Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-p2v8j Total loading time: 0.001 Render date: 2024-05-31T17:43:58.036Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Trashing Solidarity: The Production of Power and the Challenges to Organizing Informal Reclaimers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2019

Melanie Samson*
Affiliation:
University of the Witwatersrand

Abstract

This article presents a nuanced social history of how reclaimers at the Marie Louise landfill in Soweto, South Africa, organized against each other on the basis of nationality instead of uniting to combat the effects of the 2008 global economic crisis. Through this narrative of struggles at one particular dump, the article contributes to debates on informal worker organizing by theorizing the importance of the production of identities, power relations, space, and institutions in understanding how and why informal workers create and maintain power-laden divisions between themselves. The article argues that organizing efforts that seek to overcome divisions between informal workers cannot simply exhort them to unite based on abstract principles, but must actively transform the places and institutions forged by these workers through which they create and crystallize divisive identities and power relations.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © International Labor and Working-Class History, Inc. 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

NOTES

Research funding and support was provided by the International Development Research Centre, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, the National Research Foundation, and Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing.

1. Ally, Shireen, “Domestic Worker Unionisation in Post-Apartheid South Africa: Demobilisation and Depoliticisation by the Democratic State,” Politikon 35 (2008): 121Google Scholar; Baruah, Bipasha, “Earning Their Keep and Keeping What They Earn: A Critique of Organizing Strategies for South Asian Women in the Informal Sector,” Gender, Work & Organization 11 (2004): 605–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bonner, Christine and Spooner, Dave, “Organizing Labor in the Informal Economy: Institutional Forms & Relationships,” Labour, Capital and Society 44 (2011): 122–46Google Scholar; Gallin, Dan, “Propositions on Trade Unions and Informal Employment in Times of Globalisation,” Antipode 33 (2001): 531–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Dan Gallin and Pat Horn, “Organizing Informal Women Workers,” 2005. Available at: http://www.streetnet.org.za/docs/research/2005/en/informalwomenworkers.pdf; Goldman, Tanya, Organizing in South Africa's Informal Economy: An Overview of Four Sectoral Case Studies, SEED Working Paper, (Geneva, 2003)Google Scholar; Sujata Gothoskar, “New Initiatives in Organizing Strategy in the Informal Economy – Case Study of Domestic Workers ’ Organizing.“ Available at: http://www.wiego.org/sites/default/files/publications/files/Gothoskar_New_Initiatives_Organizing_2005.pdf (Bangkok, 2005); Lindell, Ilda, Africa's Informal Workers: Collective Agency, Alliances and Transnational Organizing in Urban Africa (London, 2010)Google Scholar; Mather, Celia, Informal Workers’ Organizing. (Cape Town, 2012)Google Scholar; Sarmiento, Hugo, Tilly, Chris, Toledo, Enrique de la Garza, and Ramírez, José Luis Gayosso, “The Unexpected Power of Informal Workers in the Public Square: A Comparison of Mexican and US Organizing Models,” International Labor and Working-Class History 89 (2016): 131–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

2. Current academic interest in presenting informal workers as the new leading agents of working class struggle may underpin this silence, as the literature focuses on establishing their progressive and transformative potential.

3. Ally, Shireen, “Caring about Care Workers: Organizing in the Female Shadow of Globalization,” Labour, Capital and Society 38 (2005): 184207Google Scholar; Cobble, Dorothy Sue,  “Organizing the Postindustrial Workforce,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 44 (1991); 419–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Jonathan Eaton, “Organizing and Union Renewal: What Determines Union Organizing Tactics?” (Toronto, n.d.): 171–79. Available at: http://www.crimt.org/2eSite_renouveau/Samedi_PDF/Eaton.pdfFitzgerald, Ian and Hardy, Jane, “‘Thinking Outside the Box’? Trade Union Organizing Strategies and Polish Migrant Workers in the United Kingdom,” British Journal of Industrial Relations 48 (2010): 131–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kenny, Bridget C., “Militant Divisions, Collective Possibilities: Lessons for Labour Mobilization from South African Retail Sector Workers,” Labour, Capital and Society 38 (2005): 156–83Google Scholar; Milkman, Ruth and Ott, Ed, New Labor in New York: Precarious Workers and the Future of the Labor Movement (Ithaca, 2014)Google Scholar; Orr, Liesl, “Organising Strategies for New Union Challenges,” Organising Strategies Series Report No. 1 (Johannesburg, 2008)Google Scholar; Soni-Sinha, Urvashi and Yates, Charlotte A.B., “‘Dirty Work?’ Gender, Race and the Union in Industrial Cleaning,” Gender, Work & Organization 20 (2013): 737–51Google Scholar; Voss, Kim and Sherman, Rachel, “Breaking the Iron Law of Oligarchy: Union Revitalization in the American Labor Movement,” American Journal of Sociology 106 (2000): 303–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Yates, Charlotte, “Rebuilding the Labour Movement by Organizing the Unorganized: Strategic Considerations,” Studies in Political Economy 74 (2004): 171–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

4. Tufts, Steven, Cranford, Cynthia J., and Ladd, Deena, “Community Unionism: Organising for Fair Employment in Canada,” Just Labour 3 (2003): 4659Google Scholar; Milkman, Ruth, Bloom, Joshua, and Narro, Victor, Working for Justice: The L.A. Model of Organizing and Advocacy (Ithaca, 2010)Google Scholar; Theodore, Nik, “Generative Work: Day Labourers’ Freirean Praxis,” Urban Studies 52 (2015): 2035–50Google Scholar.

5. Agarwala, Rina, Informal Labor, Formal Politics, and Dignified Discontent in India (Cambridge, 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Shireen Ally, “Caring about Care Workers”; Baruah, “Earning Their Keep and Keeping What They Earn”; Poornima Chikarmane and Laxmi Narayan, Organising the Unorganised: A Case Study of the Kagad Kach Patra Kashtakari Panchayat (Trade Union of Waste-Pickers) (2005). Available at: http://wiego.org/sites/wiego.org/files/resources/files/Chikarmane_Narayan_case-kkpkp.pdf; Gothoskar, “New Initiatives in Organizing Strategy in the Informal Economy – Case Study of Domestic Workers”; Naila Kabeer, Ratna Sudarshan, and Kirsty Milward (eds.), Organizing Women Workers in the Informal Economy: Beyond the Weapons of the Weak (London, 2013).

6. Anderson, Bridget, “Mobilizing Migrants, Making Citizens: Migrant Domestic Workers as Political Agents,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 33 (2010): 6074CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Boris, Eileen and Nadasen, Premilla, “Domestic Workers Organize!The Journal of Labor and Society 11 (2008): 413–37Google Scholar; Pratt, Geraldine, “From Registered Nurse to Registered Nanny: Discursive Geographies of Filipina Domestic Workers in Vancouver, BC,” Economic Geography 75: 215–36Google Scholar; Smith, Peggie R., “Organizing the Unorganizable: Private Paid Household Workers and Approaches to Employee Representation’,” North Carolina Law Review 79 (2000): 46109Google Scholar.

7. Naila Kabeer, Ratna Sudarshan, and Kristy Milward, Organizing Women Workers; Narayan, Lakshmi and Chikarmane, Poornima, “Power At The Bottom Of The Heap: Organizing Waste Pickers In Pune,” ed. Kabeer, Naila, Sudarshan, Ratna, and Milward, Kirsty (London, 2013): 205–31Google Scholar; Theodore, Nik, “Generative Work: Day Labourers’ Freirean Praxis,” Urban Studies 52 (2015): 2035–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

8. An important exception is Claire Bénit-Gbaffou's nuanced analysis of organizational divisions between street traders in Johannesburg. Bénit-Gbaffou, Claire, “Do Street Traders Have the Right to the City? The Politics of Street Traders, in Inner City Johannesburg, Post Operation Clean-Sweep,” Third World Quarterly 37 (2016): 1102–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

9. Kenny, Bridget, Retail Worker Politics, Race and Consumption in South Africa: Shelved in the Service Economy (Basingstoke, 2018)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

10. Muñoz, Lorena, “Latino/a Immigrant Street Vendors in Los Angeles: Photo-Documenting Sidewalks from ‘Back-Home,’Sociological Research Online 17 (2012): 117CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

11. Mies, Maria, Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale (London, 1986)Google Scholar.

12. Samson, Melanie, “Accumulation by Dispossession and the Informal Economy – Struggles over Knowledge, Being and Waste at a Soweto Garbage Dump,” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 33 (2015): 813–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

13. Ward, Kevin, “Thinking Geographically about Work, Employment and Society,” Work, Employment and Society 21 (2007): 265–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

14. Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space (Oxford, 1974).

15. Doreen Massey, Space, Place and Gender (Minneapolis, 1994), 154.

16. Doreen Massey, Space, Place and Gender, 168.

17. Doreen Massey, Space, Place and Gender, 121.

18. For more detailed discussion of the processes through which reclaimers transformed the dump into a resource mine, see Melanie Samson, “Accumulation by Dispossession,” 813–30.

19. Although municipal waste workers continued to extract small amounts of high value recyclables, their role in salvaging remained peripheral.

20. Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Council, iGoli 2002: Making the City Work – It Cannot Be Business As Usual (Johannesburg, 1999).

21. Bond, Patrick, “Competing Explanations of Zimbabwe's Long Economic Crisis,” Safundi: The Journal of South African and American Studies 8 (2007): 149–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Landau, Loren B., “Drowning in Numbers: Interogating New Patterns in Zimbabwean Migration to South Africa,” Migration from Zimbabwe: Numbers, Needs, and Policy Options, ed Centre for Development Enterprise (Johannesburg, 2008), 711Google Scholar; Moore, David, “Zimbabwe's Triple Crisis: Primitive Accumulation, Nation-State Formation and Democratization in the Age of Neo-Liberal Globalization,” African Studies Quartlerly 7, 2–3 (2003)Google Scholar. Available at: http://www.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v7/v7i2a2.htm.

22. Statistic based on survey conducted by the author.

23. Neocosmos, Michael, From Foreign Natives to Native Foreigners: Explaining Xenophobia in Post-apartheid South Africa. Citizenship and Nationalism, Identity and Politics (Dakar, 2006)Google Scholar; Peberdy, Sally, Selecting Immigrants: National Identity and South Africa's Immigration Policy 1910– 2008 (Johannesburg, 2009)Google Scholar.

24. Landau, Loren B. (ed.), Exorcising the Demons Within: Xenophobia, Violence and Statecraft in Contemporary South Africa (Johannesburg, 2012)Google Scholar.

25. Tamlyn Monson, “Making the Law; Breaking the Law; Taking the Law into Our Own Hands: Sovereignty and Territorial Control in Three South African Settlements,” in Exorcising the Demons Within, 172–99.

26. Meagher, Kate, Identity Economics: Social Networks and the Informal Economy in Nigeria (Suffolk, 2010)Google Scholar.

27. Albo, Gregory, “Contesting the New Capitalism,” in Varieties of Capitalism, Varieties of Approaches, ed. Coates, David (London, 2005), 79Google Scholar.

28. Samson, Melanie, “The Social Uses of the Law and Struggles Over Waste – Reclaiming the Law and the State in the Informal Economy,” Current Sociology, 65 (2017): 222–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

29. Samson, Melanie, “Not Just Recycling the Crisis: Insights into the Production of Value from Waste Reclaimed from a Soweto Garbage Dump,” Historical Materialism, 25 (2017): 3662CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

30. Cohen, Jennifer, “How the Global Economic Crisis Reaches Marginalised Workers: The Case of Street Traders in Johannesburg, South Africa,” Gender & Development 18 (2010): 277–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Cohen, Jennifer. 2013.  “From Wall Street Traders to Bree Street Traders: The Global Economic Crisis and Street Traders in Johannesburg,” in Dirty Cities: Towards a Political Economy of the Underground in Global Cities, eds. Leila Simona Talani, Alexander Clarkson and Ramon Pacheco Pardo (London: 2013): 161–91; Zoe Elena Horn, No Cushion to Fall Back On: The Global Economic Crisis and Informal Workers. Synthesis Report (2009). Available at: http://www.inclusivecities.org/pdfs/GEC_Study.pdf; Horn, Zoe Elena, “The Effects of the Global Economic Crisis on Women in the Informal Economy: Research Findings from WIEGO and the Inclusive Cities Partners,” Gender and Development 18 (2010): 263–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Millar, KathleenTrash Ties: Urban Politics, Economic Crisis, and Rio de Janeiro's Garbage Dump.” in Economies of Recycling: The Global Transformation of Materials, Values and Social Relations,  ed Alexander, Catherine and Reno, Joshua (London, 2012): 164–84Google Scholar; Mehrota, Santosh, “The Impact of the Economic Crisis on the Informal Sector and Poverty in East Asia,” Global Social Policy 9 (2009): 101–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar. International Labour Organisation, Tackling the Global Jobs Crisis: Recovery Through Decent Work Policies. Report of the Director-General, International Labour Conference, 98th Session, Geneva (Geneva, 2009). Available at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_norm/@relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_106162.pdfInternational Labour Organisation, Global Jobs Pact Policy Briefs: Including the Informal Economy in the Recovery Measures. Policy Brief No. 3 (Geneva, 2011). Available at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---integration/documents/publication/wcms_150588.pdf.

31. Asef Bayat, “Un-civil Society: The Politics of the ‘Informal People’,” Third World Quarterly (1997): 53–72.