Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-22dnz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T08:48:49.930Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Mindfulness at Work: A New Approach to Improving Individual and Organizational Performance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 July 2015

Patrick K. Hyland ,
R. Andrew Lee  and
Maura J. Mills
Patrick K. Hyland*
Affiliation:
Sirota Consulting, Purchase, New York
R. Andrew Lee
Affiliation:
The Potential Project, Danbury, Connecticut
Maura J. Mills
Affiliation:
Hofstra University
*
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Patrick K. Hyland, Sirota Consulting, 4 Manhattanville Road, Suite 101, Purchase, NY 10577. E-mail: phyland@sirota.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In recent years the concept of mindfulness has become increasingly popular, and with good reason. A growing body of research indicates that mindfulness provides a number of physical, psychological, and even performance benefits. As a result, some organizations have started offering mindfulness programs to their employees. But despite growing interest, mindfulness has received little attention from the industrial–organizational community. In this article, we provide an overview of what mindfulness is, where the concept came from, how it has been utilized and studied to date, and what its application in the work setting is. We also propose new directions for researchers and practitioners.

Type
Focal Article
Information
Industrial and Organizational Psychology , Volume 8 , Issue 4 , December 2015 , pp. 576 - 602
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, M., Bromley, A., Kuyken, W., & Sonnenberg, S. J. (2009). Participants’ experiences of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 37, 413–430.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychological Association. (2014). Stress in America: Are teens adopting adults’ stress habits? Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
Anicha, C. L., Ode, S., Moeller, S. K., & Robinson, M. D. (2012). Toward a cognitive view of trait mindfulness: Distinct cognitive skills predict its observing and nonreactivity facets. Journal of Personality, 80, 255–285.Google Scholar
Baer, R. A. (2003). Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 125–143.Google Scholar
Baer, R. A., & Lykins, E. L. B. (2011). Mindfulness and positive psychological functioning. In Sheldon, K., Kashdan, T., & Steger, M. (Eds.), Designing the future of positive psychology: Taking stock and moving forward (pp. 335–348). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills. Assessment, 11, 191–206.Google Scholar
Beer, M., Eisenstat, R. A., & Spector, B. (1990). Why change programs don't produce change. Harvard Business Review, 68, 158–167.Google ScholarPubMed
Belzer, F., Schmidt, S., Lucius-Hoene, G., Schneider, J. F., Orellana-Rios, C. L., & Sauer, S. (2013). Challenging the construct validity of mindfulness assessment—A cognitive interview study of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory. Mindfulness, 4, 33–44.Google Scholar
Bersin, J. (2014). Spending on corporate training soars: Employee capabilities now a priority. Forbes.com. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/joshbersin/2014/02/04/the-recovery-arrives-corporate-training-spend-skyrocketsGoogle Scholar
Black, D. A. (2014). Mindfulness research publications by year, 1980–2013. Retrieved from American Mindfulness Research Association website: https://goamra.org/Google Scholar
Bodhi, B. (1994). The noble eightfold path: The way to the end of suffering. Onalaska, WA: BPS Pariyatti Editions.Google Scholar
Bodner, T., & Langer, E. (2001, August). Individual differences in mindfulness: The Langer Mindfulness Scale. Poster presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Society, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.Google Scholar
Bond, F. W., & Bunce, D. (2003). The role of acceptance and job control in mental health, job satisfaction, and work performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 1057–1067.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2006). Psychological flexibility, ACT and organizational behavior. In Hayes, S. C., Bond, F. W., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Austin, J. (Eds.), Acceptance and mindfulness at work: Applying acceptance and commitment therapy and relational frame theory to organizational behavior management (pp. 25–54). Binghamton, NY: Haworth.Google Scholar
Bowen, S., Chawla, N., & Marlatt, G. A. (2011). Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for addictive behaviors: A clinician's guide. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Brown, K. W., Kasser, T., Ryan, R. M., Alex Linley, A. P., & Orzech, K. (2009). When what one has is enough: Mindfulness, financial desire discrepancy, and subjective well-being. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 727–736.Google Scholar
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822–848.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18, 211–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., Creswell, J. D., & Niemiec, C. P. (2008). Beyond me: Mindful responses to social threat. In Wayment, H. A. & Bauer, J. J. (Eds.), Transcending self-interest: Psychological explorations of the quiet ego (pp. 75–84). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchheld, N., Grossman, P., & Walach, H. (2001). Measuring mindfulness in insight meditation (vipassana) and meditation-based psychotherapy: The development of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). Journal for Meditation and Meditation Research, 1, 11–34.Google Scholar
Burke, W. W., & Biggart, N. W. (1997). Interorganizational relations. In Druckman, D., Singer, J. E., & Van Cott, H. (Eds.), Enhancing organizational performance (pp. 120–149). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Carette, J., & King, R. (2004). Selling spirituality: The silent takeover of religion. New York, NY: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaiken, S. (1980). Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 663–676.Google Scholar
Chambers, R., Lo, B., & Allen, N. B. (2008). The impact of intensive mindfulness training on attentional control, cognitive style, and affect. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32, 303–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaskalson, M. (2011). The mindful workplace: Developing resilient individuals and resonant organizations with MBSR. Oxford, United Kingdom: Wiley.Google Scholar
Chiesa, A., & Serretti, A. (2010). A systematic review of neurobiological and clinical features of mindfulness meditations. Psychological Medicine, 40, 1239–1252.Google Scholar
Christopher, M. S., Charoensuk, S., Gilbert, B. D., Neary, T. J., & Pearce, K. L. (2009). Mindfulness in Thailand and the United States: A case of apples versus oranges? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65, 590–612.Google Scholar
Christopher, M. S., Christopher, V., & Charoensuk, S. (2009). Assessing “Western” mindfulness among Thai Theravāda Buddhist monks. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 12, 303–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chu, L. C. (2010). The benefits of meditation vis-à-vis emotional intelligence, perceived stress and negative mental health. Stress and Health, 26, 169–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, S., & Janicki-Deverts, D. (2012). Who's stressed? Distributions of psychological stress in the United States in probability samples from 1983, 2006, and 2009. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42 (6), 1320–1334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corporate Leadership Council. (2005). Realizing the full potential of rising talent. Washington, DC: Corporate Leadership Council.Google Scholar
Creswell, J. D., Way, B. M., Eisenberger, N. I., & Lieberman, M. D. (2007). Neural correlates of dispositional mindfulness during affect labeling. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69, 560–565.Google Scholar
Dane, E. (2011). Paying attention to mindfulness and its effects on task performance in the workplace. Journal of Management, 37, 997–1018.Google Scholar
Dane, E., & Brummel, B. J. (2014). Examining workplace mindfulness and its relations to job performance and turnover intention. Human Relations, 67, 105–128.Google Scholar
Davidson, R. J., Kabat-Zinn, J., Schumacher, J., Rosenkranz, M., Muller, D., Santorelli, S. F., & Sheridan, J. F. (2003). Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 564–570.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ericson, T., Kjonstad, B. G., & Barstad, A. (2014). Mindfulness and sustainability. Ecological Economics, 104, 73–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farb, N. S., Anderson, A. K., Mayberg, H., Bean, J., McKeon, D., & Segal, Z. V. (2010). Minding one's emotions: Mindfulness training alters the neural expression of sadness. Emotion, 10, 25–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Felder, J. N., Dimidjian, S., & Segal, Z. (2012). Collaboration in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68, 179–186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiol, C., & O’Connor, E. J. (2003). Waking up! Mindfulness in the face of bandwagons. Academy of Management Review, 28, 54–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forte, M., Brown, D. P., & Dysart, M. (1987). Differences in experience among mindfulness meditators. Imagination, Cognition & Personality, 7 (1), 47–60.Google Scholar
Foureur, M., Besley, K., Burton, G., Yu, N., & Crisp, J. (2013). Enhancing the resilience of nurses and midwives: Pilot of a mindfulness-based program for increased health, sense of coherence and decreased depression, anxiety and stress. Contemporary Nurse: A Journal for the Australian Nursing Profession, 45, 114–125.Google Scholar
Galantino, M., Baime, M., Maguire, M., Szapary, P. O., & Farrar, J. T. (2005). Association of psychological and physiological measures of stress in health-care professionals during an 8-week mindfulness meditation program: Mindfulness in practice. Stress & Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 21, 255–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gelles, D. (2012). Mindful work: How meditation is changing business from the inside out. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.Google Scholar
Glomb, T. M., Duffy, M. K., Bono, J. E., & Yang, T. (2012). Mindfulness at work. Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management, 30, 115–157.Google Scholar
Grossman, P. (2008). On measuring mindfulness in psychosomatic and psychological research. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64, 405–408.Google Scholar
Gunaratana, B. H. (2011). Mindfulness in plain English. Boston. MA: Wisdom.Google Scholar
Hafenbrack, A. C., Kinias, Z., & Barsade, S. G. (2014). Debiasing the mind through meditation: Mindfulness and the sunk-cost bias. Psychological Science, 25, 369–376.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanh, T. H. (1976, December 16). The miracle of mindfulness. Boston, MA: Wisdom.Google Scholar
Harrington, E. (2014). NIH has spent $100.2 million on mindfulness meditation. Washington Free Beacon. Retrieved from http://freebeacon.com/issues/nih-has-spent-92-9-million-on-mindfulness-meditation/Google Scholar
Hayes, S. (2004). Acceptance and commitment therapy and the new behavior therapies: Mindfulness, acceptance and relationship. In Hayes, S. C., Follette, V. M., & Linehan, M. M. (Eds.), Mindfulness and acceptance: Expanding the cognitive-behavioral traditions (pp. 1–29). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Hayes, S. C. (2012). Acceptance and commitment therapy: The process and practice of mindful change. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., Bunting, K., Twohig, M., & Wilson, K. G. (2004). What is acceptance and commitment therapy? In Hayes, S. C. & Strosahl, K. D. (Eds.), A practical guide to acceptance and commitment therapy (pp. 1–30). New York, NY: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Herndon, F. (2008). Testing mindfulness with perceptual and cognitive factors: External vs. internal encoding and the cognitive failures questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 32–41.Google Scholar
Hogan, J., Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R. B. (2010). Management derailment. In Zedeck, S. (Ed.), American Psychological Association handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 555–575). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Hölzel, B. K., Carmody, J., Vangel, M., Congleton, C., Yerramsetti, S. M., Gard, T., & Lazar, S. W. (2011). Mindfulness practice leads to increases in regional brain gray matter density. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 191, 36–43.Google Scholar
Howell, A. J., & Buro, K. (2011). Relations among mindfulness, achievement-related self-regulation, and achievement motivations. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12 (6), 1007–1022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hülsheger, U. R., Alberts, H. M., Feinholdt, A., & Lang, J. B. (2013). Benefits of mindfulness at work: The role of mindfulness in emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98, 310–325. doi:10.1037/a0031313Google Scholar
Hülsheger, U. R., Lang, J. W., Depenbrock, F., Fehrmann, C., Zijlstra, F. R., & Alberts, H. J. (2014). The power of presence: The role of mindfulness at work for daily levels and change trajectories of psychological detachment and sleep quality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99, 1113–1128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Irving, J. A., Dobkin, P. L., & Park, J. (2009). Cultivating mindfulness in health care professionals: a review of empirical studies of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Complementary Therapy Clinical Practice, 15 (2), 61–66.Google Scholar
Jensen, C., Vangkilde, S., Frokjaer, V., & Hasselbalch, S. G. (2012). Mindfulness training affects attention—Or is it attentional effort? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141, 106–123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jha, A. P., Krompinger, J., & Baime, M. J. (2007). Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 109–119.Google Scholar
Jha, A. P., Stanley, E. A., Kiyonaga, A., Wong, L., & Gelfand, L. (2010). Examining the protective effects of mindfulness training on working memory capacity and affective experience. Emotion, 10, 54–64.Google Scholar
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1982). An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: Theoretical considerations and preliminary results. General Hospital Psychiatry, 4, 33–47.Google Scholar
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your mind to face stress, pain, and illness. New York, NY: Dell.Google Scholar
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2005). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. New York, NY: Hyperion.Google Scholar
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2011). Some reflections on the origins of MBSR, skillful means, and the trouble with maps. Contemporary Buddhism, 12 (1), 281–306.Google Scholar
Kabat-Zinn, J., Lipworth, L., & Burney, R. (1985). The clinical use of mindfulness meditation for the self-regulation of chronic pain. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 8 (2), 163–190.Google Scholar
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 692–724.Google Scholar
Kelly, C. (2012, April 28). O.K., Google, take a deep breath. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/29/technology/google-course-asks-employees-to-take-a-deep-breath.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0Google Scholar
Kilpatrick, L. A., Suyenobu, B. Y., Smith, S. R., Bueller, J. A., Goodman, T., Creswell, J., & Naliboff, B. D. (2011). Impact of mindfulness-based stress reduction training on intrinsic brain connectivity. NeuroImage, 56, 290–298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klatt, M. D., Buckworth, J., & Malarkey, W. B. (2008). Effects of low-dose mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR-ld) on working adults. Health Education & Behavior, 36, 601–614.Google Scholar
Krasner, M. S., Epstein, R. M., Beckman, H., Suchman, A. L., Mooney, C. J., & Quill, T. E. (2009). Association of an educational program in mindful communication with burnout, empathy, and attitudes among primary care physicians. Journal of the American Medical Association, 302, 1284–1293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krishnakumar, S., & Robinson, M. D. (2015, March 16). Maintaining an even keel: An affect-mediated model of mindfulness and hostile work behavior. Emotion. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/emo0000060Google Scholar
Kristeller, J. L. (2003). Mindfulness, wisdom and eating: Applying a multi-domain model of meditation effects. Journal of Constructivism in the Human Sciences, 8 (2), 107–118.Google Scholar
Kuyken, W., Byford, S., Taylor, R. S., Watkins, E., Holden, E., White, K., . . . Teasdale, J. D. (2008). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to prevent relapse in recurrent depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 966–978.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langer, E. J. (1989a). Mindfulness. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo.Google Scholar
Langer, E. J. (1989b). Minding matters: The consequences of mindlessness-mindfulness. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 137–173.Google Scholar
Langer, E. J., & Moldoveanu, M. (2000). Mindfulness research and the future. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 129–139.Google Scholar
Langer, E. J., & Moldoveanu, M. (2002). The construct of mindfulness. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 1–9.Google Scholar
Lau, M. A., Bishop, S. R., Segal, Z. V., Buis, T., Anderson, N. D., Carlson, L., . . . Carmody, J. (2006). The Toronto Mindfulness Scale: Development and validation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 1445–1467.Google Scholar
Lee, R. A. (2012). Accelerating the development and mitigating derailment of high potentials through mindfulness training. The Industrial–Organizational Psychologist, 49, 23–34.Google Scholar
Leroy, H., Anseel, F., Dimitrova, N. G., & Sels, L. (2013). Mindfulness, authentic functioning, and work engagement: A growth modeling approach. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 82 (3), 238–247.Google Scholar
Levy, D. M., Wobbrock, J. O., Kaszniak, A. W., & Ostergren, M. (2012, May). The effects of mindfulness meditation training on multitasking in a high-stress information environment. Paper presented at Graphics Interface Conference, Toronto, Canada.Google Scholar
Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Lopez, D. S. Jr., (2001). The story of Buddhism: A concise guide to its history and teachings. New York, NY: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Malarkey, W. B., Jarjoura, D., & Klatt, M. (2013). Workplace based mindfulness practice and inflammation: A randomized trial. Brain Behavior and Immunity, 27, 145–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCall, M. W. (1998). High flyers: Developing the next generation of leaders. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
McCall, M. W., Lombardo, M. M., & Morrison, A. M. (1988). The lessons of experience: How successful executives develop on the job. New York, NY: Free Press.Google Scholar
McCraty, R. M. (2003). Impact of a workplace stress reduction program on blood pressure and emotional health in hypertensive employees. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 9, 355–369.Google Scholar
Modinos, G., Ormel, J., & Aleman, A. (2010). Individual differences in dispositional mindfulness and brain activity involved in reappraisal of emotion. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 5, 369–377.Google Scholar
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (1999). Stress . . . at work (NIOSH Publication No. 99–101). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
Nyaniponika. (1973). The heart of Buddhist meditation. New York, NY: Weiser Books.Google Scholar
Nyklíček, I., Mommersteeg, P. C., Van Beugen, S., Ramakers, C., & Van Boxtel, G. J. (2013). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and physiological activity during acute stress: A randomized controlled trial. Health Psychology, 32, 1110–1113.Google Scholar
Oman, D., Richards, T. A., Hedberg, J., & Thoresen, C. E. (2008). Passage meditation improves caregiving self-efficacy among health professionals: A randomized trial and qualitative assessment. Journal of Health Psychology, 13, 1119–1135.Google Scholar
Orzech, K. M., Shapiro, S. L., Brown, K., & McKay, M. (2009). Intensive mindfulness training-related changes in cognitive and emotional experience. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 212–222.Google Scholar
Plante, T. G. (2010). Contemplative practices in action: Spirituality, meditation and health. Santa Barbara, CA: ABD-CLIO.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porras, J. L., & Roberston, P. J. (1983). Organization development: Theory, practice, and research. In Dunnette, M. D. & Hough, L. M. (Eds.), The handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 719–822). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.Google Scholar
Purser, R., & Loy, D. (2013, July 1). Beyond McMindfulness. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ron-purser/beyond-mcmindfulness_b_3519289.htmlGoogle Scholar
Rahula, W. S. (1974). What the Buddha taught. New York, NY: Grove Press.Google Scholar
Reb, J., Narayanan, J., & Chaturvedi, S. (2012). Leading mindfully: Two studies on the influence of supervisor trait mindfulness on employee well-being and performance. Mindfulness, 1–10.Google Scholar
Roeser, R. W., Schonert-Reichl, K. A., Jha, A., Cullen, M., Wallace, L., Wilensky, R., . . . Harrison, J. (2013). Mindfulness training and reductions in teacher stress and burnout: Results from two randomized, waitlist-control field trials. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105, 787–804.Google Scholar
Rosch, E. (2007). More than mindfulness: When you have a tiger by the tail, let it eat you. Psychological Inquiry, 18, 258–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21, 600–619.Google Scholar
Sauter, S. L., Murphy, L. R., & Hurrell, J. J. Jr., (1990). Prevention of work-related psychological disorders. American Psychologist, 45 (10), 1146–1153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to relapse prevention. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Seligman, M. E. (2006). Learned optimism: How to change your mind and your life. New York, NY: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., & Freedman, B. (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 373–386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, H., & Novak, P. (2004). Buddhism: A concise introduction. San Francisco, CA: HarperOne.Google Scholar
Teper, R., & Inzlicht, M. (2014). Mindful acceptance dampens neuroaffective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback. Emotion, 14 (1): 105–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0034296Google Scholar
Thondup, T. (1996). The healing power of mind. London, United Kingdom: Penguin.Google Scholar
Walach, H., Buchheld, N., Buttenmuller, V., Kleinknecht, N., & Schmidt, S. (2006). Measuring mindfulness—The Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 1543–1555.Google Scholar
Williams, K. (2006). Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) in a worksite wellness program. In Baer, R. A. (Ed.), Mindfulness-based treatment approaches: Clinician's guide to evidence base and applications (pp. 361–376). Burlington, MA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Wolever, R. Q., Bobinet, K. J., McCabe, K., Mackenzie, E. R., Fekete, E., Kusnick, C. A., & Baime, M. (2012). Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 17, 246–258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeidan, F., Johnson, S. K., Diamond, B. J., David, Z., & Goolkasian, P. (2010). Mindfulness meditation improves cognition: Evidence of brief mental training. Consciousness and Cognition: An International Journal, 19, 597–605.Google Scholar