Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-ttngx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-23T17:15:16.941Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Evolution of Grain Legumes. V. The Oilseeds

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 October 2008

J. Smartt
J. Smartt
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, Building 44, The University, Southampton SO9 5NH, England
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Although the groundnut and soyabean are not close taxonomic relatives they have a number of features in common. Both are polyploid (2n = 4x = 40 chromosomes) and have arisen from the domestication of wild polyploids. Polyploidy has occurred independently at least twice in the genus Arachis, while in Glycine the genus includes both tetraploids and octoploids, an unusually high ploidy level in a legume. Both crops are oilseeds although oil content varies widely between the two species, ±50% in groundnut and ±20% in the soyabean. The soyabean produces ±35% protein content of good quality whereas that of the groundnut is ±30% and less well balanced nutritionally. The soyabean originated in the Far East whereas the groundnut originated in the eastern Andes foothills (N.W. Argentina to S. Bolivia). The evolutionary changes under domestication in the soyabean are typical; the cultigen has become a compact, erect, self-supporting plant with reduced pod dehiscence and loss of seed dormancy. The evolutionary response pattern of the groundnut is similar but modified on account of its geocarpy. This necessitates the maintenance of adequate contact between basal branches of the plant and the soil for effective fruiting. Notwithstanding this, strongly ascending growth forms have become established. The greatest contrast between the two species is in photoperiod sensitivity; the groundnut is day-neutral while the soyabean is a short-day plant with genotypes varying widely in the day length tolerated without inhibition of flowering.

Type
Research Article
Information
Experimental Agriculture , Volume 21 , Issue 4 , October 1985 , pp. 305 - 319
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1985

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Acland, J. D. (1971). East African Crops. London: FAO/Longman.Google Scholar
Ahmad, Q. N., Britten, E. J. & Byth, D. E. (1979). Inversion heterozygosity in the hybrid soybean × Glycine soja. Evidence from a pachytene loop configuration and other meiotic irregularities. Journal of Heredity 70:358–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowdidge, E. (1935). The Soya Bean, its History, Cultivation (in England) and Uses. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Duncan, W. G., McCloud, D. E., McGraw, R. L. & Boote, K. J. (1978). Physiological aspects of peanut yield improvement. Crop Science 18:1015–1020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, A. C. (1954). Rosette disease of groundnut. Nature 173:1242–1243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbons, R. W. (1966). The branching habit of Arachis monticola. Rhodesia, Zambia and Malawi Journal of Agricultural Research 4:9–11.Google Scholar
Gibbons, R. W. & Farrell, J. A. K. (1966). Test plant age and the transmission of groundnut rosette virus by the vector Aphis craccivora. Rhodesia, Zambia and Malawi Journal of Agricultural Research 4:23–33.Google Scholar
Gibbons, R. W., Bunting, A. H. & Smartt, J. (1972). The classification of varieties of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Euphytica 21:78–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregory, M. P. & Gregory, W. C. (1979). Exotic germ plasm of Arachis L. interspecific hybrids. Journal of Heredity 70:185–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregory, W. C., Gregory, M. P., Krapovickas, A., Smith, B. W. & Yarbrough, J. A. (1973). Structure and genetic resources of peanuts. In Peanuts – Culture and Uses, Chapter 3. Stillwater, Oklahoma: American Peanut Research and Education Association.Google Scholar
Gregory, W. C., Krapovickas, A. & Gregory, M. P. (1980). Structures, variation, evolution and classification in Arachis. In Advances in Legume Science (Eds Summerfield, R. J. & Bunting, A. H.). London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Hammons, R. O. (1970). Registration of Spancross peanuts. Crop Science 10:459.Google Scholar
Hammons, R. O. (1973). Early history and origin of the peanut. In Peanuts – Culture and Uses, Chapter 3. Stillwater, Oklahoma: American Peanut Research and Education Association.Google Scholar
Hemingway, J. S. (1957). The resistance of groundnuts to Cercospora leaf-spots. Empire Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25:60–68.Google Scholar
Hermann, F. J. (1962). A Revision of the Genus Glycine. USDA Technical Bulletin no. 1268.Google Scholar
Heywood, V. H. (1971). The Leguminosae - a systematic purview. In Chemotaxonomy of the Leguminosae, 1–29 (Eds Harborne, J. B., Boulter, D. & Turner, B. L.). London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hildebrand, G. L. & Smartt, J. (1980). The utilization of Bolivian groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) germplasm in Central Africa. Zimbabwe Journal of Agricultural Research 18:39–48.Google Scholar
Hu, T. C. (1963). Discourse on the character shu (soybeans). Essays on Chinese Literature and History 3rd Series (Shanghai), 111–115. (Chinese- cited in Hymowitz and Newell, 1981).Google Scholar
Husted, L. (1936). Cytological studies of the peanut Arachis II. Chromosome number, morphology and behavior and their application to the origin of cultivated forms. Cytologia 7:396–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hymowitz, T. (1970). On the domestication of the soybean. Economic Botany 24:408–421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hymowitz, T. (1976). Soybeans. In Evolution of Crop Plants, 159–162 (Ed. Simmonds, N. W.). London: Longman.Google Scholar
Hymowitz, T. & Harlan, J. R. (1983). Introduction of the soybean to North America by Samuel Bowen in 1765. Economic Botany 37:371–379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hymowitz, T. & Newell, C. A. (1980). Taxonomy, speciation, domestication, dissemination, germplasm resources and variation in the genus Glycine. In Advances in Legume Science, 251–264 (Eds Summerfield, R. J. & Bunting, A. H.). London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Hymowitz, T. & Newell, C. A. (1981). Taxonomy of the genus Glycine, domestication and uses of soybeans. Economic Botany 35:272–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krapovickas, A. (1969). The origin, variability and spread of the groundnut (Arachis hypogaea). In The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals, 427–441 (Eds Ucko, P. J. & Dimbleby, G. W.). London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Krapovickas, A. (1974). Evolution of the genus Arachis. In Agricultural Genetics: Selected Topics, 135–151 (Ed. Moav, R.). London: Wiley.Google Scholar
Krapovickas, A., Fernandez, A. & Seeligman, P. (1974). Recuperación de la fertilidad en un hibrido interespecifico esteril de Arachis (Leguminosea). Bonplandia 3:129–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lackey, J. A. (1981). 10. Phaseoleae. In Advances in Legume Systematics (Eds Polhill, R. M. & Raven, P. H.). Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens.Google Scholar
Linnaeus, C. (1737). Hortus Cliffortianus, Historiae Naturalis Classica, 1968 reprint, 449 (Eds Cramert, J. & Swann, H. K.). New York: Stechert-Hafner Service Agency.Google Scholar
Linnaeus, C. (1754). Genera Plantarum. Stockholm.Google Scholar
Maréchal, R., Mascherpa, J. M. & Stainier, F. (1978). Etude taxonomique d'un groupe complexe d'espèces des genres Phaseolus et Vigna (Papilionaceae) sur la base de données morphologiques et polliniques traitées par l'analyse informatique. Boissiera 28:1–273.Google Scholar
Newell, C. A. & Hymowitz, T. (1982). Successful wide hybridization between the soybean and a wild perennial relative, G. tomentella Hayata. Crop Science 22:1062–1065.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newell, C. A. & Hymowitz, T. (1983). Hybridization in the genus Glycine subgenus Glycine Willd. (Leguminosae – Papilionoideae). American Journal of Botany 70:334–348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orf, J. H. & Hymowitz, T. (1979). Genetics of the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor: an antinutritional factor in soybeans. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 56:722–726.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orf, J. H., Hymowitz, T., Pull, S. P. & Pueppke, S. G. (1978). Inheritance of a soybean lectin. Crop Science 18:899–900.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piper, C. V. & Morse, W. J. (1910). The Soybean: History, Varieties and Field Studies. USDA Bureau of Plant Industry, Bulletin no. 197.Google Scholar
Probst, A. H. & Judd, R. W. (1973). Origin, U.S. history and development, and world distribution. In Soybeans, 1–15 (Ed. Caldwell, B. E.). Madison, Wisconsin: American Society of Agronomy.Google Scholar
Shanmugasundaram, S., Kuo, G. C. & Nalampang, A. (1980). Adaptation and utilisation of soyabeans in different environments and agricultural systems. In Advances in Legume Science, 265–277 (Eds Summerfield, R. J. & Bunting, A. H.). London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Smartt, J. (1961). Factors influencing the selection and performance of groundnut varieties in Northern Rhodesia. Empire Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29:299–306.Google Scholar
Smartt, J. (1964). Factors influencing yield and quality of groundnuts in Northern Rhodesia. Empire Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32:343–351.Google Scholar
Smartt, J. (1967). Groundnut Production in Zambia - Groundnut Research 1954–61. Lusaka: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Smartt, J. (1978). Makulu Red – a Green Revolution groundnut variety. Euphytica 27:605–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smartt, J. (1981). Evolving gene pools in crop plants. Euphytica 30:415–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smartt, J. (1984). Gene pools in grain legumes. Economic Botany 38:24–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smartt, J., Gregory, W. C. & Gregory, M. P. (1978). The genomes of Arachis hypogaea 1. Cytogenetic studies of putative genome donors. Euphytica 27:665–675.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stalker, H. T. & Wynne, J. C. (1978). Interspecific hybrids in the genus Arachis section Arachis. Agronomy Abstracts 63.Google Scholar
Tindall, H. D. (1983). Vegetables in the Tropics. London: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van der Plank, J. E. (1968). Disease Resistance in Plants. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Verdcourt, B. (1971). Studies in the Leguminosae–Papilionoideae for the ‘Flora of Tropical East Africa’ V. Kew Bulletin 25:65–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodroof, J. G. (1973). Peanuts, Production, Processing, Products (2nd edition). Westport, Connecticut: Avi Publishing Co. Inc.Google Scholar