Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-tn8tq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-18T03:14:51.309Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Characterizing Emergency Supply Kit Possession in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic: 2020–2021

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 October 2022

Amy Helene Schnall*
Affiliation:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
Stephanie Kieszak
Affiliation:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
Arianna Hanchey
Affiliation:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
Harry Heiman
Affiliation:
National Center for Environmental Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
Tesfaye Bayleyegn
Affiliation:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
Johnni Daniel
Affiliation:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
Christine Stauber
Affiliation:
National Center for Environmental Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
*
Corresponding author: Amy Helene Schnall, Email: GHU5@cdc.gov

Abstract

Objective:

In the immediate aftermath of a disaster, household members may experience lack of support services and isolation from one another. To address this, a common recommendation is to promote preparedness through the preparation of an emergency supply kit (ESK). The goal was to characterize ESK possession on a national level to help the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guide next steps to better prepare for and respond to disasters and emergencies at the community level.

Methods:

The authors analyzed data collected through Porter Novelli’s ConsumerStyles surveys in fall 2020 (n = 3625) and spring 2021 (n = 6455).

Results:

ESK ownership is lacking. Overall, while most respondents believed that an ESK would help their chance of survival, only a third have one. Age, gender, education level, and region of the country were significant predictors of kit ownership in a multivariate model. In addition, there was a significant association between level of preparedness and ESK ownership.

Conclusions:

These data are an essential starting point in characterizing ESK ownership and can be used to help tailor public messaging, inform work with partners to increase ESK ownership, and guide future research.

Type
Original Research
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Society for Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Inc.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Horney, J, ed. Disaster epidemiology. Academic Press; 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kane, J, Gardner, L, Mercado, J, et al. Behavioral health and respiratory conditions following October 2017 wildfires—Sonoma County, California, September 2018. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) Annual Conference, June 4, 2019.Google Scholar
Ekpo, L, Harrison, CJ, Guendel, Ellis E. Post-hurricane emergency department visits: an analysis of the health impact of hurricanes Irma and Maria in the US Virgin Islands. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) Annual Conference, June 4, 2019.Google Scholar
Schnall, AH, Roth, JJ, Ellis, B, et al. Addressing community needs during the hurricane response and recovery efforts through Community Assessments for Public Health Emergency Response (CASPER) – United States Virgin Islands, 2017–2018. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2019;13(1):53-62.Google ScholarPubMed
Molesky, V. Camp fire death count drops to 85 while missing list drops to 2 following arrest. Published February 7, 2019. Accessed May 13, 2021. https://www.sfchronicle.com/california-wildfires/amp/Five-firefighters-among-dozen-plus-patients-13396604.php Google Scholar
Record-Breaking Atlantic Hurricane Season Draws to an End. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Published November 24, 2020. Accessed May 13, 2021. https://www.noaa.gov/media-release/record-breaking-atlantic-hurricane-season-draws-to-end Google Scholar
2020 Atlantic Hurricane Season. National Hurricane Center and Central Pacific Hurricane Center, National Weather Service (NWS). Accessed May 13, 2021. https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/index.php?season=2020&basin=atl Google Scholar
California Government. CAL FIRE. Accessed May 13, 2021. https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/ Google Scholar
Masters, J. Reviewing the horrid global 2020 wildfire season. Yale Climate Connections. Published January 4, 2021. Accessed May 13, 2021. https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2021/01/reviewing-the-horrid-global-2020-wildfire-season/ Google Scholar
Floods in USA. Floodlist. Accessed May 13, 2021. http://floodlist.com/america/usa Google Scholar
COVID Data Tracker. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Accessed May 13, 2021. https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#datatracker-home Google Scholar
At A Glance: CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Accessed May 13, 2021. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/placeandhealth/svi/at-a-glance_svi.html Google Scholar
Flanagan, BE, Gergory, EW, Hallisey, EJ, et al. A social vulnerability index for disaster management. J Homel Secur Emerg Manage. 2011;8(1):1-21. doi: 10.2202/1547-7355.1792 Google Scholar
Ross, T. A disaster in the making: addressing the vulnerability of low-income communities to extreme weather. Center for American Progress. Published 2013. Accessed May 13, 2021. https://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/LowIncomeResilience-2.pdf Google Scholar
Wolkin, A. Mission possible: preparing and responding to disasters through a health equity lens. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Conversations in Equity. Published September 6, 2018. Accessed May 13, 2021. https://blogs.cdc.gov/healthequity/2018/09/06/disasters/ Google Scholar
Chiu, C, Schnall, AH, Mertzlufft, CE, et al. Mortality from a tornado outbreak – Alabama, 27 April 2011. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(8):e52-e58. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301291 Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Deaths associated with Hurricane Hugo—Puerto Rico. MMWR. 1989;38(39):680-682.Google Scholar
Zane, DF, Bayleyegn, TB, Hellsten, J, et al. Tracking deaths related to Hurricane Ike, Texas, 2008. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2011;5:23-28. doi: 10.1001/dmp.2011.8 Google Scholar
McKinney, N, Houser, C, Meyer-Arendt, K. Direct and indirect mortality in Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. Int J Biometeorol. 2011;55(4):533-546. doi: 10.1007/s00484-010-0370-9 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Capabilities List 2.0: A Companion to the National Preparedness Goal. Department of Homeland Security. Published December 2005. Accessed May 13, 2021. https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=458807 Google Scholar
Build a Kit. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Accessed May 13, 2021. https://www.ready.gov/kit Google Scholar
Prepare Your Health: Take Action, Personal Needs. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Accessed May 13, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/prepyourhealth/takeaction/personalneeds/index.htm Google Scholar
Household Preparedness Spring 2021. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Accessed October 19, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/hsb/disaster/household-preparedness-spring2021-ld.htm Google Scholar
Greater Impact: How Disasters Affect People of Low Socioeconomic Status. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Disaster Technical Assistance Center Supplemental Research Bulletin 2017. Published 2017. Accessed April 19, 2022. https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/dtac/srb-low-ses_2.pdf Google Scholar
Mace, S, Doyle, CJ. Patients with access and functional needs in a disaster. South Med. 2017;110(8):509-515.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elder, K, Xirasagar, S, Miller, N, et al. African Americans’ decisions not to evacuate New Orleans before Hurricane Katrina: a qualitative study. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(Suppl 1):S124-S129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olympia, RP, Rivera, R, Heverley, S, et al. Natural disasters and mass casualty events affecting children and families: a description of emergency preparedness and the role of the primary care physician. Clin Pediatr. 2010;49(7):686-698. doi: 10.1177/0009922810364657 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nyaku, MK, Wolkin, AF, McFadden, J, et al. Assessing radiation emergency preparedness planning by using Community Assessment for Public Health Emergency Response (CASPER) methodology. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(3):1-9. doi: 10.1017/S1049023X14000491 Google ScholarPubMed
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Personal preparedness in America: findings from the 2012 FEMA National Survey. FEMA; 2013.Google Scholar
Hiatt, E, Belliard, C, Call, MAL, et al. Household food and water emergency preparedness practices across the United States. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2021:1-9.Google ScholarPubMed
Schnall, AH, Wolkin, AF, Roth, JJ, Ellis, EM. Community Assessments for Public Health Emergency Response (CASPERs) – US Virgin Islands, 2017–2018. AJPH. 2019;109:S303-S308. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2019.305161 Google ScholarPubMed
Kirsch, KR, Field, BA, Zane, DF, et al. Longitudinal Community Assessment for Public Health Emergency Response (CASPER) to wildfire, Bastrop County, Texas. Health Secur. 2016;14(2):93-104. doi: 10.1089/hs.2015.0060 Google ScholarPubMed
Community Assessment for Public Health Emergency Response (CASPER) Following the August 24 South Napa Earthquake, Napa and American Canyon, California—September 2014. California Department of Public Health (CDPH), Napa County Public Health (NCPH). (Unpublished Report) September 24, 2014. Accessed October 19, 2021. https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/DEODC/CDPH%20Document%20Library/Napa%20CASPER%20report.pdf Google Scholar
2021 National Household Survey. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Published October 2021. Accessed February 1, 2022. https://fema-community-files.s3.amazonaws.com/2021-National-Household-Survey.pdf Google Scholar
2020 National Household Survey. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Published September 2020. Accessed February 1, 2022. https://community.fema.gov/story/2020-NHS-Data-Digest-Summary-Results Google Scholar
2019 National Household Survey. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). PublishedApril 1, 2021. Accessed October 19, 2021. https://www.fema.gov/about/openfema/data-sets/national-household-survey Google Scholar
Ablah, E, Konda, K, Kelley, CL. Factors predicting individual emergency preparedness: a multi-state analysis of 2006 BRFSS data. Biosecur Bioterror. 2009;7(3):317-330. doi: 10.1089/bsp.2009.0022 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bethel, JW, Foreman, AN, Burke, SC. Disaster preparedness among medically vulnerable populations. Am J Prev Med. 2011;40(2):139-143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeBastiani, SD, Strine, TW. Household preparedness for public health emergencies – 14 states, 2006–2010. Morbid Mortal Wkly (MMWR). 2012;61(36):714-729.Google Scholar
Al-rousan, TM, Rubenstein, LM, Walla, RB. Preparedness for natural disasters among older US adults: a nationwide survey. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(3):506-511. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301559 Google ScholarPubMed
McCormick, LC, Pevear, J 3rd, Xie, R. Measuring levels of citizen public health emergency preparedness, Jefferson County, Alabama. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2013;19(3):266-273. doi: 10.1097/PHH.0b013e318264ed8c Google ScholarPubMed
Thomas, TN, Leander-Griffith, M, Harp, V, Cioffi, JP. Influences of preparedness knowledge and beliefs on household disaster preparedness. MMWR Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(35):965-971. Accessed May 13, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6435a2.htm Google ScholarPubMed
Coulston, J, Deeny, P. Prior exposure to major flooding increases individual preparedness in high-risk populations. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2010;25(4):289-295.Google ScholarPubMed
Kohn, S, Eaton, JL, Feroz, S, et al. Personal disaster preparedness: an integrative review of the literature. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2012;6(3):217-231. doi: 10.1001/dmp.2012.47 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCormick, LC, Pevear, J 3rd, Rucks, AC, Ginter, PM. The effects of the April 2011 tornado outbreak on personal preparedness in Jefferson County, Alabama. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2014;20(4):424-431. doi: 10.1097/PHH.0b013e3182a45104 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bagwell, HB, Liggin, R, Thompson, T, et al. Disaster preparedness in families with children with special health care needs. Clin Pediatr. 2016;55(11):1036-1043. doi: 10.1177/0009922816665087 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olympia, RP, Rivera, R, Heverley, S, et al. Natural disasters and mass casualty events affecting children and families: a description of emergency preparedness and the role of the primary care physician. Clin Pediatr. 2010;49(7):686-698.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Household Survey. 2011. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Accessed October 19, 2021. https://www.fema.gov/about/openfema/data-sets/national-household-survey Google Scholar
Yeager, DS, Krosnick, JA, Chang, L, et al. Comparing the accuracy of RDD telephone surveys and Internet surveys conducted with probability and non-probability samples. Public Opin Q. 2011;75(4):709-747. doi: 10.1093/poq/nfr020 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porter Novelli Styles 2020 Methodology: Comparison of the Styles 2020 samples to the March 2019 Census estimates on selected demographic variables. Unpublished document. Accessed October 27, 2020.Google Scholar
Initial Findings from Qualitative Code Reports Generated from 196 Emergency Supply Kit (ESK) Lists. Research Triangle Institute (RTI), International. [Unpublished Excel File]. Accessed February 27, 2020.Google Scholar
Nukpezah, JA, Soujaa, I. Creating emergency prepared households – what really are the determinants of household emergency preparedness? Risk Hazards Crisis Public Policy. 2018;9(4):480-503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Cancer Institute. Theory at a glance: a guide for health promotion practice. 2nd ed. National Cancer Institute; 2005.Google Scholar
Braveman, PA, Arkin, E, Proctor, D, et al. Systemic and structural racism: definitions examples, health damages, and approaches to dismantling. Health Affairs. 2022;41(2):171-178.Google ScholarPubMed
Paek, HJ, Hilyard, K, Fremuth, V, et al. Theory-based approaches to understanding public emergency preparedness: implications for effective health and risk communication. J Health Commun. 2010;15(4):428-444.Google ScholarPubMed
Thomas, TN, Sobelson, RK, Wiglington, CJ, et al. Applying instructional design strategies and behavior theory to household disaster preparedness training. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2018;24(1):e316-e325. doi: 10.1097/PHH.0000000000000511 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Declared Disasters. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Accessed October 19, 2021. https://www.fema.gov/disasters/disaster-declarations Google Scholar