Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-m9kch Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-03T06:39:50.527Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

‘THESE ARE THE TONES COMMONLY USED’:1 THE TONOS DE CANTO DE ÓRGANO IN SPANISH BAROQUE MUSIC THEORY

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2016

Abstract

In the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, composers and music theorists moved away from the system of the eight ecclesiastical modes that had been elaborated by medieval theorists and was later applied to polyphonic music (including the varied system extended to twelve modes in the sixteenth century) towards modern bimodal tonality. Although several modal systems coexisted within this time period, a distinct variant of the eight modes, often known in modern scholarship as the church keys, developed as a practical solution to problems associated with the performance of psalms and other recited formulas (especially the Magnificat) in alternatim practice between the choir in plainchant and the organ. A scarcity of research on this topic within investigations of Spanish music prompts us to outline an introduction to a matter so crucial to music theory of the baroque period in Spain. Thus we present an overview of the treatment of the church keys or tones in Spanish treatises over a long period of two centuries, and focus briefly on particular contributions made by individual authors.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press, 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1

‘Estos son los tonos que comúnmente se usan’. Andrés Lorente, El Por qué de la Música (Alcalá de Henares: Nicolás de Xamares, 1672; facsimile edition, ed. José Vicente González Valle, Barcelona: Institución Milá y Fontanals, 2002), 565 and 615 respectively. All translations are ours.

References

2 Mattheson, Johann, Das neu-eröffnete Orchestre (Hamburg: Benjamin Schillers Witwe, 1773), 60 Google Scholar.

3 Barnett, Gregory, ‘Modal Theory, Church Keys, and the Sonata at the End of the Seventeenth Century’, Journal of the American Musicological Society 51/2 (1998), 245281 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Barnett, Gregory, ‘Tonal Organization in Seventeenth-Century Music Theory’, in The Cambridge History of Western Music Theory, ed. Christensen, Thomas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 407455 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Powers, Harold S., ‘From Psalmody to Tonality’, in Tonal Structures in Early Music, ed. Judd, Cristle Collins (New York: Garland, 1998), 275340 Google Scholar; Michael R. Dodds, ‘The Baroque Church Tones in Theory and Practice’ (PhD dissertation, University of Rochester, 1999); Michael R. Dodds, ‘Tonal Types and Modal Equivalence in Two Keyboard Cycles by Murschhauser’, in Tonal Structures in Early Music, 341–372; Howell, Almonte C., ‘French Baroque Organ Music and the Eight Church Tones’, Journal of the American Musicological Society 11–2/3 (1958)Google Scholar, 106–118; Atcherson, Walter, ‘Key and Mode in Seventeenth-Century Music Theory Books’, Journal of Music Theory 17/2 (1973), 204232 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lester, Joel, Between Modes and Keys: German Theory 1592–1802 (Stuyvesant: Pendragon, 1989)Google Scholar.

4 Thomas Schmitt, Introductory study to Guerau, Francisco, Poema harmónico: compuesto de varias cifras por el temple de la guitarra española (Madrid, 1694) (Madrid: Alpuerto, 2000), 1166 Google Scholar.

5 Tello, Francisco José León, Historia de la teoría española de la música en los siglos XVII y XVIII (Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1974)Google Scholar.

6 Illari, Bernardo, ‘¿Son Modos? Tonos y salmodia en Andrés Lorente’, in Analizar, interpretar, hacer música: de las Cantigas de Santa María a la organología. Escritos in memoriam Gerardo V. Huseby, ed. Plesch, Melanie (Buenos Aires: Gourmet Musical Ediciones, 2013), 289326 Google Scholar, and ‘Los modos en la teoría de barroco y su posible aplicación al análsis’, unpublished paper delivered at the VII Jornadas Argentinas de Musicología y VI Conferencia Anual de la Asociación Argentina de Musicología, Córdoba (Argentina), 1992. We express our sincere gratitude to Bernardo Illari for providing us with the unabridged text of his paper.

7 Cristóbal L. García Gallardo, ‘Bases para una teoría armónica: los modos en los tratados españoles de los siglos XVII y XVIII’, in ‘El tratamiento de la sintaxis armónica en los principales tratados españoles sobre teoría musical (hasta la primera mitad del siglo XX)’ (PhD dissertation, Universidad de Granada, 2012), 127–162, and ‘La teoría modal polifónica en el Barroco español y su aplicación en los pasacalles de Gaspar Sanz’, Revista de Musicología 32–1/2 (2010), 83100 Google Scholar.

8 As is well known, the high clefs were usually positioned as follows: G on the second line for the soprano, C on the second line for the contralto, C on the third line for the tenor and C on the fourth line (or F on the third line) for the bass, while the low clefs were C on the first line, C on the third line, C on the fourth line and F on the fourth line respectively.

9 See, for example, Robledo, Luis, Juan de Castro (ca. 1561–1631): vida y obra musical (Zaragoza: Institución Fernando el Católico, 1989), 8794 Google Scholar; Fagoaga, Rosa Isusi, ‘Pedro Rabassa en la teoría del siglo XVIII: algunos aspectos sobre instrumentos y voces según su Guía de principiantes ’, Revista de Musicología 20/1 (1997), 401416 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Marín, Luis A. González, ‘Notas sobre la transposición en voces e instrumentos en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII: el repertorio de la Seo y el Pilar de Zaragoza’, Recerca Musicològica 9–10 (1989–1990), 303325 Google Scholar. More information about the Italian practice can be found in Barbieri, Patrizio, ‘ Chiavette and Modal Transposition in Italian Practice (c. 1500–1837)’, Recercare 3 (1991), 355 Google Scholar; Kurtzman, Jeffrey, ‘Tones, Modes, Clefs and Pitch in Roman Cyclic Magnificats of the 16th Century’, Early Music 22/4 (1994), 641664 Google Scholar; and Bonta, Stephen, ‘The Use of Instruments in the Ensemble Canzona and Sonata in Italy, 1580–1650’, Recercare 4 (1992), 2343 Google Scholar.

10 Nassarre, Pablo, Escuela música según la práctica moderna (Zaragoza: Herederos de Manuel Román / Heredores de Diego de Larumbe, 1723–1724)Google Scholar, volume 1, 310–311.

11 There are other less obvious differences between the nature of traditional modes and church keys, which we cannot address here (on this matter see especially Illari, ‘¿Son Modos?’). They mainly concern the conflict between a vocal conceptual model of tonal space (the ‘Guidonian diatonic’) and an instrumental one (keyboard-based), mentioned by Powers, ‘From Psalmody’, 275–277.

12 Gallus Dressler, Praecepta musicae poeticae, manuscript (1563), online as Traités français sur la musique, Indiana University, <www.chmtl.indiana.edu/tml/16th/DREPRA_TEXT.html> (1 February 2015), 239.

13 de Araujo, Francisco Correa, Libro de tientos y discursos de música práctica y teórica de órgano [intitulado Facultad orgánica] (Alcalá: Antonio Arnao, 1626)Google Scholar, 39v.

14 Lorente, El Por qué de la Música, 565 and 621–622 (615 and 671–672 facsimile edition); de Torres, José y Bravo, Martínez, Reglas generales de acompañar, en órgano, clavicordio, y harpa, con solo saber cantar la parte o un baxo en canto figurado (Madrid: Imprenta de Música, 1702), 89 Google Scholar; Pedro Rabassa, Guía Para los Principiantes: que dessean Perfeycionarse en la Compossicion de la Mussica, manuscript (c1767) in Real Colegio del Corpus Christi de Valencia, 449; Antonio Ventura Roel del Río, Institución harmonica o Doctrina música theórica y práctica, que trata del canto llano, y de órgano, exactamente, y según el moderno estilo explicada, de suerte que escusa casi de maestro (Madrid: Herederos de la viuda de Juan García infanzón, 1748), 235; Juan Antonio de Vargas y Guzmán, Explicación de la guitarra, edition of the manuscript (Cádiz, 1773) from the Biblioteca Medina, Oviedo, ed. Ángel Medina Álvarez (Granada: Centro de Documentación Musical de Andalucía, 1994), 76–77.

15 Francesc Valls, Mapa Armónico Práctico, manuscript (1742) in Biblioteca de la Universidad de Barcelona, Ms. 783, 15r.

16 See especially Powers, ‘From Psalmody’. With regard to Spain, there is some interesting information in Nelson, Bernadette, ‘Alternatim Practice in 17th-Century Spain: The Integration of Organ Versets and Plainchant in Psalms and Canticles’, Early Music 22/2 (1994), 239259 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

17 Torres, Reglas generales de acompañar, 10–16.

18 See Powers, ‘From Psalmody’, 282, and Dodds, ‘The Baroque Church Tones’, 6.

19 Martín, Antonio y Coll, Breve summa de todas las reglas del canto llano y su explicación (La Antigua, Guatemala: La Imprenta de Sebastián de Arevalo, 1750)Google Scholar.

20 Valls, Mapa Armónico Práctico, 19r.

21 Martín, Antonio y Coll, Arte de canto llano (Madrid: Viuda de Juan García Infançon, 1714), 6871 Google Scholar.

22 Nelson, ‘Alternatim Practice’, 245.

23 Nassarre, Escuela música, volume 1, 313–314.

24 Valls, Mapa Armónico Práctico, 19v. However, C was the common final from the beginning in the corresponding church key (see Appendix and also Adriano Banchieri, Cartella musicale (Venice: G. Vicentini, 1614), 71–88); the final on E would be mentioned in Spanish sources, but only as a possibility for psalmody.

25 Martín, Antonio y Coll, Arte de canto llano (Madrid: Bernardo Peralta, 1719)Google Scholar. Compare the chapter in this edition (93–96) to the corresponding one appearing in the 1714 edition (67–74).

26 See, for example, Lorente, El Por qué de la Música, 564 (614 facsimile edition).

27 Pablo Nassarre, Fragmentos músicos, second edition (Madrid: Imprenta de Música, 1700), 115.

28 Nassarre, Escuela música, volume 1, 310.

29 Lorente, El Por qué de la Música, 621 (671 facsimile edition).

30 Rabassa, Guía Para los Principiantes, 449.

31 de Huete, Fernández, Compendio numeroso de zifras armónicas, con theórica, y práctica, para harpa de una orden, de dos órdenes y de órgano, two volumes (Madrid: Imprenta de Música, 1702–1704)Google Scholar.

32 José Marín, Cancionero de Marín, manuscript (c1699) in Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, Mu.Ms.727.

33 Sanz, Gaspar, Institución de música sobre la guitarra española (Zaragoza: Herederos de Diego Dormer, 1697)Google Scholar, pasacalles of the third book; Guerau, Francisco, Poema harmónico: compuesto de varias cifras por el temple de la guitarra española (Madrid: Imprenta de Manuel Ruiz de Murga, 1694)Google Scholar; Santiago de Murcia, ‘Códice Saldívar No. 4’, manuscript (c1732), private library of the Saldívar family, Mexico City.

34 Lorente, El Por qué de la Música, 620–621 (670–671 facsimile edition).

35 With respect to guitar pasacalles see García Gallardo, ‘La teoría modal polifónica’.

36 Valls, Mapa Armónico Práctico, 17r.

37 Banchieri, Adriano, L'organo suonarino (Venice: R. Amadino, 1605)Google Scholar, and Cartella musicale. According to Dodds, ‘although sixteenth-century theorists such as Aron, Zarlino, Pontio, and Zacconi address the tonal characteristics of polyphonic psalmody, the earliest description of the church keys in their standard seventeenth-century form is to be found in Banchieri's L'organo suonarino’: ‘Tonal Types’, 342.

38 See some interesting explanations of the diversity in the 7th tone in Samber, Johann Baptist, Manuductio ad organum (Salzburg: J. B. Mayrs, 1704)Google Scholar, quoted in Dodds, ‘The Baroque Church Tones’, 162–165, and Dodds, ‘Tonal Types’, 364–367.

39 Titelouze, Jean, Le Magnificat (Paris: Pierre Ballard, 1626)Google Scholar, quoted in Powers, ‘From Psalmody’, 306.

40 Torres, Reglas generales, 11.

41 Illari, ‘¿Son Modos?’, 304, 306.

42 Illari indicates some other modal features that were dismissed: ‘El paquete completo de rasgos que habían “modalizado” los tuoni en Italia desapareció de las reglas de Lorente, incluyendo el ámbito, las especies y la dirección del primer punto de imitación, además de cambios fundamentales en las cadencias’ (The whole pack of features that had ‘modalized’ the tuoni in Italy disappeared in Lorente's rules, including ambitus, species and direction of the first imitation point, as well as fundamental changes in cadences). Illari, ‘¿Son Modos?’, 304.

43 Nassarre, ‘Capítulo XVI. De los tonos accidentales, y los términos por donde van los que se componen para cantados’, Escuela música, volume 1, 315–322.

44 Lester states – ignoring the case of Spain – that only in Germanic countries was resistance to the new system maintained until the mid-eighteenth century: ‘It was only in German-speaking areas that vitriolic attacks on the major and minor keys and only half-hearted acceptance of these keys persisted until the middle of the eighteenth century.’ Lester, Between Modes and Keys, 47.

45 Fernández de Huete, Compendio numeroso, volume 2, 7.

46 de Ulloa, Pedro, Música Universal, o Principios Universales de la Música (Madrid: Imprenta de Música de Bernardo Peralta, 1717), 42 Google Scholar.

47 de Sayas, Juan Francisco, Música canónica, motética y sagrada (Pamplona: Martín de Rada, 1761)Google Scholar.

48 de Santa María, Francisco, Dialectos músicos (Madrid: Joachin Ibarra, 1778), 170171 Google Scholar.

49 His guitar treatise was apparently published in 1779, but it has come down to us only in the expanded edition by Victor Prieto: Abreu, Antonio and Prieto, Víctor, Escuela para tocar con perfección la guitarra de cinco y seis órdenes (Salamanca: Imprenta de la calle del Prior, 1799)Google Scholar; cited in López, Alfredo Vicent, Fernando Ferandiere (ca. 1740 – ca. 1816); un perfil paradigmático de un músico de su tiempo en España (Madrid: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 2002), 197 Google Scholar, note 309.

50 Soler, Antonio, Llave de la modulación y antigüedades de la música (Madrid: Oficina de Joachin Ibarra, 1762 Google Scholar; facsimile edition, New York: Broude, 1967), 72. Soler's bimodality would be criticized by Roel del Río, Antonio Ventura in Reparos músicos precisos a la Llave de la modulación del P. Fr. Antonio Soler (Madrid: Antonio Muñoz del Valle, 1764), 17 Google Scholar, and by Bruguera, Juan Bautista y Morreras in Carta apologética . . . contra la Llave de la Modulación (Barcelona: Imprenta de Francisco Suriá, 1766)Google Scholar.

51 Eximeno, Antonio, Dell'origine e delle regolle della musica (Rome: Michel'Angelo Barbiellini, 1774)Google Scholar. The Spanish translation appeared later as Del origen y reglas de la música, trans. Francisco Antonio Gutiérrez (Madrid: Imprenta Real, 1796).

52 Bails, Benito, Lecciones de Clave y Principios de Harmonía (Madrid: Joachin Ibarra, 1775)Google Scholar; translation of Bemetzrieder, Anton, Leçons de Clavecin et Principes d'Harmonie (Paris: Bluet, 1771)Google Scholar. See also ‘Elementos de Música especulativa’, in Elementos de Matemáticas (Madrid[?]: Joaquín Ibarra, 1775), volume 8, 581–662, partial translation of d'Alembert, Jean Le Rond, Elémens de musique théorique et pratique (Paris: David, 1752)Google Scholar.

53 Santa María, Dialectos músicos; de Iriarte, Tomás, La Música, poem (Madrid: Imprenta Real de la Gazeta, 1779)Google Scholar; de Ureña, Marqués (Gaspar Molina y Saldívar), Reflexiones sobre la arquitectura, ornato y música del Templo (Madrid: Joaquín Ibarra, 1785)Google Scholar; Cavaza, Manuel, El músico censor del censor no músico (Madrid: Alfonso López, 1786)Google Scholar; Félix Máximo López, Reglas generales o Escuela de acompañar al órgano o clave, manuscript (c1780) in Biblioteca Nacional de España, Madrid, M/1188; Ferandiere, Fernando, Arte de tocar la guitarra española por música (Madrid: Pantaleón Aznar, 1799)Google Scholar; Moretti, Federico, Principios para tocar la guitarra de seis órdenes (Madrid: Librería de I. Sancha, 1799)Google Scholar.

54 Ferandiere, Fernando, Prontuario músico para el instrumentista de violín y cantor (Málaga: Imprenta de la Catedral de Málaga, 1771), 22 Google Scholar.

55 Ferandiere, Arte de tocar la guitarra, 7.

56 Marcello, Benedetto, Il teatro alla moda (Venice: Pinelli, 1720), 15 Google Scholar.

57 On the diffusion of Rameau's harmonic theory in Spain see García Gallardo, ‘La llegada de las teorías de Rameau a España’, in ‘El tratamiento de la sintaxis armónica’, 271–419. On the abandonment of the hexacordal system see León Tello, Historia de la teoría española.

58 Iriarte, La Música, xxi.