¹ Louis, W. R., Britain and Germany's Lost Colonies 1914–1919 (Oxford, 1967), pp. 16 and 35.Google Scholar

² Although Louis refers his reader to his chapter on ‘Great Britain and German Expansion in Africa 1884–1919’, neither he nor Jean Stengers in a summary of the pertinent section of the book (Gifford, P. and Louis, W. R. (eds.), Britain and Germany in Africa (New Haven, 1967))Google Scholar present any evidence to support these sweeping generalizations. This book is noteworthy for the fact that 26 contributors, in over 700 pages of ‘contributions’ and 77 pages of bibliographical comment, all failed to use or even to list contemporary British sources. The closest to this are two volumes of Lugard's works.

³ Louis, , Britain and Germany's Lost Colonies, p. 35.Google Scholar His claim was that ‘if an opinion poll had been taken in England before August 1914, the result would probably have been that the Germans were regarded as better colonial rulers than any others except the British’.

⁴ Galbraith, J. S. review, American Historical Review, LXXIII, 2 (1968), p. 1158.Google Scholar

⁵ Jacobs, M. review, Journal of Pacific History, IV (1969), 227.Google Scholar

⁶ Louis, , Britain and Germany's Lost Colonies, p. 35.Google Scholar

⁷ Bargar, B. D. review, Journal of Modern History, XL (1968), 597.Google Scholar

⁸ Louis, , Britain and Germany's Lost Colonies, p. 16.Google Scholar

⁹ Rees, W. L., ‘German Conduct in Samoa’, Nineteenth Century, XXIV (04. 1888), 734–52 passim.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Farler, J. P., ‘England and Germany in East Africa’, Fortnightly Review, XLV n.s. (02. 1889), 157–65 passim.Google Scholar Farler had been Archdeacon of Usambara for the Universities’ Mission to Central Africa since 1875 (Rotberg, R. I. and Mazrui, A. A. (eds.), Protest and Power in Blacky Africa (New York, 1970), p. 42n.).Google Scholar

¹¹ Thomson, J., ‘East Africa as It Was and Is’, Contemporary Review, LV (01. 1889), 41–51 passim.Google Scholar

¹² Thomson, J., ‘The Results of European Intercourse with the African’, Contemporary Review, LVII (01. 1890), 339–52 passim.Google Scholar

¹³ Johnston, H. H., ‘England and Germany in Africa: I’, Fortnightly Review, XLVIII (08. 1890), 119–27.Google Scholar

¹⁴ V. L. Cameron, ‘England and Germany in Africa: II’, ibid. pp. 128–43.

¹⁵ E. W. Beckett, ‘ England and Germany in Africa: III’, ibid. pp. 144–63 passim.

¹⁶ H. H. Johnston to Anderson, 21 Jan. 1893, Foreign Office Series 2, vol. 54; cited in Oliver, R., Sir Harry Johnston and the Scramble for Africa (London, 1957), p. 224.Google Scholar

¹⁷ J. Scott Keltie, 1840–1927; geographer, journalist; 1885 appointed Librarian of the Royal Geographical Society, 1892 Assistant Secretary; Editor, Geographical Journal, 1893–1915.

¹⁸ Keltie, J. Scott, The Partition of Africa (London, 1893), pp. 248–9.Google Scholar The opinions of these contemporary observers have been borne out by at least one recent researcher. In concluding that the resistance of the East Africans to German control of their land ‘was motivated by widespread disgust at German attitudes and policies’, R. D. Jackson uses the British contemporary sources neglected by Louis, and backs them with copious illustrations from German documents (Jackson, R. D., ‘Resistance to the German Invasion of the Tanganyikan Coast, 1888–1891’, in Rotberg, R. I. and Mazrui, A. A. (eds.), Protest and Power in Black Africa (New York, 1970), pp. 37–79).Google Scholar

¹⁹ The New Zealand Herald, 7 Jan. 1889.

²⁰ Ibid. 28 Jan. 1889.

²¹ See for example Wm. Cooper to the Foreign Office, 23 Apr. 1889, Foreign Office Series 58, vol. 244, and Wm. McArthur to F.O., 7 Mar. 1889, F.O. 58, vol. 247.

²² Sir John Bates Thurston, 1836–97. Seaman, adventurer, South Seas trader, Fijian planter. Adviser to Cakobau of Fiji; 1867 appointed Acting Consul for Fiji and Tonga; 1888 appointed Governor of Fiji and High Commissioner for the Western Pacific (Derrick, R. A., A History of Fiji, I (Suva, 1963), 160).Google Scholar

²³ Thurston to Foreign Office, 13 Mar. 1889, F.O. Series 58, vol. 247.

²⁴ Thurston to Foreign Office, 24 June 1889, ibid.

²⁵ Stevenson, Robert Louis, A Footnote to History (London, 1892), p. 238.Google Scholar The quotations in this paragraph are taken from this remarkable book, to which anyone interested in following the tortuous path of events in Samoa here so sketchily traced is strongly recommended.

²⁶ British Consul Cusack-Smith to Foreign Office, 25 Apr. 1891, F.O. Series 58, vol. 261.

²⁷ See minutes on Cusack-Smith to F.O., 24 Mar. 1892, ibid. vol. 264.

²⁸ Thurston to Colonial Office (tel.), 27 Oct. 1893; F - Fuller, minute same day, Colonial Office Series 225, vol. 42.

²⁹ F.O. Clerk C. B. Richardson and Permanent Under-Secretary for the Foreign Office P. Currie, minutes, 10 Oct. 1893, F.O. Series 58, vol. 277.

³⁰ Dallas, F.O. Snr. Clk., 16 Apr. 1894, F.O. Series 58, vol. 285.

³¹ Thurston to C.O. , 25 Aug. 1894 and 11 Dec. 1894, C.O. Series 225, vol. 45. An anonymous CO. minute noted that it was ‘curious to find a French Prelate so anxious to extend English rule’. Ibid. The C.-in-C's opinion was included in the first Thurston letter. Julian Vidal was the Bishop concerned. He was the first Vicar Apostolic of the Fiji Islands, and presided from 1887–1922 (Weber, N. S.M. (ed.), A Brief Biographical Dictionary of the Hierarchy 1836–1953 (Washington, 1953). p. 53).Google Scholar

³² The research being conducted by the present author centres around Stevenson's political endeavours in Samoa; he has copious proof of the accuracy and validity of the claims in this paragraph.

³³ Stevenson, R. L., A Footnote to History (London, 1892), p. 33. See also pp. 28, 34, 37 and 55.Google Scholar

³⁴ Stevenson, , A Footnote, p. 34;Google Scholar see also pp. 37, 66ff., 119ft. and 237.

³⁵ Ibid. p. 44; see also pp. 58, 86 and 97.

³⁶ R. D. Jackson's essay on ‘The Tanganyikan Resistance Movement’ (loc. cit.), contains, explicitly, many examples of this difference. See for example n. 29 on p. 48. The fact that the German documents, from which Jackson quotes extensively, made no attempt to conceal many of the methods that were anathema to the British is a strong indication of their callous approach.

³⁷ Westminster Gazette, 6 May 1893.

³⁸ National Observer, 6 May 1893.

³⁹ One book even uses it as the basis on which to argue ‘The Case Against Germany in the Pacific’, and her unfitness to have her colonies returned to her at the end of the First World War - a case of the war having reinforced sentiments already expressed years before (Fletcher, C. B., Stevenson's Germany (New York, 1920) ).Google Scholar

⁴⁰ The Lyttelton Times (New Zealand), paraphrasing wire service reports from Berlin, 22 Dec. 1894.

⁴¹ The appropriate U.S. House and Senate Documents bear ample testimony to this (see for example House Executive Document no. 238, 50th Congress, 1st Session; Senate Ex.Docs. 31, 50th Congress, 2nd Session, and 93, 53rd Congress, 2nd Session).

⁴² Miss Schultze to L.M.S. home secretary, 24 Feb. 1895. L.M.S., South Seas Letters, Box 43, Folder 5, Jacket B.

⁴³ Wehlan's men had literally scalped Africans who resisted them.

⁴⁴ ‘Ogniben, ’, ‘Great Britain and Germany’, Contemporary Review, vol. 81, 02. 1902, pp. 153–72 passim.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Louis, , Britain and Germany's Lost Colonies, p. 35.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Elkind, L., ‘The German Troubles in South-West Africa’, Fortnightly Review, vol. 77, n.s., 02. 1905, pp. 258–9.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Stead, W. T., Review of Reviews, vol. 31, 02. 1905, p. 184.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Eltzbacher, O., ‘The German Danger to South Africa’, The Nineteenth Century and After, vol. 58, 10. 1905, pp. 524–38.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ ‘Ogniben, ’, loc. cit. p. 167.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Elrzbacher, , loc. cit. p. 538.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Johnston, H. H., The Story of My Life (New York, 1923), p. 151.Google Scholar

⁵² Johnston, H. H., A History of the Colonisation of Africa by Alien Races (London, 1913), p.414.Google Scholar Although published in 1913 the book, as Johnston writes in his introduction, was commenced in 1908.