Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-x5gtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-08T07:01:26.243Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Association Study of Arcuate Nucleus Neuropeptide Y Neuron Receptor Gene Variation And Serum Npy Levels in Clozapine Treated Patients With Schizophrenia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 November 2016

J.-P. Klemettilä ,
O. Kampman ,
A. Solismaa ,
L.-P. Lyytikäinen ,
N. Seppälä ,
M. Viikki ,
M. Hämäläinen ,
E. Moilanen ,
N. Mononen  and
T. Lehtimäki
...Show all authors
J.-P. Klemettilä*
Affiliation:
Tampere University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Pitkäniemi Hospital, 33380Pitkäniemi, Finland
O. Kampman
Affiliation:
University of Tampere, School of Medicine, 33014Tampere, Finland Seinäjoki Hospital District, Department of Psychiatry, 60220Seinäjoki, Finland
A. Solismaa
Affiliation:
University of Tampere, School of Medicine, 33014Tampere, Finland Seinäjoki Hospital District, Department of Psychiatry, 60220Seinäjoki, Finland
L.-P. Lyytikäinen
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and University of Tampere, School of Medicine, 33014, TampereFinland
N. Seppälä
Affiliation:
Tampere University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Pitkäniemi Hospital, 33380Pitkäniemi, Finland
M. Viikki
Affiliation:
University of Tampere, School of Medicine, 33014Tampere, Finland Tampere Mental Health Centre, Hallituskatu 8B, 33200Tampere, Finland
M. Hämäläinen
Affiliation:
The Immunopharmacology Research Group, University of Tampere, School of Medicine and Tampere University Hospital, 33014Tampere, Finland
E. Moilanen
Affiliation:
The Immunopharmacology Research Group, University of Tampere, School of Medicine and Tampere University Hospital, 33014Tampere, Finland
N. Mononen
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and University of Tampere, School of Medicine, 33014, TampereFinland
T. Lehtimäki
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and University of Tampere, School of Medicine, 33014, TampereFinland
E. Leinonen
Affiliation:
Tampere University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Pitkäniemi Hospital, 33380Pitkäniemi, Finland University of Tampere, School of Medicine, 33014Tampere, Finland
*
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +358 50 5928308. E-mail address:jari-pekka.klemettila@pshp.fi (J.-P. Klemettilä).
Get access

Abstract

Background

Antipsychotic-induced weight gain (AIWG) leads to metabolic consequences and comorbidity, social stigmatization and nonadherence in patients with schizophrenia. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has an important role in appetite and body weight regulation. Associations between AIWG and serum NPY levels, and genetic polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with its serum levels have been little studied in these patients.

Subjects and methods

Associations between serum NPY concentration and other metabolic and inflammatory markers, and 215 SNPs in 21 genes (NPY gene, NPY receptor genes and genes encoding arcuate nucleus NPY neuron receptors) were studied in 180 patients with schizophrenia on clozapine treatment.

Results

The serum levels of NPY correlated with levels of resistin (r = 0.31, P < 0.001) and age (r = 0.22, P = 0.003). In the general linear univariate model the best-fitting model with explanatory factors age, serum resistin level, serum insulin level, BMI and gender explained 18.0% (P < 0.001) of the variance of serum NPY. Genetic risk score (GRSNPY) analysis found twelve significant (P < 0.05) serum NPY concentration related SNPs among α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene CHRNA7, insulin receptor gene INSR, leptin receptor gene LEPR, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene NR3C1, and NPY gene. However, after permutation test of gene score the predictive value of GRSNPY remained non-significant (P = 0.078).

Conclusions

Serum NPY level does not seem to be a feasible biomarker of AIWG. Serum NPY level alterations are not significantly associated with the candidate gene polymorphisms studied.

Keywords

SchizophreniaGeneticsNPY receptorWeight gainPolymorphismResistin
Type
Original article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 40 , February 2017 , pp. 13 - 19
Copyright
Copyright © Elsevier Masson SAS 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Newcomer, J.W.Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics and metabolic effects: a comprehensive literature review. CNS Drugs 2005; 19(Suppl 1):1–9310.2165/00023210-200519001-00001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lett, T.A.Wallace, T.J.Chowdhury, N.I.Tiwari, A.K.Kennedy, J.L.Muller, D.J.Pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic-induced weight gain: review and clinical implications. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17: 242–26610.1038/mp.2011.109CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shams, T.A.Müller, D.J.Antipsychotic induced weight gain: genetics, epigenetics, and biomarkers reviewed. Curr Psychiatry Rep 16 2014 47310.1007/s11920-014-0473-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, L.M.Clegg, D.J.Central effects of estradiol in the regulation of food intake, body weight, and adiposity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 122: 65–7310.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.12.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mercer, R.E.Chee, M.J.Colmers, W.F.The role of NPY in hypothalamic mediated food intake. Front Neuroendocrinol 2011; 32: 398–41510.1016/j.yfrne.2011.06.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kageyama, H.Takenoya, F.Hirako, S.Wada, N.Kintaka, Y.Inoue, S.et al.Neuronal circuits involving neuropeptide Y in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus-mediated feeding regulation. Neuropeptides 2012; 46: 285–28910.1016/j.npep.2012.09.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sobrino Crespo, C.Perianes Cachero, A.Puebla Jiménez, L.Barrios, V.Arilla Ferreiro, E.Peptides and food intake. Front Endocrinol 5 2014 5810.3389/fendo.2014.00058CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sousa-Ferreira, L.Garrido, M.Nascimento-Ferreira, I.Nobrega, C.Santos-Carvalho, A.Alvaro, A.R.et al.Moderate long-term modulation of neuropeptide Y in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus induces energy balance alterations in adult rats. PLoS ONE 6 2011 e2233310.1371/journal.pone.0022333CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baltazi, M.Katsiki, N.Savopoulos, C.Iliadis, F.Koliakos, G.Hatzitolios, A.I.Plasma neuropeptide Y (NPY) and alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (a-MSH) levels in patients with or without hypertension and/or obesity: a pilot study. Am J Cardiovasc Dis 2011; 1: 48–59Google ScholarPubMed
Baranowska, B.Wolińska-Witort, E.Martyńska, L.Chmielowska, M.Baranowska-Bik, A.Plasma orexin A, orexin B, leptin, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and insulin in obese women. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2005; 26: 293–296Google ScholarPubMed
Sitticharoon, C.Chatree, S.Churintaraphan, M.Expressions of neuropeptide Y and Y1 receptor in subcutaneous and visceral fat tissues in normal weight and obese humans and their correlations with clinical parameters and peripheral metabolic factors. Regul Pept 2013; 185: 65–7210.1016/j.regpep.2013.06.015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nyström, F.Nilsson, P.Olsson, A.G.Karlberg, B.E.Ohman, K.P.A population study of plasma neuropeptide Y: correlations with components of the metabolic syndrome. Blood Press 1996; 5: 349–35310.3109/08037059609078073CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ilhan, A.Rasul, S.Dimitrov, A.Handisurya, A.Gartner, W.Baumgartner-Parzer, S.et al.Plasma neuropeptide Y levels differ in distinct diabetic conditions. Neuropeptides 2010; 44: 485–48910.1016/j.npep.2010.08.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milewicz, A.Mikulski, E.Bidzińska, B.Plasma insulin, cholecystokinin, galanin, neuropeptide Y and leptin levels in obese women with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24(Suppl 2):S152–S15310.1038/sj.ijo.0801310CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solt, V.B.Brown, M.R.Kennedy, B.Kolterman, O.G.Ziegler, M.G.Elevated insulin, norepinephrine, and neuropeptide Y in hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1990; 3: 823–82810.1093/ajh/3.11.823CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milewicz, A.Bidzińska, B.Mikulski, E.Demissie, M.Tworowska, U.Influence of obesity and menopausal status on serum leptin, cholecystokinin, galanin and neuropeptide Y levels. Gynecol Endocrinol 2000; 14: 196–20310.3109/09513590009167682CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orbetzova, M.M.Koleva, D.I.Mitkov, M.D.Atanassova, I.B.Nikolova, J.G.Atanassova, P.K.et al.Adipocytokines, neuropeptide Y and insulin resistance in overweight women with gynoid and android type of adipose tissue distribution. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2012; 54: 22–2910.2478/v10153-011-0093-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fitzgerald, P.B.Scaffidi, A.Morris, M.J.de Castella, A.R.Kulkarni, J.The relationship of changes in leptin, neuropeptide Y and reproductive hormones to antipsychotic induced weight gain. Hum Psychopharmacol 2003; 18: 551–55710.1002/hup.519CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirk, S.L.Cahir, M.Reynolds, G.P.Clozapine, but not haloperidol, increases neuropeptide Y neuronal expression in the rat hypothalamus. J Psychopharmacol 2006; 20: 577–57910.1177/0269881106061199CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernø, J.Varela, L.Skrede, S.Vázquez, M.J.Nogueiras, R.Diéguez, C.et al.Olanzapine-induced hyperphagia and weight gain associate with orexigenic hypothalamic neuropeptide signaling without concomitant AMPK phosphorylation. PLoS ONE 6 2011 e2057110.1371/journal.pone.0020571CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raposo, N.R.Ferreira, A.S.Gattaz, W.F.Body mass index increase, serum leptin, adiponectin, neuropeptide Y and lipid levels during treatment with olanzapine and haloperidol. Pharmacopsychiatry 2011; 44: 169–172Google ScholarPubMed
Ak, M.Sezlev, D.Sutcigil, L.Akarsu, S.Ozgen, F.Yanik, T.The investigation of leptin and hypothalamic neuropeptides role in first attack psychotic male patients: olanzapine monotherapy. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38: 341–34710.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.06.012CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yanik, T.Kursungoz, C.Sutcigil, L.Ak, M.Weight gain in risperidone therapy: investigation of peripheral hypothalamic neurohormone levels in psychotic patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2013; 33: 608–61310.1097/JCP.0b013e318297980eCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wysokiński, A.Fasting serum levels of neuropeptide Y in patients with schizophrenia on clozapine monotherapy. Clin Neuropharmacol 2015; 38: 18–2210.1097/WNF.0000000000000062CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tiwari, A.K.Brandl, E.J.Weber, C.Likhodi, O.Zai, C.C.Hahn, M.K.et al.Association of a functional polymorphism in neuropeptide Y with antipsychotic-induced weight gain in schizophrenia patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2013; 33: 11–1710.1097/JCP.0b013e31827d145aCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shah, S.H.Freedman, N.J.Zhang, L.Crosslin, D.R.Stone, D.H.Haynes, C.et al.Neuropeptide Y gene polymorphisms confer risk of early-onset atherosclerosis. PLoS Genet 5 2009 e100031810.1371/journal.pgen.1000318CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mutschler, J.Abbruzzese, E.Wiedemann, K.von der Goltz, C.Dinter, C.Mobascher, A.et al.Functional polymorphism in the neuropeptide Y gene promoter (rs16147) is associated with serum leptin levels and waist-hip ratio in women. Ann Nutr Metab 2013; 62: 271–27610.1159/000346799CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olza, J.Gil-Campos, M.Leis, R.Rupérez, A.I.Tojo, R.Cañete, R.et al.Influence of variants in the NPY gene on obesity and metabolic syndrome features in Spanish children. Peptides 2013; 45: 22–2710.1016/j.peptides.2013.04.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yeung, E.H.Zhang, C.Chen, J.Bowers, K.Hu, F.B.Kang, G.et al.Polymorphisms in the neuropeptide Y gene and the risk of obesity: findings from two prospective cohorts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96 2011 E2055–E206210.1210/jc.2011-0195CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Inoue, Y.Shinkai, T.Utsunomiya, K.Sakata, S.Fukunaka, Y.Yamaguchi, W.et al.No association between a functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the neuropeptide Y gene (−485C>T) and schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 2009; 452: 72–7410.1016/j.neulet.2009.01.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Itokawa, M.Arai, M.Kato, S.Ogata, Y.Furukawa, A.Haga, S.et al.Association between a novel polymorphism in the promoter region of the neuropeptide Y gene and schizophrenia in humans. Neurosci Lett 2003; 347: 202–20410.1016/S0304-3940(03)00718-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindberg, C.Koefoed, P.Hansen, E.S.Bolwig, T.G.Rehfeld, J.F.Mellerup, E.et al.No association between the −399 C>T polymorphism of the neuropeptide Y gene and schizophrenia, unipolar depression or panic disorder in a Danish population. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2006; 113: 54–5810.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00648.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, H.S.Duan, S.W.Xing, Q.H.Du, J.Li, X.W.Xu, Y.F.et al.Association study between NPY and YWHAH gene polymorphisms and schizophrenia. Yi Chuan Xue Bao 2005; 32: 1235–1240http://dx.doi.org/ [Abstract, in Chinese]Google Scholar
Mitchell, G.C.Wang, Q.Ramamoorthy, P.Whim, M.D.A common single nucleotide polymorphism alters the synthesis and secretion of neuropeptide Y. J Neurosci 2008; 28: 14428–1443410.1523/JNEUROSCI.0343-08.2008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karvonen, M.K.Pesonen, U.Koulu, M.Niskanen, L.Laakso, M.Rissanen, A.et al.Association of a leucine(7)-to-proline(7) polymorphism in the signal peptide of neuropeptide Y with high serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels. Nat Med 1998; 4: 1434–143710.1038/4027CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ilveskoski, E.Viiri, L.E.Mikkelsson, J.Pörsti, I.Lehtimäki, T.Karhunen, P.J.et al.Y signal peptide Pro7 substitution protects against coronary artery atherosclerosis: the Helsinki Sudden Death Study. Atherosclerosis 2008; 199: 445–450CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ukkola, O.Kesäniemi, Y.A.Leu7Pro polymorphism of PreproNPY associated with an increased risk for type II diabetes in middle-aged subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 61: 1102–1105CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaakkola, U.Kakko, T.Seppälä, H.Vainio-Jylhä, E.Vahlberg, T.Raitakari, O.T.et al.The Leu7Pro polymorphism of the signal peptide of neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene is associated with increased levels of inflammatory markers preceding vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Microvasc Res 2010; 80: 433–43910.1016/j.mvr.2010.07.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masoudi-Kazemabad, A.Jamialahmadi, K.Moohebati, M.Mojarrad, M.Manshadi, R.D.Akhlaghi, S.et al.Neuropeptide Y Leu7Pro polymorphism associated with the metabolic syndrome and its features in patients with coronary artery disease. Angiology 2013; 64: 40–4510.1177/0003319711435149CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aberle, J.Flitsch, J.Beck, N.A.Mann, O.Busch, P.Peitsmeier, P.et al.Genetic variation may influence obesity only under conditions of diet: analysis of three candidate genes. Mol Genet Metab 2008; 95: 188–19110.1016/j.ymgme.2008.07.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhaskar, L.V.Thangaraj, K.Pardhasaradhi, G.Kumar, K.P.Singh, L.Rao, V.R.Neuropeptide Y gene polymorphisms are not associated with obesity in a South Indian population. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010; 64: 868–872CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mattevi, V.S.Zembrzuski, V.M.Hutz, M.H.Association analysis of genes involved in the leptin-signaling pathway with obesity in Brazil. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002; 26: 1179–118510.1038/sj.ijo.0802067CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pesonen, U.NPY L7P polymorphism and metabolic diseases. Regul Pept 2008; 149: 51–5510.1016/j.regpep.2007.08.028CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sohn, J.W.Elmquist, J.K.Williams, K.W.Neuronal circuits that regulate feeding behavior and metabolism. Trends Neurosci 2013; 36: 504–51210.1016/j.tins.2013.05.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, W.Cline, M.A.Gilbert, E.R.Hypothalamus-adipose tissue crosstalk: neuropeptide Y and the regulation of energy metabolism. Nutr Metab (lond) 11 2014 27CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farzi, A.Reichmann, F.Holzer, P.The homeostatic role of neuropeptide Y in immune function and its impact on mood and behaviour. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213: 603–62710.1111/apha.12445CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, P.Tiwari, H.K.Lin, W.Y.Allison, D.B.Chung, W.K.Leibel, R.L.et al.Genetic association analysis of 30 genes related to obesity in a European American population. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 38: 724–72910.1038/ijo.2013.140CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marrades, M.P.González-Muniesa, P.Martínez, J.A.Moreno-Aliaga, M.J.A dysregulation in CES1, APOE and other lipid metabolism-related genes is associated to cardiovascular risk factors linked to obesity. Obes Facts 2010; 3: 312–31810.1159/000321451CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, C.D.Lyon, H.N.Nemesh, J.Drake, J.A.Tuomi, T.Gaudet, D.et al.Association studies of BMI and type 2 diabetes in the neuropeptide Y pathway: a possible role for NPY2R as a candidate gene for type 2 diabetes in men. Diabetes 2007; 56: 1460–1467CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedlander, Y.Li, G.Fornage, M.Williams, O.D.Lewis, C.E.Schreiner, P.et al.Candidate molecular pathway genes related to appetite regulatory neural network, adipocyte homeostasis and obesity: results from the CARDIA Study. Ann Hum Genet 2010; 74: 387–398CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunt, S.C.Hasstedt, S.J.Xin, Y.Dalley, B.K.Milash, B.A.Yakobson, E.et al.Polymorphisms in the NPY2R gene show significant associations with BMI that are additive to FTO, MC4R, and NPFFR2 gene effects. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19: 2241–224710.1038/oby.2011.239CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lavebratt, C.Alpman, A.Persson, B.Arner, P.Hoffstedt, J.Common neuropeptide Y2 receptor gene variant is protective against obesity among Swedish men. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 30: 453–45910.1038/sj.ijo.0803188CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siddiq, A.Gueorguiev, M.Samson, C.Hercberg, S.Heude, B.Levy-Marchal, C.et al.Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the neuropeptide Y2 receptor (NPY2R) gene and association with severe obesity in French white subjects. Diabetologia 2007; 50: 574–58410.1007/s00125-006-0555-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takiguchi, E.Fukano, C.Kimura, Y.Tanaka, M.Tanida, K.Kaji, H.Variation in the 5′-flanking region of the neuropeptide Y2 receptor gene and metabolic parameters. Metabolism 2010; 59: 1591–1596CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torekov, S.S.Larsen, L.H.Andersen, G.Albrechtsen, A.Glümer, C.Borch-Johnsen, K.et al.Variants in the 5′ region of the neuropeptide Y receptor Y2 gene (NPY2R) are associated with obesity in 5,971 white subjects. Diabetologia 2006; 49: 2653–265810.1007/s00125-006-0425-yCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, H.J.Wermter, A.K.Nguyen, T.T.Scherag, A.Reichwald, K.Waldenmaier, B.et al.No association of sequence variants in the neuropeptide Y2 receptor (NPY2R) gene with early onset obesity in Germans. Horm Metab Res 2007; 39: 840–844CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coletta, D.K.Schneider, J.Stern, M.P.Blangero, J.DeFronzo, R.A.Duggirala, R.et al.Association of neuropeptide Y receptor Y5 polymorphisms with dyslipidemia in Mexican Americans. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15: 809–81510.1038/oby.2007.610CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jenkinson, C.P.Cray, K.Walder, K.Herzog, H.Hanson, Ravussin, E.Novel polymorphisms in the neuropeptide-Y Y5 receptor associated with obesity in Pima Indians. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24: 580–584CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Long, M.Zhou, J.Li, D.Zheng, L.Xu, Z.Zhou, S.Long-term over-expression of neuropeptide Y in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus contributes to adipose tissue insulin resistance partly via the Y5 receptor. PLOS ONE 10 2015 e012671410.1371/journal.pone.0126714CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klemettilä, J.-P.Kampman, O.Seppälä, N.Viikki, M.Hämäläinen, M.Moilanen, E.et al.Cytokine and adipokine alterations in patients with schizophrenia treated with clozapine. Psychiatry Res 2014; 218: 277–28310.1016/j.psychres.2014.04.049CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klemettilä, J.-P.Kampman, O.Seppälä, N.Viikki, M.Hämäläinen, M.Moilanen, E.et al.Association study of the HTR2C, leptin and adiponectin genes and serum marker analyses in clozapine treated long-term patients with schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2015; 30: 296–302CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gabriel, S.B.Schaffner, S.F.Nguyen, H.Moore, J.M.Roy, J.Blumenstiel, B.et al.The structure of haplotype blocks in the human genome. Science 2002; 296: 2225–222910.1126/science.1069424CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akaike, H.Likelihood of a model and information criteria. J Econom 1981; 16: 3–1410.1016/0304-4076(81)90071-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, P.Muise, A.M.Xing, X.Brumell, J.H.Silverberg, M.S.Xu, W.Association between a multi-locus genetic risk score and inflammatory bowel disease. Bioinform Biol Insights 2013; 7: 143–15210.4137/BBI.S11601CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Codoñer-Franch, P.Alonso-Iglesias, E.Resistin: insulin resistance to malignancy. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 438: 46–5410.1016/j.cca.2014.07.043CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cifani, C.Durocher, Y.Pathak, A.Penicaud, L.Smih, F.Massi, M.et al.Possible common central pathway for resistin and insulin in regulating food intake. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2009; 196: 395–40010.1111/j.1748-1716.2008.01949.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singhal, N.S.Lazar, M.A.Ahima, R.S.Central resistin induces hepatic insulin resistance via neuropeptide Y. J Neurosci 2007; 27: 12924–12932CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vázquez, M.J.González, C.R.Varela, L.Lage, R.Tovar, S.Sangiao-Alvarellos, S.et al.Central resistin regulates hypothalamic and peripheral lipid metabolism in a nutritional-dependent fashion. Endocrinology 2008; 149: 4534–454310.1210/en.2007-1708CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Güneş, M.Bukan, N.Examination of angiopoietin-like protein 4, neuropeptide Y, omentin-1 levels of obese and non-obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 2015; 31: 903–906Google ScholarPubMed
Macia, L.Yulyaningsih, E.Pangon, L.Nguyen, A.D.Lin, S.Shi, Y.C.et al.Neuropeptide Y1 receptor in immune cells regulates inflammation and insulin resistance associated with diet-induced obesity. Diabetes 2012; 61: 3228–323810.2337/db12-0156CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kos, K.Harte, A.L.James, S.Snead, D.R.O’Hare, J.P.McTernan, P.G.et al.Secretion of neuropeptide Y in human adipose tissue and its role in maintenance of adipose tissue mass. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 293 2007 E1335–E134010.1152/ajpendo.00333.2007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dötsch, J.Adelmann, M.Englaro, P.Dötsch, A.Hänze, J.Blum, W.F.et al.Relation of leptin and neuropeptide Y in human blood and cerebrospinal fluid. J Neurol Sci 1997; 151: 185–188CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hussain, T.Al-Daghri, N.M.Al-Attas, O.S.Draz, H.M.Abd Al-Rahman, S.H.Yakout, S.M.Plasma neuropeptide Y levels relate cigarette smoking and smoking cessation to body weight regulation. Regul Pept 2012; 176: 22–2710.1016/j.regpep.2012.02.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tokgoz, H.Aydin, K.Oran, B.Kiyici, A.Plasma leptin, neuropeptide Y, ghrelin, and adiponectin levels and carotid artery intima media thickness in epileptic children treated with valproate. Childs Nerv Syst 2012; 28: 1049–105310.1007/s00381-012-1788-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Fusar-Poli et al. supplementary material

Table S1

Download Fusar-Poli et al. supplementary material(File)
File 18.5 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Klemettilä et al. supplementary material

Supplementary materials

Download Klemettilä et al. supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 43.5 KB
Supplementary material: File

Fusar-Poli et al. supplementary material

Figure S1

Download Fusar-Poli et al. supplementary material(File)
File 527.7 KB
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.