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Challenges to achieving appropriate and equitable access to Caesarean section: ethnographic insights from rural Pakistan

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 October 2019

Zubia Mumtaz Open the ORCID record for Zubia Mumtaz [Opens in a new window] ,
Afshan Bhatti  and
Sarah Salway
Zubia Mumtaz*
Affiliation:
School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
Afshan Bhatti
Affiliation:
Real Medicine Foundation Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
Sarah Salway
Affiliation:
School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
*
*Corresponding author. Email: zubia.mumtaz@ualberta.ca
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Abstract

Access to Caesarean section (C-section) remains inadequate for some groups of women while others have worryingly high rates. Understanding differential receipt demands exploration of the socio-cultural, and political economic, characteristics of the health systems that produce them. This extensive institutional ethnography investigated under- and over-receipt of C-section in two rural districts in Pakistan – Jhelum and Layyah. Data were collected between November and July 2013 using semi-structured interviews from a randomly selected sample of 11 physicians, 38 community midwives, 18 Lady Health Visitors and nurses and 15 Traditional Birth Attendants. In addition, 78 mothers, 35 husbands and 23 older women were interviewed. The understandings of birth by C-section held by women and their family members were heavily shaped by gendered constructions of womanhood, patient–provider power differentials and financial constraints. They considered C-section an expensive and risky procedure, which often lacked medical justification, and was instead driven by profit motive. Physicians saw C-section as symbolizing obstetric skill and status and a source of legitimate income. Physician views and practices were also shaped by the wider health care system characterized by private practice, competition between providers and a lack of regulation and supervision. These multi-layered factors have resulted in both unnecessary intervention, and missed opportunities for appropriate C-sections. The data indicate a need for synergistic action at patient, provider and system levels. Recommendations include: improving physician communication with patients and family so that the need for C-section is better understood as a life-saving procedure, challenging negative attitudes and promoting informed decision-making by mothers and their families, holding physicians accountable for their practice and introducing price caps and regulations to limit financial incentives associated with C-sections. The current push for privatization of health care in low-income countries also needs scrutiny given its potential to encourage unnecessary intervention.

Keywords

Mistrust of C-sectionsUnnecessary C-sectionsUnder- and over-receipt of C-sections
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Biosocial Science , Volume 52 , Issue 4 , July 2020 , pp. 491 - 503
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2019

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