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Women in the Islamic Republic of Iran

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2022

Guity Nashat
Guity Nashat*
Affiliation:
University of Illinois, Chicago Circle
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Extract

The image of the Iranian woman clad in the traditional chador, pointing her fist in the air or carrying a machine gun, has become one of the hallmarks of the most recent revolution in Iran. But, in spite of the role played by women in toppling the shah's regime, women have lost more from the change of government than has any other group that participated in the revolution. This loss is evident in (1) the abrogation of laws enacted under the previous regime that introduced a measure of equality for women; (2) the dwindling of employment opportunities available to women due to the deteriorating economic situation; (3) the long-term policy of the current government to encourage women to stay at home; and (4) a massive and persistent campaign to convince women that their own welfare and the welfare of society is best preserved if the roles of men and women are kept separate and if contact between the sexes is kept at a minimum.

Type
Research Article
Information
Iranian Studies , Volume 13 , Issue 1-4: Iranian Revolution in Perspective , 1980 , pp. 165 - 194
Copyright
Copyright © Association For Iranian Studies, Inc 1980

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Footnotes

This article was partly written during my stay as a visiting scholar at the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace. While there I received helpful suggestions from Professor Howard Reed and Dr. Karim Pakravan.

References

Notes

1. One such occasion was reported during the severe famine of 1871-72. See Mirza Ibrahim Vaqa-ye Negar, cited in Khan Malek Sasani, Sīyāsatgarān-e Dowreh-ye Qajar.

2. al-Islam Kermani, Nazem, Tarikh-e Bidari-ye Iraniyan (Tehran: Intisharat-e Bonyad-i Farhang-e Iran, 1346/1967), Pt. 1, p. 121.Google Scholar

3. For references to women's roles, see Pari Shaykholislami, Zanan-e Ruznamehnegar va Andishmand-e Iran; al-Muluk Bamdad, Badr, Zan-e Irani az Inqelab-e Mashrutiyat ta Inqelab-e Sefid (Tehran: 1347/1968Google Scholar; and articles by Bayat-Philipp, Mangol, “Women and Revolution in Iran, 1905-1911,” in Beck, L. and Keddie, N., Women in the Muslim World (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978), pp. 295–308Google Scholar; Insafpur, G., Qodrat va Maqam-e Zan dar Advar-e Tarikh (Tehran, 1346/1967), pp. 439–43.Google Scholar

4. Hajji Mirza Yahya Dowlatabadi, “Maqam-e Zan” cited in Shams al-Muluk Javaherkalam, Zanan-e Nami-ye Islam va Iran, pp. vii-ix.

5. Ibid.

6. “Jam ‘iyat-e Amuzeshi va Ishtiqlal-e Zanan,” Tir 2537/June-July 1978; and Behbahani, Simin, “Nagozarid Zan-e Irani ra Mochaleh Konand,” Majalleh-ye Jumhuri, 26 Tir, 1358/July 1979.Google Scholar

7. Nuri, Hojjatal Islam Shaykh Yahya, Huquq va Hudud-e Zan dar Islam (Tehran: 1340/1961), pp. 145–48.Google Scholar

8. Nuri, Huquq va Hudud, pp. 61-62.

9. Ibid., pp. 106-7, and 242.

10. Iranian I, no. 3 (20 Tir 1358/11 July 1979).

11. See various articles in Nameh-ye Parsi 15, no. 1.

12. See various writings by Ali Shari'ati, especially Cheh Bayad Kard (Tehran: n.d.) and “Mas'uliyat-e Shi'a Budan” in Shi'a (Tehran: 1350/1971).

13. Ali Shari'ati, Zan-e Mosalman (Tehran: n.d.), pp. 20-32.

14. Ibid., p. 32.

15. “Zanan dar Jonbesh-i Enqelabi-ye Iran,” Nameh-ye Parsi 15, pp. 82–91Google Scholar

16. Ibid.

17. Diyana, , “Garayesh-e Zanan beh Sazmandehi dar Mobarezat-e Ejtema'i,” Ketab-e Jom'eh 1, No. 30, p. 40.Google Scholar

18. Daneshvar, Simin, “Women Must Educate the Masses,” The Iranian, 1, No. 17 (2 Aban 1358/24 October 1979).Google Scholar

19. “Unveiling the Issues,” The Iranian, 1, No. 22 (10 Adhar 1358/1 December 1979).Google Scholar

20. Nuri, Huquq va Hudud.

21. Ibid., p. 53.

22. Ibid., p. 54.

23. Ibid., pp. 54-60.

24. Ibid., p. 64.

25. Mottahari, Morteza, Masaleh-ye Hejab (Tehran: Anjoman-e Islami-ye Pezeshkan, 1353/1974), pp. 70–71.Google Scholar

26. Ibid., p. 44.

27. Ibid., p. 61.

28. Ibid., p. 62.

29. Ibid., p. 56.

30. Ibid., p. 69.

31. Ibid., p. 72.

32. Ibid., pp. 83-84.

33. Khalilian, Khalil, Sima-ye Zan dar Quran (Tehran, 1351/1972).Google Scholar

34. Nuri, Huquq va Hudud, p. 242.

35. Ibid., p. 99.

36. Ibid., p. 236.

37. Ibid., p. 238.

38. Ayatollah Khomeini, Jomhuri Islami, Women's Day supplement, 16 Urdit h sht 1359/6 May 1980.

39. Nuri, Huquq va Hudud, p. iv.

40. Ayatollah Khomeini, Tawzih al-Masa'el, p. 509.

41. Ibid., p. 490.

42. Nuri, Huquq va Hudud.

43. Ibid.

44. Ibid.

45. Ettela'at, 15 Tir 1359/6 July 1980, p. 1.

46. Iranian 1, no. 3 (20 Tir 1358/11 July 1979).

47. Ibid.

48. Ibid.

49. Ibid., 1 (7 Mordad 1358/8 August 1979).

50. Ibid., 17 (2 Aban 1358/24 October 1979).

51. Ibid., 17 (2 Aban 1358/24 October 1979).

52. Interview with Mrs. Monireh Gorji, Iranian 1, no. 19 (16 Aban 1979/7 November 1979).

53. Ibid., no. 3 (20 Tir 1358/11 July 1979).

54. Ibid.

55. Zan-e Ruz 780 (15 Shahrivar 1359/3 September 1980), p. 51.

56. For Mrs. Rahnavard articles, see Ettela'at 16180-82 (12-15 Tir 1359/3 July 1980).

57. Ettela'at, 16186 (10 Tir 1359/1 July 1980).

58. Neda, “Women in Iranian Revolution,” p. 1. (Mimeographed.)

59. Diyana, Ketab-e Jom'eh, p. 41.

60. Ettela'at 16182 (15 Tir 1359/July 1980).

61. “Dwyer Returns from Iran; Spy Charge Nonsense,” Chicago Sun-Times, February 12, 1981, p. 25.

62. Khomeini, Jomhuri Islami, 16 Ordibehesht 1359/6 May 1980.