Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-ndmmz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-17T05:02:20.869Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

EPA guidance on how to improve the image of psychiatry and of the psychiatrist

Part of: EPA Guidance Papers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2020

D. Bhugra ,
N. Sartorius ,
A. Fiorillo ,
S. Evans-Lacko ,
A. Ventriglio ,
M.H.M. Hermans ,
P. Vallon ,
J. Dales ,
G. Racetovic  and
J. Samochowiec
...Show all authors
D. Bhugra*
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
N. Sartorius
Affiliation:
Association for the Improvement of Mental Health Programmes (AMH), Geneva, Switzerland
A. Fiorillo
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
S. Evans-Lacko
Affiliation:
Department of Health Service and Population Research, King's College, London, UK
A. Ventriglio
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
M.H.M. Hermans
Affiliation:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Fortuinstraat, Mechelen, Belgium
P. Vallon
Affiliation:
Swiss Society of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Geneva, Switzerland
J. Dales
Affiliation:
University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
G. Racetovic
Affiliation:
Centar za Mentalino Zdravlje, Prijedor, Bosnia and Herzegovina
J. Samochowiec
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Poland
M. Roca Bennemar
Affiliation:
University of Balearic Islands, Spain
T. Becker
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry II,Ulm University,Bezirkskrankenhaus, Günzburg, Germany
T. Kurimay
Affiliation:
Institute of Behaviour Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
W. Gaebel
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
*
*Corresponding author at: King's College of London, Institute of Psychiatry, IDe Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United kingdom. E-mail address:dinesh.bhugra@kcl.ac.uk (D. Bhugra).
Get access

Abstract

Stigma against mental illness and the mentally ill is well known. However, stigma against psychiatrists and mental health professionals is known but not discussed widely. Public attitudes and also those of other professionals affect recruitment into psychiatry and mental health services. The reasons for this discriminatory attitude are many and often not dissimilar to those held against mentally ill individuals. In this Guidance paper we present some of the factors affecting the image of psychiatry and psychiatrists which is perceived by the public at large. We look at the portrayal of psychiatry, psychiatrists in the media and literature which may affect attitudes. We also explore potential causes and explanations and propose some strategies in dealing with negative attitudes. Reduction in negative attitudes will improve recruitment and retention in psychiatry. We recommend that national psychiatric societies and other stakeholders, including patients, their families and carers, have a major and significant role to play in dealing with stigma, discrimination and prejudice against psychiatry and psychiatrists.

Keywords

PsychiatryPsychiatristsStigmaStigmatisationPatientsRetention
Type
Original article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 30 , Issue 3: Special issue: EPA Guidance papers , March 2015 , pp. 423 - 430
Copyright
Copyright © Elsevier Masson SAS 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abramowitz, MZ, Bentov-Gofrit, D. The attitudes of Israeli students towards residency in psychiatry. Acad Psychiatry 2005;29:92–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, NH. Attitudes of psychiatric patients and their relatives to involuntary treatment. Aust N Zeal J Psychiatry 1991;25:231–237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Addington, J, Heinssen, RK, Robinson, DG, et al.Duration of untreated psychosis in community treatment settings in the United States. Psychiatr Serv 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201400124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akinyinka, OO, Ohaeri, J, Asuzu, MC. Beliefs and attitudes of clinical year students concerning medical specialties: an Ibadan medical school study. Afr J Med Sci 1992;21:89–99.Google ScholarPubMed
Al-Adawi, S., Dorvlo, A.S., Bhaya, C., et al.Withering before the sowing? A survey of Oman's ‘tomorrow's doctors’ interest in psychiatry. Educ Health 2008;21:117.Google Scholar
Alarcon, R.. Culture, cultural factors and psychiatric diagnosis: review and projections. World Psychiatry 2009;8:131–139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andlauer, O., van Effenterre, A., Haffen, E., Sechter, D., Farooq, K., Lydall, G.J., et al.Encouraging French medical students to choose a career in psychiatry: how and why?. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2013;25(4):460–465.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Angermeyer, M.C.. Public image of psychiatry. Results of a representative poll in the new federal states of Germany. Psychiatr Prax 2000;27:327–329.Google ScholarPubMed
Angermeyer, M.C.. Have there been any changes in the public's attitudes towards psychiatric treatment?. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005;111:68–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Angermeyer, M.C., Schomenus, G.. Attitudes towards psychiatric treatment and people with mental illness: changes over two decades. Br J Psychiatry 2013;203:146–151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Angermeyer, M.C., Dietrich, S., Kenzine, D., Matschinger, H.. Public attitudes towards psychiatric treatment. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2005;40:855–864.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arboleda-Flórez, J.. Considerations on the stigma of mental illness. Can J Psychiatry 2003;48:645–650.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balon, R., Gregory, R., Franchini, M.D., et al.Medical students attitudes and views of psychiatry. Acad Psychiatry 1999;23:30–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben-Noun, L.. Characterization of patients refusing professional psychiatric treatment in a pri-mary care clinic. Isr J Psychiatr Relat Sci 1996;33:167–174.Google Scholar
Berg, W.T., Wallace, M.. Effect of treatment setting on social workers’ knowledge of psychotropic drugs. Health Soc Work 1987;12:144–152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bergman, S.. Nursing attitudes to psychiatry and geriatrics as preferred areas of work. 1st Ann Psychiatry Relat Discip 1974;12:156–160.Google Scholar
Bhugra, D.. Attitudes towards mental illness. A review of the literature. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989;80(1):1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1989.tb01293.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhugra, D.. Mad tales from Bollywood: the impact of social, political, and economic climate on the portrayal of mental illness in Hindi films. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005;112(4):250–256. [PubMed PMID: pmid:16156831. Epub 2005/09/15. eng]..CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhugra, D.. Professionalism and psychiatry: the profession speaks. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2008;118(4):327–329. [PubMed PMID: 18430076. Epub 2008/04/24. eng]..CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhugra, D.Professionalism in mental healthcare: experts, expertise and experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhugra, D., Meux, C.. Consumers’ attitudes to ECT. Br J Clin Soc Psychiatry 1991;8(2):48–50.Google Scholar
Bhugra, D., Gupta, S., Smyth, G., Webber, M.. Through the prism darkly: how do others see psychiatrists?. Australas Psychiatry 2010;18(1):7–11. [PubMed PMID: 20039790. Epub 2009/12/31. eng]..CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowers, L., Alexander, J., Simpson, A., et al.Cultures of psychiatry and the professional socialization process. Nurs Educ Today 2004;24:435–442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Britten, N.. Psychiatry, stigma, and resistance. Psychiatrists need to concentrate on under-standing, not simply compliance. BMJ 1998;317:963–964.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brockington, I., Mumford, D.. Recruitment into psychiatry. Br J Psychiatry 2002;180:307–312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruhn, J.G.. Medical students attitudes towards four medical specialties. J Med Educ 1964;39:40–49.Google Scholar
Brüne, M., Belsky, J., Fabrega, H., et al.The crisis of psychiatry – insights and prospects from evolutionary theory. World Psychiatry 2012;11:55–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buchanan, A., Bhugra, D.. Attitude of the medical profession to psychiatry. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992;85(1):1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1992.tb01432.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, J.R.. Hollywood portrayals of child and adolescent mental health treatment: implications for clinical practice. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2005;14:509–522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Castaldelli-Maia, J.M., Bhugra, D., de Andrade, A.G., Lotufo-Neto, F.. Substance use and misuse in Brazilian movies (2000–2008). Subst Use Misuse 2013;48(3):248–257. [PubMed PMID: 23302060. Epub 2013/01/11. eng]..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, L.. The effects of training and social orientation on attitudes towards psychiatric treatments. J Adv Nurs 1989;14(6):485–493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coady, M.The nature of professions. In: Bloch, S.G., editor. Psychiatric ethics Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2009. p. 85–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen-Cole, S.A.. Attitudes of nonpsychiatric physicians toward psychiatric consultation. Hosp Commun Psychiatry 1982;33:1002–1005.Google ScholarPubMed
Corrigan, P., Angermeyer, M.. Stigma blocks recovery from mental illness. World Psychiatry 2012;11:61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Croghan, T.W., Pescosolido, B.A.. Attitudes toward and willingness to use psychiatric medications. J Nerv Ment Dis 2003;191:166–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Culshaw, D., Brown, K.. Let's get physical! A study of general practitioner's referral letters to general adult psychiatry–Are physical examination and investigation results included?. Scott Med J 2008;53:7–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, M., Balasubramanian, B.A., Waller, E., Miller, B.F., Green, L.A., Cohen, D.J.. Integrating behavioral and physical health care in the real world: early lessons from advancing care together. J Am Board Fam Med 2013;26:588–602.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Leon, J.. Is psychiatry unscientific? A Letter to a 21st century psychiatry resident. Psychiatr Investig 2013;10:205–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De-Nour, A.. Attitudes of physicians in a general hospital towards psychiatric consultation service. Ment Health Soc 1979;5:215–223.Google Scholar
Dewan, M.J., Donnelly, M.P.. A positive view of psychiatrists and psychiatry. Compr Psychiatry 1988;29:523–531.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dichter, H.Stigmatization of psychiatrists who work with chronically mentally ill persons. Fink, P.J., editor. Stigma and mental illness Washington: American Psychtriac Press; 1992;203–215.Google Scholar
Dvoracek, B., Nawka, A., Nawkowa, L., Vevera, J., Lydall, G.J., Malik, A., et al.Recruitment to psychiatry in the Czech Republic: ‘Waiting for resuscitation’?. Int Rev Psychiatry 2013;25(4):466–471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elnat, H., George, A.. Positive attitude change toward psychiatry in pharmacy students following an active learning psychopharmacology course. Acad Psychiatry 2008;32:515–517.Google Scholar
Evans-Lacko, S., Courtin, E., Fiorillo, A., et al.The state of the art in European research on reducing social exclusion and stigma related to mental health: a systematic mapping of the literature. Eur Psychiatry 2014;29:381–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farroq, K., Lydall, G.J., Bhugra, D.. What attracts medical students towards psychiatry? A review of factors before and during medical school. Int Rev Psychiatry 2013;25(4):371–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fava, G.A.. The intellectual crisis of psychiatric research. Psychother Psychosom 2006;75:202–208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernandes, R.L.F., Citero, V.A., Nogueira-Martins, L.A., Mari, J.J.. Psychiatry career in Brazil: regional disparities, differences and similarities in an international context. Int Rev Psychiatry 2013;25(4):486–492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferrari, S., Reggianini, C., Mattei, G., Rigatelli, M., Pingani, L., Bhugra, D.. Inernational Study of Student Career Choice in Psychiatry (ISoSCCiP): results from Modena, Italy. Int Rev Psychiatry 2013;25(4):45–459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fink, P.J.. Stigma and mental illness: the enigma of stigma and its relation to psychiatric education. Psychiatr Ann 1983;13:669–690.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiorillo, A., De Rosa, C., Del Vecchio, V., et al.How to improve clinical practice on involuntary hospital admissions of psychiatric patients: suggestions from the EUNOMIA study. Eur Psychiatry 2011;26:201–207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiorillo, A., Giacco, D., De Rosa, C., et al.Patient characteristics and symptoms associated with perceived coercion during hospital treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2012;125:460–467.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiorillo, A., Malik, A., Luciano, M., et al.Challenges for trainees in psychiatry and early career psychiatrists. Int Rev Psychiatry 2013;25:431–437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiorillo, A., Luciano, M., Del Vecchio, V., et al.Priorities for mental health research in Europe: a survey among national stakeholders’ associations within the ROAMER project. World Psychiatry 2013;12(2):165–170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiorillo, A., Del Vecchio, V., Luciano, M., Sampogna, G., Beezhold, J.. This is why there is hope for psychiatry. World Psychiatry 2014;13:98–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gabbard, G.O.Cinematic stereotypes contributing to the stigmatization of psychiatrists. In: Fink, P.J., editor. Stigma and mental illness. Washington: American Psychiatric Press; 1992.113–126.Google Scholar
Gabbard, G.O.Psychiatry and the cinema. 2nd ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Press; 1999.Google Scholar
Gaebel, W., Zielasek, J., Cleveland, H.-R.. Psychiatry as a medical specialty: challenges and opportunities. World Psychiatry 2010;9:36–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gerke, W., Rufer, M., Schnyder, U.. Attracting young academics into the field of psychiatry and psychotherapy in Switzerland – The Zurich ‘study focus on psychiatry’ and training concept for medical psychotherapy. Int Rev Psychiatry 2013;25(4):445–449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gharaibeh, N.. The psychiatrist's image in commercially available American movies. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005;114:316–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffiths, L., Jorm, A.. Mental health literacy as a function of remoteness of residence. BMC Public Health 2009;9:92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gynther, M.D., Fishman, M.. Attitudes of psychiatric patients toward treatment, psychiatrists and mental hospitals. J Nerv Ment Dis 1963;136:68–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halder, N., Hadjidemetriou, C., Pearson, R., Farroq, K., Lydall, G.J., Malik, A., et al.Student career choice in psychiatry: findings from 18 UK medical schools. Int Rev Psychiatry 2013;25(4):438–444.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamre, P., Malt, U.F.. Public attitudes to the quality of psychiatric treatment, psychiatric patients, and prevalence of mental disorders. Nord J Psychiatry 1994;48:275–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harding, A.V.. Nurses’ attitudes to psychiatric treatment. Aust Nurs J 1980;9:28–30.Google ScholarPubMed
Haro, J.M., Ayuso-Mateos, J.L., Bitter, I., et al.ROAMER: roadmap for mental health research in Europe. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2014;23:1–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herran, A., Carrera, M., Andres, A., et al.Attitudes towards psychiatry among medical students. Eur Neuropsychopharm 2006;16:563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-977X(06)70796-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heun, R., Gaebel, W., et al.The relevance of EPA guidance papers in the framework of the European Psychiatric Association. Eur Psychiatry 2015 [in press].CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, D., Zayas, L.E.. “Bashing” of medical specialities: student's experiences and recommendation. Fam Med 2008;40:400–406.Google Scholar
Hopson, J.. The demonisation of psychiatrists in fictin (and why real psychiatrists might want to do something about it). Psychiatr Bull 2014;38:175–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isacson, D.. Attitudes towards drugs–a survey in the general population. Pharm World Sci 2002;24:104–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jablensky, A.. Psychiatry in crisis? Back to fundamentals. World Psychiatry 2010;9:29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jungbauer, J., Angermeyer, M.C.. Caregivers’ views of the treating psychiatrists: coping resource or additional burden?. Psychiatr Prax 2002;29:279–284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kato, T.A., Balhara, Y.P.S., Chawla, J.M., Tateno, M., Kanba, S.. Undergraduate medical students’ attitudes towards psychiatry: an international cross-sectional survey between India and Japan. Int Rev Psychiatry 2013;25(4):378–384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katschnig, H.. Are psychiatrists an endangered species? Observations on internal and external challenges to the profession. World Psychiatry 2010;9:21–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendell, R.. Distinguishing between the validity and utility of psychiatric diagnoses. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:4–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessing, L.V., Demyttenaere, K.. Depressive and bipolar disorders: patients’ attitudes and beliefs towards de-pression and antidepressants. Psychol Med 2005;35:1205–1213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitchener, B.A.. Mental health first aid training in a workplace setting: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2004;15:23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koh, K.B.. Medical students’ attitudes towards psychiatry in a Korean medical college. Yonsei Med J 1990;31:60–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kovess-Masféty, V., Sevilla-Dedieu, C.. What makes people decide who to turn to when faced with a mental health problem? Results from a French Survey. BMC Public Health 2007;7:188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laux, G.. Common attitudes toward the psychiatrist and psychotherapist. Nervenarzt 1977;48:331–334.Google Scholar
Link, B., Levav, I., Cohen, A.. The primary medical care practitioners’ attitudes towards psychiatry. Soc Sci Med 1982;16:1415–1420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luciano, M., Sampogna, G., Del Vecchio, V., Pingani, L., Palumbo, C., De Rosa, C., et al.Use of coercive measures in mental health practice and its impact on outcome: a critical review. Expert Rev Neurother 2014;14(2):131–141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lydall, G, Farooq, K, Malik, A, Bhugra, D.Medical students in psychiatry. 2013;25(4):365–492..Google Scholar
Maj, M.. Are psychiatrists an endangered species?. World Psychiatry 2010;9:1–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maj, M.. Adherence to psychiatric treatments and the public image of psychiatry. World Psychiatry 2013;12:185–186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maldiment, R.L., Katona, G.C., et al.Carry on shrinking. Psychiatr Bull 2003;27:30–32.Google Scholar
Marić, N.P., Milekić, B.. How medical students in their pre-clinical year perceive psychiatry as a career: the study from Belgrade. Psychiat Danub 2009;21:206–212.Google Scholar
Mbatia, J., Shah, A., Jenkins, R.. Knowledge, attitudes and practice pertaining to depression among primary health care workers in Tanzania. Int J Ment Health Syst 2009;3:5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mezey, A.G.. Psychiatric illness and attitudes to psychiatry among general hospital outpatients. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1975;10:133–138.Google Scholar
Morgan, G.. Why people are often reluctant to see a psychiatrist. Psychol Bull 2006;30:246–247.Google Scholar
Moses, T., Kirk, S.A.. Social workers’ attitudes about psychotropic drug treatment with youths. Soc Work 2006;51:211–222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ndetei, D.M., Ngumi, Z.W., Mutiso, V.N., Musyimi, C.W., Kamau, L.W.. Factors that influence the choice of psychiatry as a career by medical students at the School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi. Int Rev Psychiatry 2013;25(4):406–412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Niaz, U., Hassan, S., Hussain, H., et al.Attitudes towards psychiatry in pre-clinical and post-clinical clerkships. Pak J Med Sci 2003;19:253–263.Google Scholar
P.P., History of psychiatry. In: Gelder, M.G.Andreassen, N., et al., editors. Textbook of psychiatry Oxford: Oxford University Press: 2009. p. 17–27.Google Scholar
Patel, M., DeZoysa, N., Baker, D., et al.Antipsychotic depot medicatin and attitudes of community psychiatric nurses. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2005;(12):7237–7244.Google ScholarPubMed
Patel, M., Yeung, F.K., Haddad, P., et al.Psychiatric nurses’ attitudes to antipsychotic depots in Hong Kong and comparison with London. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2008;15:758–766.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pingani, L., Luciano, M., Sampogna, G., et al.The crisis in psychiatry: a public health perspective. Int Rev Psychiatry 2014;26:530–534.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rettenbacher, M.A., Burns, T., Kemmler, G., et al.Schizophrenia: attitudes ot patients and professional carers towrads the illness and antipsychotic medication. Pharmacopsychiatry 2004;37:103–109.Google Scholar
Reznikoff, M.. Attitudes of psychiatric nurses and aides towards psychiatric treatment and hospitals. Ment Hyg 1963;47:360–364.Google Scholar
Richardson, L.A.. Seeking and obtaining mental health services: what do parents expect?. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2001;15:225–231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rottleb, U., Angermeyer, M.C.. The image of psychiatry in the “Leipziger Volkszeitung”–historical longitudinal study. Psychiatr Prax 2007;34:269–275.Google ScholarPubMed
Sartorius, N., Gaebel, W., Cleveland, H.-R., Stuart, H., Akiyama, T., Arboleda-Florez, J., et al.WPA Guidance on how to combat stigmatization of psychiatry. World Psychiatry 2010;9:131–144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schomerus, G., Matschinger, H., Baumeister, S.E., Mojtabai, R., Angermeyer, M.C.. Public attitudes towards psychiatric medication: a comparison between United States and Germany. World Psychiatry 2014;13:320–321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shore, M.F.. Public psychiatry: the public's view. Psychiatr Serv 1979;30:768–771.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siegrist, H.Professionals in history. In: Smelser, N.J., editor. International encyclopaedia of social behavioural sciences Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2004. p. 12154–12160.Google Scholar
Singer, P., Dornbusch, R., Brownstein, E.J., et al.Undergraduate psychiatric education and attitudes of medical students towards psychiatry. Compr Psychol 1986;27:14–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slater, D.. Public opinion of forensic psychiatry following the Hinckley verdict. Am J Psychiatry 1884;141:675–679.Google Scholar
Strebel, B.O., Lehmann, M.E., et al.Attitude of medical students to psychiatry. Nervenarzt 2000;71:205–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Streit-Forest, U.. Probing further into the freshman medical students’ attitudes toward “patient”, “doctor-patient relation” and “psychiatrist”. J Psychiatr Educ 1983;7:113–125.Google Scholar
Stuart, H.. Fighting the stigma caused by mental disorders: past perspectives, present activities and future direction. World Psychiatry 2008;7:185–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Summerfield, D.. Depression: epidemic or pseudo-epidemic?. J Roy Soc Med 2006;99:161–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thorens, G., Zullino, D.F.. Attitudes toward psychopharmacology among hospitalized patients from diverse ethno-cultural backgrounds. BMC Psychiatry 2008;8:55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thornicroft, G.Shunned: discrimination against people with mental illness. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006, 322 p.Google Scholar
Thornicroft, G., Mehta, N.Discrimination against people with mental illness: what can psychiatrists do?. Adv Psychiatr Treat 2010;16:53–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thumin, F.J.Psychology versus psychiatry: a study of public image. Am Psychol 1967;22:282–286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toomey, L.C., Reznikoff, M., Brady, J., et al.Attitudes of nursing students towards psychiatric treatment and hospitals. Ment Hyg 1961;45:589–602.Google Scholar
van Os, J.‘Salience syndrome’ replaces ‘schizophrenia’ in DSM-V and ICD-11: psychia-try's evidence-based entry into the 21st century?. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2009;120:363–372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Volpe, U., Fiorillo, A., Luciano, M., et al.Pathways to mental health care in Italy: results from a multicenter study. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2013;60:508–513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waggoner, R.W., Waggoner, R.W. Jr.Psychiatry's image: issues and responsibility. Psychiary Hosp 1983;14:34–38.Google ScholarPubMed
Whiteford, H.A., Degenhardt, L., Rehm, J., et al.Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2013;382(9904):1575–1586.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wigney, T., Parker, G.Factors encouraging medical students to a career in psychiatry. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2008;42:520–525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, D.R., Gonzalez, H.M., Neighbors, H., Nesse, R., Abelson, J.M., Sweetman, J., et al.Prevalence and distribution of major depressive disorder in African Americans, Caribbean blacks, and non-Hispanic whites: results from the National Survey of American Life. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007;64(3):305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolff, G., Craig, T.Public education for community care. A new approach. Br J Psychiatry 1996;168:441–447.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, J., Chambers, M., White, S.Nurses knowledge of and attitude to ECT. J ECT 2007;23:251–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yellowlees, P., Vizard, T., Eden, J.Australian medical students’ attitudes towards specialities and specialists. Med J Aust 1990;152:587–592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.