectives (New York: Berghahn, 2012)Google Scholar.

13 On the German debates, see the important remarks of Protestant theologian Richard Schröder, ‘Auch die Pille ist künstlich’, Der Spiegel, (10 Dec., 2001), http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-20960960.html (last visited 29 Jan. 2013); Richard Schröder, ‘Schriftliche Stellungnahme bei der öffentlichen Anhörung des Bundestagsausschusses für Gesundheit am 25. Mai 2011’, Deutscher Bundestag, Auschuss für Gesundheit, Ausschussdrucksache 17 (14) 0134 (4) gel. ESV zur Anhörung am 25.2.11 PID; feminist historian Gisela Notz, ‘Guter Tag für Lebensschützer’, SoZ—Sozialistische Zeitung, 6 (2009), 6; journalist and disability rights lawyer Oliver Tolmein, ‘Das Kind als Zeitbombe – Behinderung im “Spiegel” der Nichtbehinderten’, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung Online (28 June 2009), http://faz-community.faz.net/blogs/biopolitik/archive/2009/06/28/ein-kind-ist-keine-zeitbombe-spiegel-und-behinderung.aspx (last visited 29 Jan. 2013); reproductive technology specialist Dr Ulrich Hilland quoted in ‘Gentests an Embryonen: “Es gibt keinen Dammbruch”’, Spiegel Online, 13 July 2010; Daphne Hahn of Pro Familia in its press release on the high court decision on pre-implantation diagnostics: ‘Pro Familia begrüßt Klärung der Präimplantationsdiagnostik durch BGH-Urteil Frankfurt’ (15 July 2010), http://www.openpr.de/news/448342/pro-familia-begruesst-Klaerung-der-Praeimplantationsdiagnostik-durch-BGH-Urteil.html (last visited 29 Jan. 2013); and former Green and now Linke Party political activist Uwe-Jürgen Ness, ‘Zugriff auf die conditio humana – zum Urteil des BGH zur “Präimplantationsdiagnostik” (PID) . . . eigentlich bin ich zum Gänsehüten geboren’ (22 July 2010), http://www.uweness.eu/pageID_9988083.html (last visited 29 Jan. 2013). On France, see Vassy, Carine, ‘From a Genetic Innovation to Mass Health programmes: The Diffusion of Down's Syndrome Prenatal Screening and Diagnostic Techniques in France’, Social Science and Medicine, 63 (2003), 2041–2051CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Vassy, Carine, ‘How Prenatal Diagnosis Became Acceptable in France’, TRENDS in Biotechnology, 23, 5 (May 2005), 246–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; and Vailly, Joëlle and Ensellem, Cécile, ‘Informing Populations, Governing Subjects: The Practices of Screening for a Genetic Disease in France’, in Wieser, Bernhard and Berger, Wilhelm, eds, Assessing Life: On the Organization of Genetic Testing (Munich: Profil, 2010), 225–54Google Scholar.

14 Baldez, Lisa, ‘Next Time, US Senate Should Ratify UN Disabilities Treaty’, Christian Science Monitor (14 Dec. 2012)Google Scholar, http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2012/1214/Next-time-US-Senate-should-ratify-UN-disabilities-treaty (last visited 29 Jan. 2013).

15 Peck, James, Ideal Illusions: How the U.S. Government Co-opted Human Rights (New York: Metropolitan, 2010)Google Scholar.

16 See the excellent recommendations in Luis Abolafia Anguita, ‘Aid Conditionality and Respect for LGBT People Rights’, in Sexuality Policy Watch, http://www.sxpolitics.org/?p=7369 (last visited 29 Jan. 2013).

17 Stauter-Halstead, Keely, ‘“A Generation of Monsters”: Jews, Prostitution, and Racial Purity in the 1892 L'viv White Slavery Trial’ and Nancy Wingfield, ‘Echoes of the Riehl Trial in Fin-de-Siècle Cisleithania’, both in Austrian History Yearbook, 38 (2007), 25–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar and 36–47; Michael Wuliger, ‘“Der gelbe Schein”: Vom Schtetl ins Bordell: Eine Ausstellung zu Prostitution und Mädchenhandel 1860 bis 1930’, Jüdische Allgemeine, 16 Aug. 2012, http://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/article/view/id/13755 (last visited 29 Jan. 2013).

18 Hajkova, Anna, ‘Sexual Barter in Times of Genocide: Negotiating the Sexual Economy of the Theresienstadt Ghetto’, Signs, 38, 3 (2013)Google Scholar, 503–33; Sommer, Robert, Das KZ-Bordell: Sexuelle Zwangsarbeit in nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslagern (Paderborn: Schöningh, 2010)Google Scholar.

19 Kurimay, Anita, ‘Sex in the “Pearl of the Danube”: The History of Queer Life, Love, and its Regulation in Budapest, 1873–1941' (PhD diss., Rutgers University, 2012)Google Scholar.

20 Engelstein, Laura, The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-Siècle Russia (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994)Google Scholar; Naiman, Eric, Sex in Public: The Incarnation of Early Soviet Ideology (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999)Google Scholar; Healey, Dan, Homosexual Desire in Revolutionary Russia: The Regulation of Sexual and Gender Dissent (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bernstein, Frances Lee, The Dictatorship of Sex: Lifestyle Advice for the Soviet Masses (DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 2007)Google Scholar; Healey, Dan, Bolshevik Sexual Forensics: Diagnosing Disorder in the Clinic and Courtroom, 1917–1939 (Northern Illinois University Press, 2009)Google Scholar. See also the amazing essay on the later Soviet decades: Rotkirch, Anna, ‘“What Kind of Sex Can You Talk About?”: Acquiring Sexual Knowledge in Three Soviet Generations’, in Bertaux, Danielet al., eds, Living Through the Soviet System (New Brunswick: Transaction, 2004), 93–119Google Scholar.

21 Huebner, Karla, ‘The Whole World Revolves Around It: Sex Education and Sex Reform in First Republic Czech Print Media’, Aspasia, 4.1 (2010), 25–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Seidl, Jan, Od žaláře k oltáři: Emancipace homosexuality v českých zemích od roku 1867 do současnosti (Rok vydání, 2012)Google Scholar – and see also http://www.ffi.sk/en/jan-seidl-from-prison-to-altar (last visited 29 Jan. 2013); Dobrović, Zvonimir and Bosanac, Gordan, eds, Usmena povijest homoseksualnosti u Hrvatskoj: dokumentiranje svjedočanstava o privatnom i javnom djelovanju seksulanih i rodnih manjina – preteča LGBT pokreta u Hrvatskoj (Zagreb: Domino, 2007)Google Scholar – currently being translated by Dean Vuletic.

22 Goven, Joanna, ‘Gender Politics in Hungary: Autonomy and Antifeminism’, in Funk, Nanette and Mueller, Magda, eds, Gender Politics and Post-Communism: Reflections from Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union (London: Routledge, 1993), 224–40Google Scholar; Gal, Susan, ‘Gender in the Post-Socialist Transition: The Abortion Debate in Hungary’, East European Politics and Societies, 8, 2 (Spring 1994), 256–86CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Agnieszka Graff, ‘The Return of the Real Man: Gender and E.U. Accession in Three Polish Weeklies’ (2005), http://www.iub.edu/~reeiweb/events/2005/graffpaper.pdf (last visited 30 Jan. 2013); Graff, Agnieszka, ‘We are (Not All) Homophobes: A Report from Poland’, Feminist Studies, 32, 2 (Summer 2006), 434–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lišková, Kateřina, ‘Defining Pornography, Defining Gender: Sexual Citizenship in the Discourse of Czech Sexology and Criminology’, in Oleksy, Elzbieta H., ed., Gender and Intimate Citizenships: Politics, Sexualities, and Subjectivity (New York: Routledge, 2009), 147–56Google Scholar; Healey, Dan, ‘Active, Passive, and Russian: The National Idea in Gay Men's Pornography’, Russian Review, 69 (April 2010), 210–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

23 Mühlberg, Dietrich, ed., Differente Sexualitäten, special issue of Mitteilungen aus der kulturwissenschaftlichen Forschung, 18, 36 (1995)Google Scholar; Herzog, Dagmar, ‘The Romance of Socialism’, in Sex after Fascism: Memory and Morality in Twentieth-Century Germany (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), 184–219Google Scholar; Betts, Paul, ‘Intimacy on Display: Getting Divorced in East Berlin’, in Within Walls: Private Life in the German Democratic Republic (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 88–115CrossRefGoogle Scholar; McLellan, Josie, Love in the Time of Communism: Intimacy and Sexuality in the GDR (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011)Google Scholar; Kolano, Uta, Kollektiv d'Amour: Liebe, Sex und Partnerschaft in der DDR (Berlin: Jaron, 2012)Google Scholar; Erik Huneke, ‘Sex, Sentiment, and Socialism: Relationship Counseling in the GDR in the Wake of the 1965 Family Law Code’, in Spector et al., After The History of Sexuality, 231–47. Two important doctoral dissertations – by Scott Harrison (University of Illinois) and Heike Sommer (University of Jena) – are in the works now on the GDR's marital and sexual counselling centres.

24 Jajeśniak-Quast, Dagmara, ‘Soziale und politische Konflikte der Stahlarbeiter von Nowa Huta während der Sozialistischen Transformation’, Bohemia: Veröffentlichungen des Collegium Carolinum, 42, 2 (2001), 244–68Google Scholar.

25 Madigan Andrea Fichter, ‘Cultures of Dissent: Hippies, Leftists, and Nationalists in Romania and Yugoslavia, 1965–1975’ (PhD underway at New York University); Irina Costache, ‘From the Party to the Beach Party: Nudism and Artistic Expression in the People's Republic of Romania’ (PhD underway at Central European University in Budapest).

26 See especially the work of the leading sexuality researcher in Poland, the sociologist Mikołaj Kozakiewicz of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw and also President of the Polish Family Development Association (and, from 1985 to 1989 a deputy to, and from 1989 to 1993 a member of the Polish Sejm and eventually the marshal of the Sejm, 1989–1991). Kozakiewicz was affiliated with the International Planned Parenthood Federation, promoted a liberal attitude towards youth sexuality, and advocated for homosexual rights. Kozakiewicz, Mikołaj, ‘Zu einigen Veränderungen des Sexualverhaltens der Jugend in Polen’, Informationen des wissenschaftlichen Beirats ‘Die Frau in der sozialistischen Gesellschaft’, 6 (1976), 54–8Google Scholar.

27 Lišková, Kateřina, ‘“Against the Dignity of Man”: Sexology Constructing Deviance during ”Normalization” in Czechoslovakia’, in Casey, Mark and Taylor, Yvette, eds, Queer Presences and Absences: Time, Future and History (Basingstoke: Palgrave, forthcoming 2013)Google Scholar.

28 On East and West both, see Kozakiewicz, Mikołaj, ‘Einführung der Sexualerziehung in den Schulen der europäischen Länder: Bericht der IPPF’, in Informationen des Wissenschaftlichen Rates ‘Die Frau in der sozialistischen Gesellschaft’, 4 (1985), 63–70Google Scholar. On Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union, see Kozakiewicz, Mikołaj, ed., The Family Life and Sex-Education in Socialistic Countries (Warsaw: Polish Family Development Association, 1981)Google Scholar. On Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland, and the Soviet Union, see Starke, Kurt and Roski, Günter, eds, Ehe-Familie-Sexualverhalten: Vorbereitung auf Ehe und Familie, Sexualverhalten Jugendlicher: III. Seminar sozialistischer Länder der Sektion Ehe und Familie der Gesellschaft Sozialhygiene der DDR, gemeinsam veranstaltet mit dem Zentralinstitut für Jugendforschung, 19. bis 21. Oktober in Leipzig (Leipzig: Zentralinstitut für Jugendforschung, 1983)Google Scholar.

29 Especially important, paradigm-shifting contributions include: Stoller, Robert J., ‘Sexual Excitement’, Archives of General Psychiatry, 33 (Aug. 1976), 899–909Google Scholar; Stoler, Ann Laura, ‘Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Gender, Race, and Morality in Colonial Asia’, in Scott, Joan W., ed., Feminism and History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 209–66Google Scholar; Halperin, David M., ‘Active and Passive Sexuality’, in Nye, Robert A., ed., Sexuality (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 23–6Google Scholar; Berlant, Lauren, ‘Intimacy: A Special Issue’, in Berlant, ed., Intimacy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 1–8Google Scholar; Riley, Denise, ‘The Right to be Lonely’, differences, 13, 1 (Spring 2002), 1–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Karras, Ruth Mazo, ‘Sex and the Middle Ages’, Sexuality in Medieval Europe: Doing Unto Others (New York: Routledge 2005), 1–27Google Scholar; Kulick, Don, ‘Four Hundred Thousand Swedish Perverts’, GLQ, 11, 2 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Najmabadi, Afsaneh, ‘Types, Acts, or What? Regulation of Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century Iran’, in Najmabadi and Babayan, Kathryn, eds, Islamicate Sexualities: Translations across Temporal Geographies of Desire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 275–96Google Scholar; Wypijewski, JoAnn, ‘Through a Lens Starkly’, The Nation, 29 April, 2009Google Scholar, www.thenation.com/article/through-lens-starkly (accessed 29 Jan. 2013); Wypijewski, ‘Weiner in a Box’, The Nation, 15 June, 2011, www.thenation.com/article/161449/weiner-box# (accessed 29 Jan. 2013); Beachy, Robert, ‘The German Invention of Homosexuality’, Journal of Modern History, 82, 4 (Dec. 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rubin, Gayle S., Deviations (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Massimo Perinelli, ‘Longing, Lust, Violence, Liberation: Discourses on Sexuality on the Radical Left in West Germany, 1969–1972’, in Spector et al., After The History of Sexuality, 248–81.

30 Brown, Wendy, ‘Jim Miller's Passions: A Review’, differences 5, 2 (1993), 140–9Google Scholar; Scott Spector, ‘After The History of Sexuality? Periodicities, Subjectivities, Ethics’, in Spector et al., After The History of Sexuality, 1–14.

31 Foucault, Michel, ‘Nietzsche, Genealogy, History’, in Bouchard, D. F., ed., Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1977), 162Google Scholar.

32 Quoted in Chaplin, Tamara, ‘Orgasm without Limits: May 68 and the History of Sex Education in Modern France’, in Jackson, Julianet al., eds, May 68: Rethinking France's Last Revolution (London: Palgrave, 2011)Google Scholar.

33 Quoted in Gailer, Gernot, ‘Eine Traumfrau zieht sich aus’, Ästhetik und Kommunikation, 40–1 (September 1980), 84–5Google Scholar.

34 Quoted in Martel, Frédéric, The Pink and the Black: Homosexuals in France since 1968 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000), 17Google Scholar.

35 Milena in the film by Dušan Makavejev, W.R.: Mysteries of the Organism (1971).

36 Günter Amendt quoted in Dieter E. Zimmer, ‘Schlamperei’, Die Zeit, 15 Sep. 1978, http://www.zeit.de/1978/38/schlamperei (last visited 29 Jan. 2013).

37 Provos quoted in Neville, Richard, Play Power: Exploring the International Underground (New York: Random House, 1970), 28Google Scholar.

38 Alex Comfort quoted in Acland, Richard, ‘Chastity or What?’ in Sadler, Richard, ed., Sexual Morality: Three Views (London: Arlington Books Publishers Ltd., 1965), 20Google Scholar; the slogan was later used by West German gay rights activists as well.

39 Quoted in Geschichten, Rosa, Eine Tunte bist du auf jeden Fall: 20 Jahre Schwulenbewegung in Münster (Münster: Schnelldruck Coerdestrasse, 1992), 16Google Scholar.

40 Adorno, Theodor, ‘Sexual Taboos and Law Today’, in Critical Models: Interventions and Catchwords (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005) 72–3, 77Google Scholar.

41 Ibid., 75.

42 Adorno, ‘Sexual Taboos’, 81–2.