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COMPARING COMPARATIVE LAW: PERSPECTIVES FROM THAILAND
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18 April 2024
Abstract
This article conducts an analytical review of the works of three prominent Thai comparative law professors: Professor Preedee Kasemsup, Professor Phijaisakdi Horayangkura and Professor Sanunkorn Sotthibandhu. Although influential in Thailand, their works are mostly in Thai and therefore have received little academic attention outside the kingdom. The authors argue that the works of these scholars have the potential to shine new light on comparative law theory and bring voices from the Global South to add fresh perspectives and contexts to a discipline dominated by scholars from the Global North. Moreover, this examination highlights the challenges that comparative law faces in freeing itself from this hegemony when using internally developed concepts and modes of questioning.
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- Copyright © The Authors, 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of British Institute of International and Comparative Law
References
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7 Harding, A, ‘Comparative Law and Legal Transplantation in South East Asia’ in Nelken, D and Feest, J (eds), Adapting Legal Cultures (Hart Publishing 2001) 205Google Scholar.
8 See eg the contributions in Part II: Foreign Influence and the Reform Period in A Harding and M Pongsapan (eds), Thai Legal History: From Traditional to Modern Law (CUP 2021).
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10 Before 1939, Thailand was known as Siam, and the Thai people as Siamese.
11 Hooker (n 9) 548; Sayre (n 5) 80–1.
12 P Kasemsup, ‘Reception of Law in Thailand – A Buddhist Society’ in Masaji Chiba (ed), Asian Indigenous Law: In Interaction with Received Law (KIP Limited 1986) 267, 292–3; and Thornely (n 9) 220.
13 See S Reekie and A Reekie, ‘British Judges in the Supreme Court of Siam’ in Harding and Pongsapan (n 8); S Ratthanapaijitr et al, ‘Research Report Concerning Project to Improve the Enforcement of Bankruptcy Cases in accordance with International Standards offered to the Legal Enforcement Department’ (Faculty of Law, Thammasat University 2016) (Thai language).
14 See, eg, Van Vliet's major works—Historiael verhael (1663), Beschrijving van het koningrijk Siam (1692), Cort verhaal van't naturel sijnde der volbrachter tijt en de successive der coningen van Siam (1640)—are compiled, re-translated and edited in C Bakeret al (eds), Van Vliet's Siam (Silkworm Books 2005). Another account, contemporary to Van Vliet's works, was that of Simon de La Loubère, a French diplomat to Siam; see S de La Loubère, Du royaum de Siam (A. Wolfgang 1691).
15 R Guyon, L'Oeuvre de Codification au Siam (Imprimerie Nationale 1919).
16 N Tassaro, HRH Prince Rabi Badhanasakti, the Prince of Ratchaburi: Father of Thai Law (พระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้ารพีพัฒนศักดิ์ กรมหลวงราชบุรีดิเรกฤทธิ์ พระบิดาแห่งกฎหมายไทย) (NanmeeBooks 2006) (Thai language) 108; W Mahakhun, Legal History and Legal Language of Thailand (ประวัติศาสตร์กฎหมายและภาษากฎหมายไทย) (3rd edn, Faculty of Law, Chulalongkorn University 1980) (Thai language) 50; D Leelamien, ‘Legal Education in Thailand since the Modernisation of Thai Law during the Reign of King Chulalongkorn’ (การศึกษากฎหมายในประเทศไทย ตั้งแต่การปฏิรูปกฎหมายและการศาล ในรัชสมัยพระบาทสมเด็จฯพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว) in Institute of Legal Education of The Thai Bar, 100 Years of the Thai Law School (100 pi rongriangotmai) (The Thai Bar 1997) 76–7 (Thai language).
17 As evidenced in the first International Congress for Comparative Law in Paris in 1900. See K Zweigert and H Kötz, An Introduction to Comparative Law (T Weir trans, 3rd edn, OUP 1998) 2–3.
18 Tassaro (n 16) 109.
19 Lectures of the Prince of Ratchburi (เล็กเชอร์ของพระเจ้าพี่ยาเธอกรมหลวงราชบุรีดิเรกฤทธิ์) (Krungthepbannakarn 1925) (Thai language).
20 ibid 127–31.
21 See Luang Praditpijaranakarn, Explanation of Contract Law (คำอธิบายกฎหมายมูลคดีสัญญา) (Kong Lahutosa 1911) (Thai language), which includes discussion of promulgated codes, Thai Supreme Court judgments and English law principles; หลวงดุลยธรรมภิรมย์, Explanation of Law on Pledges, which is different from the Law on Contracts (คำอธิบายกฎหมายลักษณจำนำของซึ่งต่างกับมูลคดีสัญญา) (Sophonpipatthanakorn 1920) (Thai language), which includes many comparisons with Roman, French and English laws; Phraya Dhebvithoon, Explanation of the Civil and Commercial Code Book 1 Sections 1–193 (คำอธิบายประมวลกฎหมายแพ่งและพาณิชย์ บรรพ 1 มาตรา 1 ถึง 193) (1933) (Thai language), which contains numerous comparisons with English, French, Swiss, Italian, Portuguese, Japanese and German law. Another interesting example is a textbook in the Thai language which discusses English cases on contract law, with comparison with laws from Continental European countries. See Luang Dulayathampirom, The Law on Contractual Disputes Volumes 1–2 (กฎหมายเรื่องคดีสัญญา เล่ม 1–2) (Sophonpipatthanakorn Publishing House 1922). Later textbooks, written after the promulgation of various Codes, continued to discuss Thai law and judgments alongside foreign sources. See, eg, J Tingsabhat, Civil and Commercial Law on Persons (กฎหมายแพ่งและพาณิชย์ว่าด้วยบุคคล) (Thammasat University Press 1973) (Thai language), which refers to foreign textbooks (such as JE de Becker's Annotated Civil Code of Japan and Halsbury's Law of England) and legal principles. Another interesting type of early textbook came in the form of a Thai summary and explanation of a body of foreign law. See, eg, S Pramoj, English Law on Contract and Tort (กฎหมายอังกฤษว่าด้วยลักษณะสัญญาและละเมิด) (Suansri 1936).
22 For instance, the foreword of a contract law textbook explained that the book was written in a manner that follows English legal principles, but adapted so that they may best fit with Thai law, and examples were drawn from judgments of the Supreme Court or of English courts (Luang Praditpicharanakarn, Explanation of Law on Contract (คำอธิบายกฎหมายมูลคดีสัญญา) (Kong Lahutos Publishing House 1911) (Thai language), Foreword); see also Dulayathampirom (n 21) which draws heavily from English law, but with some comparison with French law.
23 See, eg, HS Maine, Lectures on the Early History of Institutions (Henry Holt and Company 1875).
24 For English-language discussion of these and other foreign law influences in the reform period, see in particular the contributions in Part II: Foreign Influence and the Reform Period in Harding and Pongsapan (n 8).
25 K Chanhom, ‘The Modernisation of Thai Criminal Law: From the 1908 Penal Code to the 1956 Criminal Code’ in Harding and Pongsapan (n 8) 142.
26 ibid.
27 See Office of the Juridical Council, Archives of the History of Thai Codification, Vol 014, Roll 03-3, Doc 14/89 (1919) 90; Guyon (n 15).
28 Phraya Manavarajasevi, Transcript of the Interviews with Phraya Manavarajasevi (บันทึกคำสัมภาษณ์พระยามานวราชเสวี) (Thammasat University 1982) (Thai language) 4, 29–30.
29 ibid. However, the authors have argued elsewhere that the predominance of English-educated Siamese members of the drafting committee may have led to unacknowledged English law influence in some of the provisions. See A Reekie and S Reekie, ‘The Long Reach of English Law: A Case of Incidental Transplantation of the English Law Concept of Vicarious Liability into Thailand's Civil and Commercial Code’ (2018) 6(2) CLH 207.
30 Padoux (n 9) 3; T Masao, ‘New Penal Code of Siam’ (1908–1909) 18 YaleLJ 85; Guyon (n 15); Thornely (n 9).
31 See, eg, T Kraivixien, who discusses ancient Thai law texts of the Dhammasat and Rajasat as ‘Code Law’ and ‘Precedents’, respectively: T Kraivixien, ‘Thai Legal History’ (1963) 49 WomenLawyersJ 6.
32 See, eg, M Reimann, ‘Comparative Law—An Overview of the Discipline’ in K Zweigert and U Drobnig (eds), International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law (2020) vol II, Ch 4, 225; U Baxi, The Colonialist Heritage’ in P Legrand and R Munday (eds), Comparative Legal Studies: Traditions and Transitions (2003); and Salaymeh and Michaels (n 1) 170–4.
33 MB Hooker, A Concise Legal History of South-East Asia (Clarendon Press 1978) 32.
34 It should be noted that there are some English-language works from the same period that also take a non-Western-centric approach to Thai law. See, eg, DM Engel, Law and Kingship in Thailand During the Reign of King Chulalongkorn (Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan 1975).
35 ibid 267.
36 He completed his undergraduate degree in law from the Faculty of Law, Thammasat University, and later received his postgraduate degrees of Master of Civil Law from Tulane University, and Dr iur from the University of Bonn, Germany. See P Kasemsup, Philosophy of Law (K Prokati ed, 15th edn, Faculty of Law, Thammasat University 2017) 399.
37 As a lecturer at Thammasat Law School, he spearheaded a legal history project comprising a series of interviews about the law reform processes with a major Siamese law drafter, Phraya Manavarajasevi, and a collection of documents relating to the reform of the Civil and Commercial Code. The result of the project is published by the Faculty of Law, Thammasat University; see Phraya Manavarajasevi (n 28). In Thai legal scholarship professors and other public figures are referred to by their first names, and thus that convention will be followed in this article.
38 In particular, FC von Savigny, Of the Vocation of our Age for Legislation and Jurisprudence (Abraham Hayward trans, Arno Press 1975).
39 See S Chuathai, ‘Dr. Preedee's Three-Layer Theory of Law’ in S Chuathai (ed), Essays in Honour of Preedee Kasemsup (Faculty of Law, Thammasat University 1988) (Thai language) 31. For an English translation, see S Chuathai, ‘Dr. Preedee's Three-Layer Theory of Law’ (Adam Reekie trans) (2022) 2(1) ThaiLegStud 117.
40 Chuathai (1988) ibid 31.
41 P Kasemsup, Civil Law: General Principles (5th edn, Faculty of Law, Thammasat University 1982) (Thai language) 11.
42 Chuathai (1988) (n 39) 32; and Kasemsup (n 36) 304.
43 Kasemsup ibid 304.
44 Kasemsup (n 41) 11–12; Kasemsup (n 36) 304–5.
45 Kasemsup (n 41) 11.
46 Chuathai (1988) (n 39) 33–4.
47 Kasemsup (n 41) 11; Kasemsup (n 36) 305.
48 Kasemsup (n 12) 270.
49 ibid.
50 Chuathai (1988) (n 39) 36.
51 ibid.
52 ibid 35.
53 P Legrand, ‘The Impossibility of “Legal Transplants”’ (1997) 4(2) MJ 111.
54 Kasemsup (n 12) 294–5 (reference omitted).
55 ibid 276. On the Code of Manu and its reception, see P Olivelle (ed), Manu's Code of Law: A Critical Edition and Translation of the Mānava-Dharmásāstra (OUP 2005); and R Lingat, The Classical Law of India (University of California Press 1973).
56 Kasemsup ibid 278.
57 See, eg, C Baker and P Phongpaichit, ‘The Child is the Betel Tray: Making Law and Love in Ayutthaya Siam’ (2021) 1(1) ThaiLegStud 1.
58 Kasemsup (n 12) 277 (reference omitted).
59 Other distinct characteristics of the traditional legal system included the autonomous legal domains which were family law and laws of the Sangha (Brotherhood of the Buddhist Monks or Ecclesiastical Order) and the considerable body of unwritten law, covering much of civil law, which was the product of usages, customs and morals of the community. See ibid 277–9. For further discussion of the relationship between Thai law and religious law, see S Sucharitkul, ‘Thai Law and Buddhist Law’ (1998) 46 AmJCompL 69.
60 Kasemsup ibid 289.
61 ibid 290.
62 ibid 291, 292–3.
63 ibid 293.
64 ibid 295.
65 As acknowledged by Preedee, the first draft of the Civil and Commercial Code, representing a shift from the dominance of English law to French law, was promulgated after many years of hard work, ‘to test the reaction of the legal profession’, but it was quickly repealed two years later and replaced by a new code, modelled after the Japanese and German Civil Codes. See ibid 293.
66 ibid 295.
67 P Kasemsup, Civil Law: General Principles (Pabpim Limited Partnership 1983) (Thai language) 119.
68 ibid.
69 ibid 120–3.
70 ibid 119.
71 HS Reiss, The Political Thought of the German Romantics’ in HS Reiss (ed), The Political Thought of the German Romantics 1793–1815 (Macmillan 1955); see also R Berkowitz, The Gift of Science: Leibniz and The Modern Legal Tradition (Harvard University Press 2005).
72 von Savigny (n 38) 30.
73 These arguments were employed elsewhere later. See, eg, M Reimann, ‘The Historical School against Codification: Savigny, Carter, and the Defeat of the New York Civil Code’ (1989) 37 AmJCompL 95, 97.
74 L Gandhi, Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction (2nd edn, Columbia University Press 2019) 148–9.
75 In his long and distinguished career in law, despite his keen interest in comparative law, Phijaisakdi wrote relatively few academic works directly on comparative law in comparison to Western legal scholars with similar stature. His works on comparative law are: P Horayangkura, ‘Introductory Issues on Comparative Law’ in W Mahakul et al, 84 Years of Professor Jitti Tingsabhatiya (Faculty of Law, Chulalongkorn University 1994) 155 (Thai language); P Horayangkura, Comparative Private Law I (Teaching Materials) (Faculty of Law, Chulalongkorn University 1983); and a posthumous compilation of his lectures, P Horayangkura, Phijaisakdi Horayangkura on Comparative Law (S Reekie ed, Winyuchon 2021) (Thai language). Instead, he devoted much of his time to teaching and discussing with his students—the first author is privileged to be one of them. Therefore, in the following discussion of Phijaisakdi's approach to comparative law, the first author's understanding of his legal direction and philosophy may be at times employed as a gap-filling mechanism in order to provide a richer understanding of his works.
76 Horayangkura, ‘Introductory Issues on Comparative Law’, ibid 155.
77 Horayangkura, Comparative Private Law I (n 75) 29.
78 ibid.
79 After receiving his undergraduate law degree from the Faculty of Law, Chulalongkorn University and LLM from Harvard Law School, he joined the Faculty as a full-time professor, as well as occupying numerous prestigious positions including as a member on many law drafting committees and a committee member of the Office of the Council of State of Thailand, the legal advisor to the government. See Memorial Book for the Occasion of the Funeral of Professor Pichaisakdi Horayangkura (Starboom Interprint 2018).
80 Horayangkura, Comparative Private Law I (n 75) 16.
81 ibid 16–17, 156.
82 ibid 29–30.
83 ibid 11–12, 27–8.
84 ibid 32–7; Horayangkura, ‘Introductory Issues’ (n 75) 157.
85 Horayangkura, Comparative Private Law I, ibid 29, 30–1.
86 Such as ‘horticultural thought exercise’ of legal transplants (I Markovits, ‘Exporting Law Reform – But Will It Travel?' (2004) 37(1) CornellIntlLJ 95) and ‘legal irritants’ (G Teubner, ‘Legal Irritants: Good Faith in British Law or How Unifying Law Ends up in New Divergences’ (1998) 61(1) ModLRev 11). See also the genealogy of legal transfers discussed in S Vogenauer, ‘Interpretation of Contracts and Control of Unfair Terms in Asia: A Comparison’ in M Chen-Wishart and S Vogenauer (eds), Studies in the Contract Laws of Asia III: Contents of Contracts and Unfair Terms (OUP 2020) 552–4.
87 Horayangkura, Comparative Private Law I (n 75) 29.
88 A Watson, Legal Transplants: An Approach to Comparative Law (University of Georgia Press 1974).
89 P Horayangkura, ‘Sixty Outlooks on the Development of Thai Laws’ (August 2000) 19(2) AdminLJ 85 (Thai language).
90 See Horayangkura, Comparative Private Law I (n 75) 16–17, 28, 156.
91 P Horayangkura, Dictionary of Arbitration with Index (Arbitration Department, Ministry of Justice 1993); P Horayangkura, Latin–Thai Law Dictionary (Faculty of Law, Chulalongkorn University 1994); P Horayangkura, Dictionary of Arbitration (Chulalongkorn University Press 2002).
92 P Horayangkura, Pentalingual Law Dictionary (Nititham 1993).
93 P Horayangkura, ‘Translation of Legal Documents’ (1999) 1 ChulaLJ 197 (Thai language).
94 ibid 198–9.
95 See V Grossfeld Curran, ‘Cultural Immersion, Difference, and Categories in U.S. Comparative Law’ (1998) 46 AmJCompL 43.
96 Horayangkura (n 93) 199–203.
97 ibid 202.
98 R Sacco, ‘Legal Formants: A Dynamic Approach to Comparative Law’ (1991) 39(1) AmJCompL 1, 22.
99 Legrand (n 53).
100 Sacco (n 98) 11.
101 Horayangkura (n 93) 207.
102 Markovits (n 86) 101.
103 Horayangkura (n 93) 207.
104 See L Foljanty, ‘Legal Transfers as Processes of Cultural Translation: On the Consequences of a Metaphor’ (2015) Max Planck Institute for Legal History and Legal Theory Research Paper Series No 2015-09.
105 T Loos, ‘ISSARAPHAP: Limits of Individual Liberty in Thai Jurisprudence’ (1998) 12(1) Crossroads 35.
106 ibid 71.
107 Harding (n 7) 218–19.
108 See, eg, A Harding, ‘Comparative Public Law: Some Lessons from South East Asia’ in A Harding and E Örücü (eds), Comparative Law in the 21st Century (Kluwer Law International 2002) 249.
109 See, eg, R Cotterrell, Law, Culture and Society: Legal Ideas in the Mirror of Social Theory (Routledge 2006); D Nelken, Comparing Legal Cultures (Routledge 2017); Legrand (n 53).
110 eg Legrand, who uses these arguments as resistance to harmonisation of law in Europe. See, eg, Legrand (n 53); and P Legrand, ‘What “Legal Transplants”?’ in Nelken and Feest (n 7) 55.
111 See the following articles, some of which were written under her former first name and maiden name, Jumpi Yokubol: J Yokubol, ‘“Culpa In Contrahendo” in Contract Law’ (1991) 21(1) ThammasatLJ 119 (Thai language); J (Yokubol) Sotthibandhu, ‘“Pacta de Contrahendo” in Italian Law’ (1991) 21(3) ThammasatLJ 454 (Thai language); J Sotthibandhu, ‘Constiglio Superiore della Magistratura of Italy’ (1992) 22(3) ThammasatLJ 371 (Thai language); J Yokubol, ‘The Constitutional Court of Italy’ in Faculty of Law, Thammasat University, Selection of Articles in the Celebration of the 80th Birthday of Professor Pairoj Chainam (Thammasat University 1992) 17 (Thai language); J Sotthibandhu, ‘Utile Per Inutile Non Vitiatur’ (1992) 22(4) ThammasatLJ 559 (Thai language).
112 See, eg, S Sotthibandhu, ‘A Separation of Commercial Law from Civil Law’ (2007) 36(4) ThammasatLJ 781 (Thai language); S Sotthibandhu, ‘Legal Problems relating to Loan Contracts’ in Faculty of Law, Thammasat University, Memorial Book on the 60th Birthday of Professor Ngor (Duan Tula 2013) (Thai language); and S Sotthibandhu, Basic Principles of Private Law (Winyuchon 2019) (Thai language).
113 Other major academic works in this area are the works of Professor Preedee Kasemsup and Professor Phijaisakdi Horayangkura, as discussed above. For other important works in the area of comparative private law, see Y Saeng U-tai and S Vinitchaikul, Comparative Private Law; Thai Laws and Codes of Foreign Nations (Faculty of Law, Thammasat University 1973) (Thai language); T Krivixien, Thai and Anglo-Saxon Comparative Law (Faculty of Law, Chulalongkorn University 1975); P Punyabandhu, Comparative Law of Thailand and Codes of Foreign Nations (Faculty of Law, Thammasat University 1976); P Chomchai, Introduction to Comparative Private Law: Roman and Anglo-Saxon Customary Laws (Faculty of Law, Thammasat University 2015) (Thai language).
114 Including Konrad Zweigert and Hein Kötz, Roscoe Pound, Günter Frankenberg; Italian scholars such as V Arangio-Ruiz, G Gorla and R Sacco; as well as renowned Thai scholars including Preedee Kasemsup, Yud Saeng U-tai and Serm Vinichaikul. See J (Sanunkorn) Sotthibandhu, ‘Comparative Law: A Theoretical Foundation’ (กฎหมายเปรียบเทียบ: พื้นฐานความคิด) (1995) 25(4) ThammasatLJ 664 (Thai language).
115 ibid 666.
116 ibid.
117 ibid 667.
118 ibid 674.
119 ibid.
120 ibid 672.
121 ibid 673.
122 ibid 673.
123 ibid 674.
124 ibid 675.
125 ibid 676.
126 ibid 676–7.
127 See, for instance, Sotthibandhu, ‘Legal Problems relating to Loan Contracts’ (n 112); and S Sotthibandhu, An Explanation of Obligation Law: Effects of Obligations (Winyuchon 2020) (Thai language) 34.
128 Sotthibandhu, Basic Principles of Private Law (n 112) 125 (Thai language, translation by the first author).
129 ibid 148–9.
130 ibid 149.
131 ibid 152.
132 ibid 155.
133 ibid 151–2.
134 ibid 149–51.
135 ibid 160.
136 ibid 152.
137 See Jamal, AA, ‘Comparative Law, Anti-essentialism and Intersectionality: Reflections from Southeast Asia in Search of an Elusive Balance’ (2014) 9(1) ASJCL 197CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
138 G Dannemann, ‘Comparative Law: Study of Similarities or Differences?’ in M Reimann and R Zimmermann (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law (2nd edn, OUP 2019) 392.
139 eg P Legrand, ‘The Same and the Different’ in P Legrand and R Munday (eds), Comparative Legal Studies: Traditions and Transitions (CUP 2003) 240; Frankenberg, G, ‘Critical Comparisons: Re-thinking Comparative Law’ (1985) 26 HarvIntlLJ 411Google Scholar; R Hyland, ‘Comparative Law’ in D Patterson (ed), A Companion to Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory (Wiley-Blackwell 1996) 184.
140 eg J Husa, A New Introduction to Comparative Law (2nd edn, Hart 2023); Bogdan, M, Concise Introduction to Comparative Law (Europa 2013)Google Scholar; Samuel, G, An Introduction to Comparative Law Theory and Method (Hart 2014)Google Scholar.
141 Salaymeh and Michaels (n 1) 167–72.
142 Reimann (n 32) 225 ff.