Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-xm8r8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-15T22:48:50.312Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Design of Cost-Effective Packages of Care for Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus: Defining the Information Needs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 March 2009

Martin C. Gulliford
Affiliation:
Guy's and St. Thomas' Medical and Dental Schools

Abstract

This review concludes that: a) the global burden of disease from non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) cannot be completely estimated at present; b) evidence for the efficacy of key elements of a package of care is still needed; c) generalizing the results of evaluations of costs or effectiveness across different populations is not straightforward; and d) for this complex intervention, the costs and effectiveness of intervention may be highly dependent on methods of organizing care. Addressing this information deficit represents an important task for researchers and health decision makers.

Type
General Essays
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Abraira, C., Colwell, J. A., Nuttall, F. Q., et al. Veterans affairs cooperative study on glycemic control and complications in NIDDM diabetes (VA CSDM): Results of the feasibility trial. Diabetes Care, 1995, 18, 1113–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2.Alberti, K. G. M. M.Problems related to definitions and epidemiology of type 2 (non insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: Studies throughout the world. Diabetologia, 1993, 36, 978–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3.Alleyne, S. I., Morrison, E. Y. St. A., & Richards, R. R.Some social factors related to control of diabetes mellitus in adult Jamaican patients. Diabetes Care, 1979, 2, 401–08.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4.Alwan, A., & King, H.Diabetes in the Eastern Mediterranean region: The World Health Organisation responds to a major public health challenge. Diabetic Medicine, 1995, 12, 1057–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5.Apelquist, J., Ragnarson-Tennvall, G., Persson, U., & Larsson, J.Diabetic foot ulcers in a multi-disciplinary setting: An economic analysis of primary healing and healing with amputation. Journal of Internal Medicine, 1994, 235, 463–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6.Arab, M.Diabetes mellitus in Egypt. World Health Statistics Quarterly, 1992, 45, 334–37.Google ScholarPubMed
7.Benton, G. S., & Kerstein, M. D.Cost-effectiveness of early digit amputation in the patient with diabetes. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics, 1985, 161, 523–24.Google ScholarPubMed
8.Borch-Johnsen, K., Wenzel, H., Viberti, G. C., & Mogensen, C. E.Is screening and intervention for microalbuminuria worthwhile in patients with insulin dependent diabetes? British Medical Journal, 1993, 306, 1722–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9.Buxton, M. J., Scuplher, M. J., Ferguson, J. E., et al. Screening for treatable diabetic retinopathy: A comparison of different methods. Diabetic Medicine, 1991, 8, 371–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10.Caputo, G. M., Cavanagh, P. R., Ulbrecht, J. S., et al. Assessment and management of foot disease in patients with diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 1994, 331, 854–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11.Chaiken, R. L., Banerji, M. A., Huey, H., & Lebovitz, H. E.Do blacks with NIDDM have an insulin-resistance syndrome? Diabetes, 1993, 42, 444–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Chale, S. S., Swai, A. B. M., Mujinja, P. G. M., & McLarty, D. G.Must diabetes be a fatal disease in Africa? Study of costs of treatment. British Medical Journal, 1992, 304, 1215–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13.Chan, J. C. N., Cockran, C. S., Nicholls, M. G., et al. Comparison of enalapril and nifedipine in treating NIDDM associated with hypertension: One year analysis. British Medical Journal, 1992, 305, 981–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14.Collins, R., Peto, R., MacMahon, S., et al. Blood pressure stroke and coronary heart disease, II: Short term reductions in blood pressure: Overview of radomised trials in their epidemiological context. Lancet, 1990, 335, 827–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Coulter, A.Shifting the balance from secondary to primary care. British Medical Journal, 1995, 311, 1447–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16.Davidson, J. K. The Grady Memorial Hospital Diabetes programme. In Mann, J. I., Pyorala, K., and Teuscher, A. (eds.), Diabetes in epidemiological perspective. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1983, 332–41.Google Scholar
17.The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Resource utilisation and costs of care in the diabetes control and complications trial. Diabetes Care, 1995, 18, 1468–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18.The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long term complications of NIDDM. New England Journal of Medicine, 1993, 329, 977–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19.Diabetes Integrated Care Evaluation Team. Integrated care for diabetes: Clinical, psychosocial and economic evaluation. British Medical Journal, 1994, 308, 1208–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20.Dowse, G. K., Gareeboo, H., Alberti, K. G. M. M., et al. , for the Mauritius Non-communicable Disease Study Group. Changes in population cholesterol concentrations and other cardiovascular risk factor levels after five years of the non-communicable disease intervention programme in Mauritius. British Medical Journal, 1995, 311, 1255–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21.Dowse, G. K., Zimmett, P. Z., Gareebo, H., et al. Abdominal obesity and physical activity as risk factors for NIDDM and impaired glucose tolerance in Indian. Creole and Chinese Mauritians. Diabetes Care, 1991, 14, 271–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22.Eriksson, K. F., & Lindgarde, F.Prevention of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus by diet and physical exercise: The 6 year Malmo feasibility study. Diabetologia, 1991, 34, 891–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23.Field, K., Thorogood, M., Silagy, C., et al. Strategies for reducing coronary risk factors in primary care: Which is most cost-effective? British Medical Journal, 1995, 310, 1109–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24.Frenk, J., Bobadilla, J. L., Sepulveda, J., & Lopes-Cervantes, M.Health transition in middle-income countries: New challenges for health care. Health Policy and Planning, 1989, 4, 2939.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25.Fuller, J. H., Elford, J., Goldblatt, P., & Adelstein, A. M.Diabetes mortality: New light on an under-estimated public health problem. Diabetologia, 1983, 24, 336–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26.Gerard, K., Donaldson, D., & Maynard, A.The cost of diabetes. Diabetic Medicine, 1989, 6, 164–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27.Gohdes, D. Diabetes in North American Indians and Alaska Natives. In Harris, M. I., Cowie, C. C., Stern, M. P., et al. (eds)., Diabetes in America, 2nd ed.Bethesda: National Institutes of Health, 1995, 683701.Google Scholar
28.Greenhalgh, P.Shared care for diabetes: A systematic review. Occasional paper number 67. London: Royal College of General Practitioners, 1994.Google Scholar
29.Gulliford, M. C., Alert, C. V., Mahabir, D., et al. Diabetes care in middle-income countries: A Caribbean case study. Diabetic Medicine, 1996, 13, 574–81.3.0.CO;2-C>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30.Gulliford, M. C., Ariyanayagam-Baksh, S. M., Bickram, L., et al. Social environment, morbidity and use of health care among people with diabetes mellitus in Trinidad. International Journal of Epidemiology, 1997, 28, 620–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31.Gulliford, M. C., Ariyanayagam-Baksh, S. M., Bickram, L., et al. Counting the cost of diabetic hospital admissions from a multi-ethnic population in Trinidad. Diabetic Medicine, 1995, 12, 1077–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32.Gwatkin, D. R. Distributional implications of alternative strategic responses to the demographic-epidemiological transition: An initial inquiry. In Gribble, J. N., & Preston, S. H. (eds.), The epidemiological transition: Policy and planning implications for developing countries. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1993, 197228.Google Scholar
33.Haardt, M. J., Selam, J. L., Slama, G., et al. A cost-benefit comparison of intensive diabetes management with implantable pumps versus multiple subcutaneous injections in patients with type I diabetes. Diabetes Care, 1994, 17, 847–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34.Hales, C. N., Barker, D. J. P., Clark, P. M. S., et al. Fetal and infant growth and impaired glucose tolerance at age 64 years. British Medical Journal, 1991, 303, 1019–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35.Hammond, G. S., & Aoki, T. T.Measurement of health status in diabetic patients: Diabetes impact measurement scale. Diabetes Care, 1992, 4, 469–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36.Harding, S. P., Broadbent, D. M., Neoh, C., et al. Sensitivity and specificity of photography and direct ophthalmoscopy in screening for sight threatening eye disease: The Liverpool diabetic eye study. British Medical Journal, 1995, 311, 1131–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37.Herman, W. H., Ali, M. A., Aubert, R. E., et al. Diabetes mellitus in Egypt: Risk factors and prevalence. Diabetic Medicine, 1995, 12, 1126–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38.Humphrey, A. R. G., Dowse, G., Thoma, K., & Zimmet, P. Z.Diabetes and non traumatic lower extremity amputations. Incidence, risk factors and prevention: A 12 year follow-up study in Nauru. Diabetes Care, 1996, 19, 710–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39.Hurwitz, B., Goodman, C., & Yudkin, J.Prompting the clinical care of non-insulin dependent (NIDDM) diabetic patients in an inner city area: One model of community care. British Medical Journal, 1993, 306, 624–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40.Hypertension in diabetes study group. Hypertension in diabetes study III: Perspective study of therapy of hypertension in type 2 diabetic patients: Efficacy of ACE inhibition and beta blockade. Diabetic Medicine, 1994, 11, 773–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41.Jarrett, R. J., Keen, H., & Grabauskas, V.The WHO multi-national study of vascular disease in diabetes, 1: general description, 2: macrovascular disease, 3: microvascular disease. Diabetes Care, 1979, 2, 175201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42.Javitt, J. C., & Aiello, L. P.Cost-effectiveness of detecting and treating diabetic retinopathy. Annals of Internal Medicine, 1996, 124, 164–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43.Javitt, J. C., & Chiang, Y. P. Economic impact of diabetes mellitus. In Harris, M. I., Cowie, C. C., Stern, M. P., et al. (eds.), Diabetes in America, 2nd ed. NIH publication number 95–1468. Bethesda: National Institues of Health, 1995, 601–11.Google Scholar
44.Kaplan, R. M., Atkins, C. J., & Wilson, D. K.The cost-utility of diet and exercise interventions in non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Health Promotion, 1988, 2, 331–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45.Kaplan, R. M., & Davis, W. K.Evaluating the costs and benefits of outpatient diabetes education and nutrition counseling. Diabetes Care, 1986, 9, 8186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46.Kelly, W. F., Mahmood, R., Kelly, M. J., et al. Influence of social deprivation on illness in diabetic patients. British Medical Journal, 1993, 307, 1115–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47.King, H., & Rewers, M., on behalf of the WHO ad hoc diabetes reporting group. Global estimates for prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in adults. Diabetes Care, 1993, 16, 157–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48.King, H., & Rewers, M., on behalf of the WHO ad hoc diabetes reporting group. Diabetes in adults is now a third world problem. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation, 1991, 69, 643–48.Google ScholarPubMed
49.Litzelman, D. K., Slemenda, C. W., Langefeld, C. D., et al. Reduction of lower extremity clinical abnormalities in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 1993, 119, 3641.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50.Llanos, G., & Libman, I.Diabetes in the Americas. Bulletin of the Pan American Healt Organisation, 1994, 28, 285301.Google ScholarPubMed
51.Malone, J. M., Snyder, M., Anderson, G., et al. Prevention of amputation by diabetic education. American Journal of Surgery, 1989, 158, 520–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52.McKeigue, P., Miller, G. M., & Marmot, M.Coronary heart disease in South Asians overseas: A review. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 1989, 42, 597609.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53.Miller, G. J., Beckles, G. L. A., Maude, G. H., et al. Ethnicity and other characteristics predictive of coronary heart disease in a developing community: Principal results of the St. James survey, Trinidad. International Journal of Epidemiology, 1989, 18, 808–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
54.Mogensen, C. E.Diabetic renal disease: The quest for normotension—And beyond. Diabetic Medicine, 1995, 12, 756–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55.Mulrow, C. D., & Pugh, J.Making sense of complex interventions. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 1995, 10, 111–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56.Murray, C. L. J., & Lopez, A. D.Global comparative assessments in the health sector. Geneva: World Health Organisation, 1994.Google Scholar
57.Olsson, J., Persson, U., Tollin, C., et al. Comparison of excess costs of care and production losses because of morbidity in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care, 1994, 17, 1257–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58.Pharoah, P. D. P., & Hollingworth, W.Cost effectiveness of lowering cholesterol concentration with statins in patients with and without pre-existing coronary heart disease: Life table method applied to health authority population. British Medical Journal, 1996, 312, 1443–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59.Phillips, M., & Salmeron, J.Diabetes in Mexico: A serious and growing problem. World Health Statistics Quarterly, 1992, 45, 338–46.Google ScholarPubMed
60.Rodby, R. A., Firth, L. M., & Lewis, E. J., for the collaborative study group. An economic analysis of captopril in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care, 1996, 19, 10511061.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61.Rohan, T. E., Frost, C. D., & Wald, N. J.Prevention of blindness by screening for diabetic retinopathy: A quantitative assessment. British Medical Journal, 1989, 299, 1198–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
62.Rosengren, A., Welin, L., Tsipogianni, A., & Wilhelsen, L.Impact of cardiovascular risk factors on coronary heart disease and mortality among middle aged diabetic men: A general population study. British Medical Journal, 1989, 299, 1127–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
63.Ryder, B.Screening for diabetic retinopathy. British Medical Journal, 1995, 311, 207–08.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64.The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study. Lancet, 1994, 344, 1383–89.Google Scholar
65.Schmitz, A.Renal function changes in middle-aged and elderly Caucasian type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients: A review. Diabetologia, 1993, 36, 985–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66.Schmitz, A., Vaeth, M., & Mogensen, C. E.Systolic blood pressure relates to the rate of progression of albuminuria in NIDDM. Diabetologia, 1994, 37, 1251–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
67.Sculpher, M. J., Buxton, M. J., Ferguson, B. A., et al. A relative cost-effectiveness analysis of different methods of screening for diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic Medicine, 1991, 8, 644–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68.Shepherd, J., Cobbe, S. M., Ford, I., et al. for the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention study group. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolaemia. New England Journal of Medicine, 1995, 333, 1301–07.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
69.Sitthi-Amorn, C.Health transition and needs-based technology planning and implementation. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 1995, 11, 663–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
70.Sobal, J., & Stunkard, A. J.Socio-economic status and obesity: A review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 1989, 105, 260–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
71.Songer, T. J.The economic costs of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metabolism Reviews, 1992, 8, 389404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
72.United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) X. Urinary albumin excretion over three years in diet treated type 2, (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients, and association with hypertension, hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridaemia. Diabetologia, 1993, 36,1021–29.Google Scholar
73.United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study 13. Relative efficacy of randomly allocated diet, sulphonylurea, insulin or metformin in patients with newly diagnosed non-insulin-dependent diabetes followed for three years. British Medical Journal, 1995, 310, 8388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
74.Van der does, F. E. E., De Neeling, J. N. D., Snoek, F. J., et al. Symptoms and well-being in relation to glycemic control in NIDDM. Diabetes Care, 1996, 19, 204–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
75.Vaughan, J. P., Gilson, L., & Mills, A. Diabetes. In Jamison, D. T., Mosley, W. H., Measham, A. R., & Bobadilla, J. L. (eds.), Disease control priorities in developing countries. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993, 561–76.Google Scholar
76.Vaughan, P., Gilson, L., & Mills, A.Diabetes in developing countries: Its importance for public health. Health Policy and Planning, 1989, 4, 97109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
77.Wang, L., Head, J., Stevens, L., & Fuller, J. H., for the World Health Organisation Multinational Study Group. Excess mortality and its relation to hypertension and proteinuria in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care, 1996, 19, 305–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78.Ware, J. E., Keller, S. D., Gandek, B., et al. Evaluating translations of health status questionnaires. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 1995, 11, 525–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
79.Warram, J. H., Laffel, L. M. B., Valsania, P., et al. Excess mortality associated with diuretic therapy in diabetes mellitus. Archives of Internal Medicine, 1991, 151, 1350–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80.Weinberger, M., Kirkman, M. S., Samsa, G. P., et al. The relationship between glycemic control and health-related quality of life in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Medical Care, 1994, 32, 1173–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
81.Williams, R.Quantifying the benefits of investing in prevention. Diabetic Medicine, 1995, 12, 849.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
82.Wood, J.A review of diabetes care initiatives in primary care settings. Health Trends, 1990, 22, 3942.Google ScholarPubMed
83.Wooldrige, J., & Moreno, L.Evaluation of the costs to Medicare of covering therapeutic shoes for diabetic patients. Diabetes Care, 1994, 17, 541–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
84.World Bank. World Development Report 1993. Investing in health. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
85.World Health Organisation: Diabetes mellitus. Technical report series number 727. Ge neva: World Health Organisation, 1985.Google Scholar
86.Yudkin, J. S.How can we best prolong life? Benefits of coronary risk factor reduction in non-diabetic and diabetic subjects. British Medical Journal, 1993, 306, 1313–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
87.Zimmet, P.Non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus: Does it really exist? Diabetic Medicine, 1989, 6, 728–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed