Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-4hhp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-21T21:27:23.343Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

XXI.—The Life-history and Development of Agriolimax agrestis L., the Gray Field Slug.

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 July 2012

Robert Carrick
Robert Carrick
Affiliation:
Department of Agricultural and Forest Zoology, University of Edinburgh.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Among Gasteropod Molluscs the life-histories and development of the most highly evolved members, the terrestrial Pulmonates, have been less intensively studied than those of more primitive aquatic forms. This has been due in part to the technical difficulties involved in the permanent preparation of material for study, and in part to the fact that the investigator seeking for primitive features of phyletic interest is more likely to find these among more generalised species of Gasteropods than among those which are obviously adapted, both during the early stages of their development and in adult life, to a habitat far removed from the ancestral one.

It is the purpose of this paper to present data bearing upon the life-history of a single species of land Pulmonate, Agriolimax agrestis L., to enlarge upon certain aspects of the embryology of this species, and to demonstrate the structural and functional changes of the larva which have accompanied the transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial breeding habit.

Type
Research Article
Information
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh , Volume 59 , Issue 3 , 1939 , pp. 563 - 597
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Society of Edinburgh 1939

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References to Literature

Atkins, W. R. G., and Lebour, M. V., 1923. “The Hydrogen Ion Concentration of the Soil and of Natural Waters in Relation to the Distribution of Snails,” Sci. Proc. Roy. Dub. Soc., vol. xvii, pp. 233–240.Google Scholar
Bachrach, E., and Cardot, H., 1923. “Action de la Temperature sur le Cœur et les Sinus Contractiles Embryonnaires des Gasteropodes Pulmonés,” C.R. Soc. Biol., vol. lxxxix, pp. 788–790.Google Scholar
Baldwin, E., and Needham, J., 1934. “Problems of Nitrogen Catabolism in Invertebrates. I. The Snail (Helix pomatia),” Biochem. Journ., vol. xxviii, pp. 1372–1392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beneden, P. J. Van, 1876. Animal Parasites and Messmates, London.Google Scholar
Beneden, P. J. Van, and Windischmann, C., 1838. “Sur le Développement de la Limace Grise (Limax agrestis Linn.),” Brux. Acad. Sci. Bull., vol. v, pp. 286–296.Google Scholar
Beneden, P. J. Van, and Windischmann, C., 1841. “Recherches sur l'Embryogenie des Limaces,” Müll. Archiv Anat. Physiol., pp. 176–195.Google Scholar
Bouchard-Chantereaux, , 1837. Catalogue des Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles dans le Departement du Pasde-Calais, Boulogne.Google Scholar
Boycott, A. E., 1934. “The Habitats of Land Mollusca in Britain,” Journ. Ecol., vol. xxii, pp. 1–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boycott, A. E., 1936. “The Habitats of Freshwater Mollusca in Britain,” Journ. Anim. Ecol., vol. v, pp. 116–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brock, J., 1886. “Die Entwicklung des Geschlechtsapparates der Stylommatophoren Pulmonaten, nebst Bemerkungen über die Anatomie und Entwicklung einiger anderer Organsysteme,” Zeits. wiss. Zool., vol. xliv, pp. 333–395.Google Scholar
Brown, H. H., 1934. “A Study of a Tectibranch Gasteropod Mollusc, Philine aperta (L.),” Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. lviii, pp. 179–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bütschli, O., 1876. “Mittheilung uber Entwicklungsgeschichte der Paludina vivipara,” Zeits. wiss. Zool., vol. xxvii, pp. 518–521.Google Scholar
Carazzi, D., 1905. “L'embriologia dell' Aplysia,” Arch. Ital. Anat. Embriol., vol. iv.Google Scholar
Cardot, H., 1924. “Observations Physiologiques sur les Embryons des Gasteropodes Pulmonés,” Journ. Physiol. et Path. Gén., vol. xxii, pp. 575–586.Google Scholar
Carter, G. S., 1926. “On the Nervous Control of the Velar Cilia of the Nudibranch Veliger,” Brit. Journ. Exp. Biol. vol. iv, pp. 1–26.Google Scholar
Cuénot, L., 1892. “Etudes Physiologiques sur les Gasteropodes Pulmonés,” Arch. Biol., vol. xii, pp. 683–740.Google Scholar
Dautert, E., 1929. “Die Bildung der Keimblatter von Paludina vivipara,” Zool. Jahrb. (Anat. und Ontog.), vol. 1, pp. 433–496.Google Scholar
Drummond, I. M., 1902. “Notes on the Development of Paludina vivipara, with Special Reference to the Urinogenital Organs and Theories of Gasteropod Torsion,” Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. xlvi, pp. 97–143.Google Scholar
Ellis, R. A., 1926. British Snails, Oxford.Google Scholar
Erlanger, R. Von, 1891. “Zur Entwicklung von Paludina vivipara,” Morph. Jahrb., vol. xvii, pp. 337–379.Google Scholar
Erlanger, R. Von, 1892. “Beitrage zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Gasteropoden: I Theil,” Mitt. Zool. Stat. Neapel, vol. x, pp. 376–407.Google Scholar
Erlanger, R. Von, 1893. “Bemerkungen zur Embryologie der Gasteropoden: I,” Biol. Zentralb., vol. xiii, pp. 7–14.Google Scholar
Erlanger, R. Von, 1894. “Bemerkungen zur Embryologie der Gasteropoden: II,” Biol. Zentralb., vol. xiv, pp. 491–494.Google Scholar
Erlanger, R. Von, 1896. “Etudes sur le Développement des Gasteropodes Pulmonés. 1 partie: Etude du rein larvaire des Basommatophores,” Arch. Biol., vol. xiv, pp. 127–138.Google Scholar
Fernando, W., 1931. “The Origin of the Mesoderm in the Gasteropod Viviparus,” Proc. Roy. Soc., B, vol. cvii, pp. 381–390.Google Scholar
Field, G. N., 1894. “The Larva of Asterias vulgaris,” Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. xxxiv, pp. 105–128.Google Scholar
Fol, H., 1880. “Sur le Développement des Gasteropodes Pulmonés,” Arch. Zool. Exp. Gén., vol. viii, pp. 103–232.Google Scholar
Garstang, W., 1928. “The Origin and Evolution of Larval Forms,” British Association, Glasgow. Address to Section D.Google Scholar
Gegenbaur, C., 1851. “Beitrage zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Landgastropoden,” Zeits. wiss. Zool., vol. iii, pp. 371–411.Google Scholar
Goodrich, E. S., 1895. “On the Cœlom, Genital Ducts, and Nephridia,” Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. xxxvii, pp. 477–510.Google Scholar
Hanitsch, R., 1888. “Contributions to the Anatomy and Histology of Limax agrestis,” Proc. Liverpool Biol. Soc., vol. ii, pp. 152–170.Google Scholar
Hawley, , 1922. Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station, Memoir 55.Google Scholar
Heath, H., 1916. “The Conjugation of Agriolimax californicus,” Nautilus, Boston, Mass., vol. xxx, pp. 22–24.Google Scholar
Henchmann, A. P., 1890. “The Origin and Development of the Central Nervous System in Limax maximus,” Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, vol. xx, pp. 169–208.Google Scholar
Heyder, P., 1909. “Zur Entwicklung der Lungenhohle bei Arion,” Zeits. wiss. Zool., vol. xciii, pp. 90–156.Google Scholar
Jourdain, M. S., 1884. “Sur les Organes Segmentaires et le Podocyste des Limaciens,” C.R. Acad. Sci., vol. xcviii, pp. 308–310.Google Scholar
Jourdain, M. S., 1884. “Sur le Développement du Tube Digestif des Limaciens,” C.R. Acad. Sci., vol. xcviii, pp. 1553–1556.Google Scholar
Jourdain, M. S., 1885. “Sur le Systeme Nerveux des Embryons des Limaciens et sur les Relations de l'Otocyste avec ce Systeme,” C.R. Acad. Sci., vol. c, pp. 383–385.Google Scholar
Kofoid, C. A., 1893. “On the Early Development of Limax,” Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, vol. xxvii.Google Scholar
Kunkel, K., 1916. Zur Biologie der Lungenschnecken, Heidelberg.Google Scholar
Kunkel, K., 1928. “Zur Biologie von Eulota fruticum Müller,” Zool. Jahrb. (Anat. und Ontog.), vol. xlv, pp. 317–342.Google Scholar
Kunkel, K., 1929. “Expérimentelle Studie uber Vitrina brevis Ferussac,” Zool. Jahrb. (Anat. und Ontog.), vol. xlvi, pp. 575–626.Google Scholar
Laurent, J. L. M., 1835. “Observations sur le Développement des Œufs de la Limace Grise et de la Limace Rouge,” C.R. Acad. Sci., vol. i, pp. 228–230.Google Scholar
Laurent, J. L. M., 1837. “Suite des Observations sur le Développement des Limaces et Autres Mollusques Gasteropodes,” C.R. Acad. Sci., vol. iv, pp. 295–297.Google Scholar
Laurent, J. L. M., 1837. “Faits pour servir a l'Histoire Générale du Développement des Animaux,” Ann. Franç, et Etrang. Anat. Physiol., vol. i, pp. 17–27, 252–268.Google Scholar
Laurent, J. L. M., 1838. “Faits pour servir a l'Histoire Générale du Développement des Animaux,” Ann. Franç, et Etrang. Anat. Physiol., vol. ii, pp. 133–159.Google Scholar
Lovett, A. L., and Black, A. B., 1920. “The Gray Garden Slug, with Notes on Allied Forms,” Oregon Agric. Coll. Sta. Bull. 170.Google Scholar
Luther, A., 1915. “Zuchtversuche an Ackerschnecken (Agriolimax reticulatus und Agriolimax agrestis),” Acta Soc. Faun. Flor. Fenn., vol. xl, pp. 1–42.Google Scholar
Macbride, E. W., 1914. Textbook of Embryology. Vol. I. Invertebrata, London.Google Scholar
Macbride, E. W., 1930. “The Development of Mesoderm in Gasteropods,” Nature, vol. cxxvi, p. 685.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meisenheimer, J., 1897. “Entwicklungsgeschichte von Limax maximus L.: I Theil. Furchung und Keimblatterbildung,” Zeits. wiss. Zool., vol. lxii, pp. 415–468.Google Scholar
Meisenheimer, J., 1898. “Entwicklungsgeschichte von Limax maximus L. II Theil. Die Larvenperiode,” Zeits. wiss. Zool., vol. lxiii, pp. 573–664.Google Scholar
Meisenheimer, J., 1901. “Entwicklungsgeschichte von Dreissensia polymorpha,” Zeit. wiss. Zool., vol. lxix, pp. 1–137.Google Scholar
Meuron P., De, 1884. “Sur les Organes Renaux des Embryons d'Helix,” C.R. Acad. Paris, vol. xcviii, pp. 693–695.Google Scholar
Miles, H. W., 1921. “The Grey Field Slug (Agriolimax agrestis, Linn.),” Journ. Min. Agric., vol. xxviii, pp. 451–455.Google Scholar
Miles, H. W., 1924. “Observations on the Hatching of the Field Slug, Agriolimax agrestis Linn.,” Scot. Nat., No. 149, pp. 131–134.Google Scholar
Miles, H. W., Wood, J., and Thomas, I., 1931. “On the Ecology and Control of Slugs,” Ann. App. Biol., vol. xviii, pp. 370–400.Google Scholar
Otto, H., and Tonniges, C., 1906. “Untersuchungen uber die Entwicklung von Paludina vivipara,” Zeits. wiss. Zool., vol. lxxx, pp. 411–514.Google Scholar
Patten, W., 1885. “The Embryology of Patella,” Arbeit. Zool. Inst. Univ. Wien, vol. vi, pp. 149–174.Google Scholar
Pelseneer, P., 1935. “Essai d'Ethologie Zoologique d'apres l'Etude des Mollusques,” Publ. Fond. Agathon de Potter, vol. i.Google Scholar
Rabl, C., 1875. “Die Ontogenie der Susswasserpulmonaten,” Jena. Zeits. Naturwiss., vol. x, pp. 310–393.Google Scholar
Rabl, C., 1879. “Ueber die Entwicklung der Tellerschnecke,” Morph. Jahrb., vol. v, pp. 562–660.Google Scholar
Robert, A., 1902. “Recherches sur le Développement des Troques,” Arch. Zool. Exp., vol. x, pp. 269–538.Google Scholar
Robson, G. C., 1922. “Self-fertilisation in Mollusca,” Nature, vol. cix, p. 12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saunders, A. M. C., and Poole, M., 1910. “The Development of Aplysia punctata,” Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. lv, pp. 497–540.Google Scholar
Schmidt, F., 1895. “Beitrage zur Kentniss der Entwicklungsgeschichte der Stylommatophoren,” Zool. Jahrb. (Anat. und Ontog.), vol. viii, pp. 318–341.Google Scholar
Schmidt, O., 1851. “Uber die Entwicklung von Limax agrestis,” Müll. Archiv Anat. Physiol., 1851, pp. 278–290.Google Scholar
Schuurmans Stekhoven, J. H., 1920. “Uber die Atmung der Schnecken Limax agrestis L. und Helix pomatia L.,” Tijdsch. Neder. Dierk. Vereen., vol. xviii, pp. 1–43.Google Scholar
Sedgwick, A., 1885–1888. “The Development of the Cape Species of Peripatus,” Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vols. xxv–xxviii.Google Scholar
Simpson, G. B., 1902. “The Anatomy and Physiology of Polygyra albolabris and Limax maximus, and the Embryology of Limax maximus,” Bull. New York Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. viii, pp. 237–311.Google Scholar
Simroth, H., 1887. “Uber die Genitalentwicklung der Pulmonaten und die Fortpflanzung des Agriolimax laevis,” Zeits. wiss. Zool., vol. xlv, pp. 643–663.Google Scholar
Taylor, J. W., 1907. Monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles, vol. ii, Leeds.Google Scholar
Tonniges, C., 1896. “Die Bildung des Mesoderms bei Paludina vivipara,” Zeits. wiss. Zool., vol. lxi, pp. 541–605.Google Scholar
Wierzejski, A., 1905. “Die Entwicklungsgeschichte von Physa fontinalis,” Zeits. wiss. Zool., vol. lxxxiii, pp. 502–706.Google Scholar
Wilson, E. B., 1904. “Experimental Studies in Germinal Localization. (2) Experiments on the Cleavage-Mosaic of Patella and Dentalium,” Journ. Exp. Zool., vol. i, pp. 197–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfson, W., 1880. “Embryologie du Lymnœus stagnalis,” Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St Petersburg, vol. xxvi, pp. 79–98.Google Scholar
Woltereck, E., 1903. “Beitrag zur praktischen Analyse der Polygordius—Entwicklung nach dem Nordsee—und dem Mittelmeertypus,” Arch. Entwick. Organ., vol. xviii.Google Scholar