Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-wzw2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-22T07:41:03.841Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Legionella pneumophila in aerosols from shower baths

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 October 2009

P. J. L. Dennis
Affiliation:
PHLS Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG
A. E. Wright*
Affiliation:
PHLS Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG
D. A. Rutter
Affiliation:
PHLS Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG
J. E. Death
Affiliation:
PHLS Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG
B. P. C. Jones
Affiliation:
PHLS Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG
*
* Correspondence should be addressed to Dr A. E. Wright at the Public Health Laboratory, Institute of Pathology, General Hospital, Westgate Road. Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 6BE.
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Routine examination of the water system in an establishment where showers were used by staff after work or leisure activities revealed the presence of Legionella pneumophila. Descaling and steaming cleared the system but six months later recolonization was found to have occurred. L. pneumophila was isolated from air samples collected in the shower room whilst the shower was in operation. No clinical cases have occurred. Serological examination of those using the showers throughout the six month period together with a control group showed no evidence of infection.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1984

References

Arnow, P. M., Chou, T., Weil, D., Shapiro, E. N. & Kretzschmar, C. (1982). Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease caused by aerosolized tap water from respiratory devices. Journal of Infectious Diseases 146, 460467.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartlett, C. L. R., Hutchison, J. G. P., Kurtz, J. B., Turner, G. C. & Wright, A. E. (1983). Legionella in hospital and hotel water supplies. Lancet ii, 1315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartlett, C. L. R., Swann, R. A., Casal, J., Canada-Royo, L. & Taylor, A. G. (1984). Recurrent Legionnaire's disease from a hotel water system. Legionella: Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium. American Society for Microbiology, Washington D.C., 237239.Google Scholar
Baskerville, A., Fitzoeorge, R. B., Broster, M., Hambleton, P. & Dennis, P. J. (1981). Experimental transmission of Legionnaires' disease by exposure to aerosols of Legionella pneumophila. Lancet ii, 13891390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berendt, R. F. (1980). Survival of Legionella pneumophila in aerosols: effect of relative humidity. Journal of Infectious Diseases 141, 689.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Best, M., Stout, J., Muder, R. R., Yu, V. L., Goetz, A. & Taylor, F. (1983). Legionellaceae in the hospital water-supply. Lancet ii, 307310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bopp, C. A., Sumner, J. W., Morris, G. K. & Wells, J. G. (1981). Isolation of Legionella spp. from environmental water samples by low pH treatment and use of a selective medium. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 13, 714719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Decker, H. M., Buchanan, L. M., Frisque, D. E., Filler, M. E. & Dahloren, C. M. (1969). Advances in large-volume air sampling. Contamination Control 8, 1317.Google Scholar
Dennis, P. J., Bartlett, C. L. R. & Wright, A. E. (1984). A comparison of isolation methods for Legionellaceae. Legionella: Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 294296.Google Scholar
DHSS (1980). Legionnaire's Disease and hospital water systems. Health Notice HN (80) 39, Department of Health and Social Security, London.Google Scholar
Dondero, T. J., Rendtorff, R. C., Mallison, G. F., Weeks, R. M., Levy, J. S., Wong, E. S. & Schaffner, W. (1980). An outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease associated with a contaminated air-conditioning cooling tower. New England Journal of Medicine 302, 365370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edelstein, P. H. (1982) Comparative study of selective media for isolation of Legionella pneumophila from potable water. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 16, 697699.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fisher-Hoch, S. P., Bartlett, C. L. R., Town, J. O'h., Nelson, A. M., Smith, M. G., Talbot, J. M., Gillett, M. B., Pritchard, J. E., Swann, R. A. & Thomas, J. A. (1981). Investigation and control of an outbreak of Legionnaires' Disease in a District General Hospital. Lancet i, 932–930.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fishek-Hoch, S. P., Smith, M. G. &Colbourne, J. S. (1982) Legionella pneumophila in hospital hot water systems. Lancet i, 1073.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glick, T. H., Gregg, M. B., Berman, B. (1978). Pontiac fever: an epidemic of unknown etiology in a health department. 1. Clinical and epidemiological aspects. American Journal of Epidemiology 107, 149160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Groothuis, D. G. & Veenendaal, H. R. (1983). Heat treatment as an aid for the isolation of Legionella pneumophila from clinical and environmental samples. In Proceedings of Workshop Conference on Legionnaires' Disease (ed. Fehrenbach, F. J.), Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene 255, 1, 155.Google Scholar
Harrison, T. G. & Taylor, A. G. (1982). Diagnosis of Legionella pneumophila infection by means of formalised yolk sae antigens. Journal of Clinical Pathology 35, 211214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, A. F., Fox, M. D., Boyce, J. M., Anderson, D. C., Potter, M. E., Martone, W. J. & Patton, C. M. (1980). Airborne Spread of Brucellosis. Annals of the N.Y. Academy of Sciences: Airborne Contagion, ed. Kundsin, Ruth B..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macrae, A. D., Appleton, P. N. & Laverick, A. (1979). Legionnaires' disease in Nottingham, England. Annals of Internal Medicine 90, 580583.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Page, F. C. (1967). Taxonomic criteria for limax amoebae with descriptions of three new species of Hartmanella and three of Vollkampfia. Journal of Protozoology 14, 499521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pasculle, A. W., Feeley, J. C., Girson, R. J., Cordes, L. G., Myerowitz, R. L., Patton, C. M., Gorman, G. W., Carmack, C. L., Ezzell, J. W. & Dowling, J. N. (1980). Pittsburgh pneumonia agent: direct isolation from human lung tissue. Journal of Infectious Diseases 141, 727732.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plouffe, J. F., Para, M. F., Mather, M. D., Hackman, B. & Webster, R. N. (1983). Subtypes of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. Lancet ii, 649650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tobin, J. O'h., Dunnill, M. S., French, M., Morris, P. J., Beare, J., Fisher-Hoch, S. P., Mitchell, R. G. & Muers, M. F. (1980). Legionnaires' Disease in a transplant unit: isolation of the causative agent from shower baths. Lancet ii, 118121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tobin, J. O'H, Swann, R. A. & Bartlett, C. L. R. (1981). Isolation of Legionella pneumophila from water systems; method and preliminary results. British Medical Journal 282, 515517.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wadowsky, R. M. & Yee, R. B. (1981). Glycine containing selective medium for the isolation of Legionellaceae from environmental water supplies. Journal of Applied and Environmental Microbiology 14, 768772.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wadowsky, R. M., Yee, R. B., Mezmar, L., Wing, E. J. & Dowling, J. B. (1982). Hot water systems as sources of Legionella pneumophila in hospital and non-hospital plumbing fixtures. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 43, 11041110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, H. W. & Brake, B. J. (1982). Formalin-killed versus heat-killed Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 antigen in the indirect immunofluorescence assay for legionellosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 16, 979981.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zuravleff, J. J., Yu, V. L., Shonnard, J. W., Rihs, J. D. & Best, M. (1983). Demonstration of aerosol transmission and subsequent subclinical infections in guinea pigs. American Review of Respiratory Diseases 126, 657661.Google Scholar