Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-p2v8j Total loading time: 0.001 Render date: 2024-06-04T01:55:38.139Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Persianisms: The Achaemenid Court in Greek Art, 380–330 BCE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2022

Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones*
Affiliation:
Cardiff University

Abstract

The Persians held sway over the Greek imagination for more than 200 years. The image of Persia shifted in that time from xenophobic hostility, caused through fear of the encroaching presence of the Persian empire, through to curious acceptance of its dominance. Much study has been given to the formative decades of the construction of the Persian “Other” in Greek art, but the fourth-century image of Persia has remained relatively unexplored. This paper demonstrates how Greek artists of the period 380–330 BCE fixated on the life and accomplishments of the court of the Achaemenid Great Kings and argues that instead of offering an orientalist clichéd view of Persian life, it attempted to understand and disseminate bone fide Iranian images of court society.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Association For Iranian Studies, Inc 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, L. “Le Roi Imaginaire: An Audience with the Achaemenid King.” In Imaginary Kings. Royal Images in the Ancient Near East, Greece and Rome, edited by Hekster, O. and Fowler, R., 3962. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2005.Google Scholar
Allsen, T. T. The Royal Hunt in Eurasian History. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barringer, J. The Hunt in Ancient Greece. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Boardman, J. Persia and the West. An Archaeological Investigation of the Genesis of Achaemenid Art. London: Thames & Hudson, 2000.Google Scholar
Boardman, J. The Greeks in Asia. London: Thames & Hudson, 2015.Google Scholar
Briant, P. From Cyrus to Alexander. A History of the Persian Empire. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2002.Google Scholar
Briant, P. Darius dans l’ombre d’Alexandre [Darius in the Shadow of Alexander]. Paris: Fauard, 2003.Google Scholar
Bridges, E. Imagining Xerxes: Ancient Perspectives on a Persian King. London: Bloomsbury, 2015.Google Scholar
Colburn, H. P. “Art of the Achaemenid Empire, and Art in the Achaemenid Empire.” In Critical Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Art, edited by Brown, B. A. and Feldman, M. H., 773800. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2013.Google Scholar
Cohen, B., ed. The Colours of Clay. Special Techniques in Athenian Vases. Los Angeles: Getty Museum, 2006.Google Scholar
Dandamaev, M. A. A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire. Leiden: Brill, 1989.Google Scholar
Dusinberre, E. R. M. Aspects of Empire in Achaemenid Sardis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Erskine, A. Troy Between Greece and Rome. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Franks, H.M. “Hunting the Eschata. An Imagined Persian Empire on the Lekythos of Xenophantos.” Hesperia 78 (2009): 455480. doi: 10.2972/hesp.78.4.455CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grosrichard, A. The Sultan’s Court: European Fantasies of the East. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Gruen, E.S. Rethinking the Other in Antiquity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Hall, E. Inventing the Barbarian. Greek Self-Definition through Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Hall, E. The Theatrical Cast of Athens. Interactions Between Greek Drama and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, S., ed. Alexander der Große und die öffnung der Welt Asiens Kulturen in Wandel [Alexander the Great and the Advent of Cultural Change in Asia]. Mannheim: Reiss-Engelhorn Museen, 2009.Google Scholar
Hirsch, S.W. The Friendship of Barbarians. Xenophon and the Persian Empire. Lebanon, NH: Tufts University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Horden, J. H. The Fragments of Timotheus of Miletus. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Isaac, B. The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kosmopoulou, A. The Iconography of Sculptured Statue Bases in the Archaic and Classical Periods. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Kuhrt, A. ‘Der Hof der Achämeniden: Concluding Remarks’. In Der Achämenidenhof [The Achaemenid Court], edited by Jacobs, B. and Rollinger, R. 901–12. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2010.Google Scholar
Llewellyn-Jones, L. “Eunuchs and the Harem in Achaemenid Persia.” In Eunuchs in Antiquity and Beyond, edited by Tougher, S., 1949. London: Classical Press of Wales, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Llewellyn-Jones, L. Aphrodite’s Tortoise. The Veiled Woman of Ancient Greece. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Llewellyn-Jones, L. “The Big and Beautiful Women of Asia: Ethnic Conceptions of Ideal Beauty in Achaemenid-period Seals and Gemstones.” In Material Culture and Social Identities in the Ancient World, edited by Hales, S. and Hodos, T., 171200. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Llewellyn-Jones, L. “Great Kings of the Fourth Century BCE and Greek Conceptions of the Persian Past.” In Greek Notions of the Past in the Archaic and Classical Eras, edited by Marincola, J., Llewellyn-Jones, L., and McIver, C., 317346. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Llewellyn-Jones, L. King and Court in Ancient Persia, 559–331 BCE. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Llewellyn-Jones, L. “‘Empire of the Gaze’: Despotism and Seraglio Fantasies à la grecque in Chariton’s Callirhoe.” In Vision and Viewing in Ancient Greece, edited by Blundell, S., Cairns, D. L., and Rabinowitz, N.. Special Issue. Helios 40 (2013): 167191.Google Scholar
Llewellyn-Jones, L. “‘Beautiful to Behold is the King’: The Body of the Achaemenid Monarch.” In Fluide Körper-Bodies in Transition, edited by Wascheck, F. and Alan Shapiro, H., 211248. Cologne: Wilhelm Fink, 2015.Google Scholar
Llewellyn-Jones, L. “Reviewing Space, Context and Meaning: The Eurymedon Vase Again.” In New Studies in Greek Art, edited by Rodriguez Perez, D.. Oxford: Ashgate, forthcoming 2017.Google Scholar
Llewellyn-Jones, L., and Robson, J. Ctesias’ History of Persia: Tales of the Orient. London: Routledge, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, M. C. “Midas as the Great King in Attic Fifth-Century Vase Painting.” Antiker Kunst 2 (1988): 7989.Google Scholar
Miller, M. C. Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC. A Study in Cultural Receptivity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Miller, M. C. “Art, Myth and Reality: Xenophantos’ Lekythos Re-Examined.” In Poetry, Theory, Praxis. The Social Life of Myth, Word and Image in Ancient Greece, edited by Csapo, E. and Miller, M. C., 1947. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Miller, M. C. “Orientalism and Ornamentalism: Athenian Reactions to Achaemenid Persia.” Arts: the Proceedings of the Sydney University Arts Association 28 (2006): 117146.Google Scholar
Miller, M. C. “Persians in the Greek Imagination.” Mediterranean Archaeology 19/20 (2006/7): 109123.Google Scholar
Roosevelt, C. H. The Archaeology of Lydia, from Gyges to Alexander. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Root, M. C. The King and Kingship in Achaemenid Art. Leiden: Brill, 1979.Google Scholar
Said, E. Orientalism. Western Conceptions of the Orient. London: Penguin, 1978.Google Scholar
Sánchez, M. G. El Gran Rey de Persia: Formas de Representación de la Alteridad Persa en el Imaginario Griego [The Great King of Persia: Forms of Representation in Ancient Persia and the Greek Imagination]. Barcelona: Universidad de Barcelona, 2009.Google Scholar
Sancisi-Weerdenburg, H. “Yauna by the Sea and Across the Sea.” In Ancient Perceptions of Greek Ethnicity, edited by Malkin, I., 323346. Cambridge, MA: Center for Hellenic Studies, 2001.Google Scholar
Schäfer, T. Andres Agathoi [Brave Heroes]. Munich: Tuduv-Veragsgesellschaft, 1997.Google Scholar
Schmidt, M. Der Dareiosmaler und sein Umkreis: Untersuchen zur Spätapulischen Vasenmalerei [The Darius Painter and his Surroundings: an examination of painting techniques]. Munich: Aschendorff, 1960.Google Scholar
Sekunda, N. V., and Chew, S.. The Persian Army. Oxford: Osprey, 1992.Google Scholar
Shapiro, H. A. “The Invention of Persia in Classical Athens.” In The Origins of Racism in the West, edited by Eliav-Feldon, M., Isaac, B. and Ziegler, J., 5787. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Sommerstein, A. H. Aeschylean Tragedy. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Stevenson, R. B. Persica. Greek Writing about Persia in the Fourth Century BC. Edinburgh: Academia Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Taplin, O. Pots and Plays. Interactions between Tragedy and Greek Vase Painting of the Fourth Century BC. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Museum, 2007.Google Scholar
Tiverios, M. A. “Die von Xenophantos Athenaios signierte große Lekythos aus Pantikapaion: Alte Funde neu betracht.” [The Xenophantes Painter's large Pantikapion lekythos: old finds revisited] In Athenian Potters and Painters, edited by Oakley, J. H., Coulston, W. D. E., and Palagia, O., 269284. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Tuplin, C. Achaemenid Studies. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1996.Google Scholar
Tuplin, C. “Treacherous Hearts and Upright Tiaras: The Achaemenid King’s Head-Dress.” In Persian Responses. Political and Cultural Interaction With(in) the Persian Empire, edited by Tuplin, Christopher, 6797. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, 2007.Google Scholar
Vlassopoulos, K. Greeks and Barbarians. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar