Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-75dct Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-12T00:40:56.955Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Narrative and the Start of the Northern Irish Troubles: Ireland’s Revolutionary Tradition in Comparative Perspective

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 December 2012

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © North American Conference of British Studies 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Irish Republican Army, Proclamation of 12 December 1956, cited in Bell, J. Bowyer, The Secret Army: The IRA, 1916–1979 (Dublin, 1989 [paperback ed.]), 291.Google Scholar

2 Patterson, Henry, Ireland since 1939: The Persistence of Conflict (Dublin, 2006), 136.Google Scholar

3 Hanley, Brian and Millar, Scott, The Lost Revolution: The Story of the Official IRA and the Workers’ Party (Dublin, 2009), 14Google Scholar; MacDonncha, Míchaél, “Operation Harvest—50 Years On,” An Phoblacht, 14 December 2006.Google Scholar

4 Patterson, Henry, The Politics of Illusion: A Political History of the IRA (London, 1997 [paperback ed.]), 92.Google Scholar

5 United Irishman, March 1962.

6 For a recent report on the future prospects of the business, see Rosenfeld, Gavriel D., “A Looming Crash or a Soft Landing? Forecasting the Future of the Memory ‘Industry,’Journal of Modern History 81, no. 1 (March 2009): 122–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

7 Klein, Kerwin Lee, “On the Emergence of Memory in Historical Discourse,” Representations, no. 69 (Winter 2000): 127–50, 130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

8 See, e.g., Young, James E., “The Counter-Monument: Memory against Itself in Germany Today,” Critical Inquiry 18, no. 2 (Winter 1992): 267–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 294: “a monument’s memory.”

9 Hynes, Samuel, “Personal Narratives and Commemoration,” in War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century, ed. Winter, Jay and Sivan, Emmanuel (Cambridge, 1999), 205–20, 206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

10 Confino, Alon, “Collective Memory and Cultural History: Problems of Method,” American Historical Review 102, no. 5 (December 1997): 13861403, quote on 1388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

11 See, e.g., Winter, Jay, Remembering War: The Great War between Memory and History in the Twentieth Century (New Haven, CT, 2006).Google Scholar

12 Ricoeur, Paul, Time and Narrative, vol. 1, trans. McLaughlin, Kathleen and Pellauer, David (Chicago, 1984), 91225.Google Scholar

13 White, Hayden, “Literary Theory and Historical Writing,” in Figural Realism: Studies in the Mimesis Effect, ed. White, Hayden (Baltimore, 1999), 126, quote on 8–9.Google Scholar

14 Ibid., 4–5.

15 Roth, Michael, “Ebb Tide,” History and Theory 46, no. 1 (February 2007): 6673, quote on 66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

16 Partner, Nancy, “Narrative Persistence: The Post-Postmodern Life in Narrative Theory,” in Re-figuring Hayden White, ed. Ankersmit, Frank, Kellner, Hans, and Domanska, Ewa (Stanford, CA, 2009), 81104, 82.Google Scholar

17 Rorty, Richard, Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (Cambridge, 1989), 5CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

18 Partner, “Narrative Persistence,” 87, 89, and 100–101.

19 For an introduction to the debates on whether there was a revolution and on when it was, see the essays in Augusteijn, Joost, ed., The Irish Revolution, 1913–1923 (Basingstoke, 2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

20 See, e.g., Foster, R. F., “Theme-parks and Histories,” in The Irish Story, ed. Foster, (London, 2001), 2336Google Scholar, esp. the following quote on 28: “the fashion is set by France.”

21 Daly, Mary E. and O’Callaghan, Margaret, “Introduction,” in 1916 in 1966: Commemorating the Easter Rising, ed. Daly, Mary E. and O’Callaghan, Margaret (Dublin, 2007), 117, quote on 3Google Scholar; Wills, Clair, Dublin 1916: The Siege of the GPO (London, 2009), 1.Google Scholar

22 Confino, “Collective Memory and Cultural History,” 1394.

23 Furet, François, “The Ancien Régime and the Revolution,” in Realms of Memory: The Construction of the French Past, vol. 1: Conflicts and Divisions, ed. Nora, Pierre and trans. Goldhammer, Arthur (New York, 1996), 79108, quotes on 92–93.Google Scholar

24 For instance, essays on the Communards’ Wall, the Rousseau and Voltaire centenaries, and Ernest Lavisse are used in Gildea, Robert, Children of the Revolution: The French, 1788–1914 (London, 2009), 483, 499, and 513Google Scholar; and Nora is scarcely mentioned in Clarke, Joseph, Commemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France: Revolution and Remembrance, 1789–1799 (Cambridge, 2007), 45.Google Scholar

25 Beiner, Guy, “Review of History and Memory in Modern Ireland,” Irish Historical Studies 32, no. 128 (November 2001): 600602, quote on 600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

26 McBride, Ian, “Memory and National Identity in Modern Ireland,” in History and Memory in Modern Ireland, ed. McBride, Ian (Cambridge, 2001), 142, quote on 41.Google Scholar

27 Brady, Ciarán, “Ciarán Brady Reflects on the History of Memory,” History Ireland 16, no. 5 (September-October 2008): 5658, quote on 56.Google Scholar

28 Switzer, Catherine and Graham, Brian, “‘From Thorn to Thorn’: Commemorating the Royal Ulster Constabulary in Northern Ireland,” Social & Cultural Geography 10, no. 2 (March 2009): 153–71, 156CrossRefGoogle Scholar; O’Callaghan, Margaret, “Genealogies of Partition: History, History-Writing and ‘the Troubles’ in Ireland,” Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 9, no. 4 (December 2006): 619–34, 620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

29 Beiner, Guy, “Review of Commemorating Ireland: History, Politics, Culture,” Irish University Review 34, no. 2 (Autumn–Winter 2004): 417–20, quote on 417Google Scholar; Townsend, Charles, “Religion, War, and Identity in Ireland,” Journal of Modern History 76, no. 4 (December 2004): 882902, 891.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

30 Nora, Pierre, “From Lieux de mémoire to Realms of Memory,” in Nora, Realms of Memory, 1:xv–xxiv, quote on xvii.Google Scholar

31 Nora, Pierre, “The Era of Commemoration,” in Realms of Memory: The Construction of the French Past, vol. 3: Symbols, ed. Nora, Pierre and trans. Goldhammer, Arthur (New York, 1998), 609–37, quotes on 608, 609, and 632.Google Scholar

32 Nora, “From Lieux de mémoire to Realms of Memory,” xviii.

33 Nora, Pierre, “La notion de ‘lieu de mémoire’ est-elle exportable?” in Lieux de mémoire et identités nationales, ed. den Boer, Pim and Frijhoff, Willem (Amsterdam, 1993), 310, 4.Google Scholar

34 Nora, Pierre, “General Introduction,” in Rethinking France: Les Lieux de mémoire, vol. 1: The State, ed. Nora, Pierre and trans. Trouille, Mary Seidman (Chicago, 2001), vii–xxii, xxxxiGoogle Scholar; François, Étienne and Schulze, Hagen, eds., Deutsche Erinnerungsorte (Munich, 2001)Google Scholar.

35 AFIS Annual Conference, Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, 28–29 May 2010, “History and Memory in France and in Ireland, http://forum.bdp3.com/appels-a-com-f23/afis-annual-conference-universite-de-reims-champagne-ardenne-may-28-29-2010-history-and-memory-in-france-and-in-ireland-t851.htm (last accessed 19 March 2010).

36 Dolan, Anne, Commemorating the Irish Civil War: History and Memory, 1923–2000 (Cambridge, 2003), 5.Google Scholar

37 McBride, “Memory and National Identity in Modern Ireland,” 10–12.

38 This paragraph closely, but critically, follows the genealogy given by Nora in the second English-language edition: Nora, “General Introduction,” x–xiv.

39 Anderson, Perry, “Union sucrée,” in London Review of Books, 23 September 2004.Google Scholar

40 Nora, Pierre, “Gaullists and Communists,” in Nora, Realms of Memory, 1: 205–40, quote on 218.Google Scholar

41 Ross, Kristin, May ’68 and Its Afterlives (London, 2002), 170–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

42 Furet, François, Interpreting the French Revolution, trans. Forster, Elborg (Cambridge, 1981), 1 and 8189.Google Scholar

43 Judt, Tony, “À la recherché du temps perdu: France and Its Pasts,” in Reappraisals: Reflections on the Forgotten Twentieth Century, ed. Judt, Tony (London, 2009), 196218, 213.Google Scholar

44 Nora, Pierre, “De la République à la Nation,” in Les Lieux de mémoire I: La République, ed. Nora, Pierre (Paris, 1984), 651–59, quote on 651Google Scholar; Wood, Nancy, Vectors of Memory: Legacies of Trauma in Postwar Europe (Oxford, 1999), 22.Google Scholar

45 Nora, “General Introduction,” xiv.

46 Nora, Pierre, “Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de mémoire,” Representations, no. 26 (Spring 1989): 724, 10.Google Scholar

47 Ford, Caroline, Creating the Nation in Provincial France: Religion and Political Identity in Brittany (Princeton, NJ, 1993), 5.Google Scholar

48 Nora, “Era of Commemoration,” 614.

49 Nora, “Between Memory and History,” 11.

50 Nora, “General Introduction,” xiv–xvii, quote on xvii.

51 Nora, “From Lieux de mémoire to Realms of Memory,” xviii.

52 Nora, “Between Memory and History,” 11.

53 Burrin, Philippe, “Vichy,” in Nora, Realms of Memory 1:181204, quote on 182.Google Scholar

54 Nora, “Gaullists and Communists,” 231.

55 Nora, “From Lieux de mémoire to Realms of Memory,” xxiii.

56 Nora, “General Introduction,” xx.

57 Renan, Ernest, “What Is a Nation?” trans. Thom, Martin, in Nation and Narration, ed. Bhahba, Homi K. (London, 1990), 822, quotes at 11 and 19.Google Scholar

58 Tai, Hue-Tam Ho, “Remembered Realms: Pierre Nora and French: National Memory,” American Historical Review 106, no. 3 (June 2001): 906–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

59 Nora, “General Introduction,” xiv.

60 Judt, “À la recherché du temps perdu,” 205; Hazareesingh, Sudhir, “Memory, Legend and Politics: Napoleonic Patriotism in the Restoration Era,” European Journal of Political Theory 5, no. 1 (January 2006): 7184, 71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

61 Englund, Steven, “The Ghost of Nation Past,” Journal of Modern History 64, no. 2 (June 1992): 299320, 301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

62 Anderson, “Union sucrée.”

63 Collini, Stefan, “French Contrasts: From Panthéon to Poets’ Corner,” in English Pasts: Essays in History and Culture, ed. Collini, Stefan (Oxford, 1999), 3866, 39.Google Scholar

64 National Programme Conference on Primary Instruction, 6 January 1921, cited in Foster, R. F., Modern Ireland, 1600–1972 (London, 1989), 518.Google Scholar

65 Patterson, Ireland since 1939, 18.

66 Bew, Paul, Ireland: The Politics of Enmity, 1789–2006 (Oxford, 2007), 455–56.Google Scholar

67 Patterson, Ireland since 1939, xiii.

68 O’Callaghan, “Genealogies of Partition,” 632.

69 Buckland, Patrick, “A Protestant State: Unionists in Government, 1921–39,” in Defenders of the Union: A Survey of British and Irish Unionism since 1801, ed. Boyce, D. George and O’Day, Alan (London: 2001), 211–26, 214–16.Google Scholar

70 Harris, Mary, The Catholic Church and the Foundation of the Northern Irish State (Cork, 1993), 257–58 and 263–64.Google Scholar

71 Tombs, Robert, France, 1814–1914 (Harlow, 1996), 142 and 145Google Scholar; Langlois, Claude, “Catholics and Seculars,” in Nora, Realms of Memory, 1:109–41, 109 and 120–21.Google Scholar

72 O’Brien, Conor Cruise, States of Ireland (London, 1974 [paperback ed.]), 143.Google Scholar

73 Nora, “Between Memory and History,” 3.

74 For an example of how it has been brilliantly used, see Portelli, Alessandro, The Order Has Been Carried Out: History, Memory, and Meaning of a Nazi Massacre in Rome (Basingstoke, 2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

75 Winter, Remembering War, 276.

76 For a rare example of a work that does address this problem, see Winter, Jay and Sivan, Emmanuel, “Setting the Framework,” in Winter and Sivan, War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century, 639, 10–19.Google Scholar

77 Beiner, Guy, Remembering the Year of the French: Irish Folk History and Social Memory (Madison, WI, 2007), 28.Google Scholar

78 Graham, Brian and Whelan, Yvonne, “The Legacies of the Dead: Commemorating the Troubles in Northern Ireland,” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 25, no. 3 (2007): 476–95, 492CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Switzer and Graham, “From Thorn to Thorn,” 166.

79 Crane, Susan A., “Writing the Individual Back into Collective Memory,” American Historical Review 102, no. 5 (December 1997): 13721385, 1381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

80 Kansteiner, Wulf, “Finding Meaning in Memory: A Methodological Critique of Collective Memory Studies,” History and Theory 41, no. 2 (May 2002): 179–97, 186CrossRefGoogle Scholar; for an introduction to the debate on repression, see Rofé, Yacov, “Does Repression Exist? Memory, Pathogenic, Unconscious and Clinical Evidence,” Review of General Psychology 12, no 1 (March 2008): 6385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

81 Foster, “Theme-parks and Histories,” 30.

82 A much more sophisticated conception of collective trauma defines it as a serious social disruption that effects how group identity is shaped. See, e.g., Beiner, Guy, “Between Trauma and Triumphalism: The Easter Rising, the Somme and the Crux of Deep Memory in Modern Ireland,” Journal of British Studies 46, no. 2 (April 2007): 366–89, 367CrossRefGoogle Scholar. But the metaphor still carries the Freudian association, and unnecessarily so, too, as a different term could be used to describe the process.

83 This paragraph draws heavily upon Klein, “On the Emergence of Memory.”

84 Tombs, Robert, “Placed Memories,” Times Higher Education Supplement, 18 May 1997.Google Scholar

85 White, Hayden, “Historical Emplotment and the Problem of Truth,” in The History and Narrative Reader, ed. Robert, Geoffrey (London, 2001), 375389, quote on 377.Google Scholar

86 McBride, History and Memory in Modern Ireland.

87 Klein, “On the Emergence of Memory,” 132.

88 Foster, R. F., “History and the Irish Question,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 33 (December 1983): 169–92, quote on 186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

89 Brockmeier, Jens, “Remembering and Forgetting: Narrative as Cultural Memory,” Culture & Psychology 8, no. 1 (March 2002): 1543, 24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

90 Foster, R. F., “The Story of Ireland,” in Foster, The Irish Story, 122, 5–8Google Scholar; Nora, “Gaullists and Communists,” 216.

91 Foster, “Theme-parks and Histories,” 34.

92 Whitehouse, Harvey, Modes of Religiosity: A Cognitive Theory of Religious Transmission (Oxford, 2004), 4345Google Scholar; László, János, The Science of Stories: An Introduction to Narrative Psychology (Hove, 2008), 2.Google Scholar This section owes much to the works of János László and James H. Liu.

93 White, Hayden, “The Value of Narrativity in the Representation of Reality,” Critical Inquiry 7, no. 1 (Autumn 1980), 527, quote on 8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

94 For a contrary view, see Strawson, Galen, “Against Narrativity,” Ratio 17, no. 4 (December 2004): 428–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

95 Ricoeur, Paul, Oneself as Another, trans. Blamey, Kathleen (London, 1992), 141–48.Google Scholar

96 Liu, James H. and Hilton, Denis J., “How the Past Weighs on the Present: Social Representations of History and Their Role in Identity Politics,” British Journal of Social Psychology 44, no. 4 (December 2005): 537–56, 537.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

97 Partner, Nancy, “The Linguistic Turn along Post-Postmodern Borders: Israeli/Palestinian Narrative Conflict,” New Literary History 39, no. 4 (Autumn 2008): 823845, quote on 831.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

98 Mitchel, John, Jail Journal (New York, 1854), 22.Google Scholar

99 Ricoeur, Oneself as Another, 147–48.

100 Reicher, Stephen and Hopkins, Nick, Self and Nation (London, 2001), ix.Google Scholar

101 McAdams, Dan P., “Personal Narratives and the Life Story,” in Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, ed. John, Oliver, Robbins, Richard, and Pervin, Lawrence (New York, 2008 [paperback ed.]), 242–62, quote on 243.Google Scholar

102 Winter and Sivan, “Setting the Framework,” 11.

103 Foster, R. F., “Selling Irish Childhoods,” in Foster, The Irish Story, 164–86.Google Scholar

104 [No author listed], “My father was a child abuser, says Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams,” Belfast Telegraph, 21 December 2009.Google Scholar

105 Ricoeur, Paul, Time and Narrative, vol. 3, trans. McLaughlin, Kathleen and Pellauer, David (Chicago, 1988), 177.Google Scholar

106 Liu, James H. and László, Janos, “A Narrative Theory of History and Identity: Social Identity, Social Representations, Society and the Individual,” in Social Representations and Identity: Content Processes and Power, ed. Moloney, G. and Walker, I. (London, 2007), 85107, 93–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Schwartz, Barry and Schuman, Howard, “History, Commemoration and Belief: Abraham Lincoln in American Memory, 1945–2001,” American Sociology Review 70, no. 2 (April 2005): 183203, 197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

107 Derry Journal, 19 November 1968; 22 November 1968.

108 Yuki, Masaki and Hidaka, Yukako, Pittolo, Florence, Hong, Ying-Yi, Ward, Colleen, Abraham, Sheela, Kashima, Yoshihisa, Kashima, Emiko, Ohashi, Megumi M., Liu, James H., Goldstein-Hawes, Rebekah, Hilton, Denis, Huang, Li-Li, Gastardo-Conaco, Cecilia, and Dresler-Hawke, Emma, “Social Representations of Events and People in World History Across 12 Cultures,” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 36, no. 2 (March 2005): 171191, 185.Google Scholar

109 Lyons, Anthony and Kashima, Yoshihisa, “How Are Stereotypes Maintained through Communication? The Influence of Stereotype Sharedness,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85, no. 6 (December 2003): 9891005, 989.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

110 Marques, J., Páez, D., Valencia, J., and Vincze, O., “Effects of Group Membership on the Transmission of Negative Historical Events,” Psicología Política no. 32 (2006): 79105, 87–88.Google Scholar

111 Hackett, Claire and Rolston, Bill, “The Burden of Memory: Victims, Storytelling and Resistance in Northern Ireland,” Memory Studies 2, no. 3 (September 2009): 355–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

112 Rimé, Bernard, “Emotion Elicits the Social Sharing of Emotion: Theory and Empirical Review,” Emotion Review 1, no. 1 (January 2009): 6085, 63–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

113 Anderson, Cameron and Keltner, Dacher, “The Role of Empathy in the Formation and Maintenance of Social Bonds,” Behavioural and Brain Sciences 25, no. 1 (February 2002): 2122.Google Scholar

114 Rimé, “Emotion Elicits the Social Sharing of Emotion,” 65.

115 Kansteiner, “Finding Meaning in Memory,” 197.

116 Derry Journal, 18 February 1966.

117 Derry Journal, 25 June 1968.

118 Judt, Tony, Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945 (London, 2005), 226.Google Scholar

119 Derry Journal, 25 October 1968; 19 November, 1968.

120 Bew, Paul, Gibbon, Peter, and Patterson, Henry, Northern Ireland, 1921–1996 (London, 1997), 150 and 151.Google Scholar

121 Rose, Richard, Governing without Consensus: An Irish Perspective (London, 1971), 208 and 214.Google Scholar

122 Irish Democrat, April 1965.

123 See Prince, Simon, Northern Ireland’s ’68: Civil Rights, Global Revolt, and the Origins of the Troubles (Dublin, 2007).Google Scholar

124 King, Martin Luther, “Behind the Selma March,” Saturday Review, 3 April 1965, quote on 16.Google Scholar

125 McCann, Eamonn, War and an Irish Town (London, 1993 [paperback ed.]), 91.Google Scholar

126 Heatley, Fred, “The Early Marches,” Fortnight, 5 April 1974, 10.Google Scholar

127 Cathcart, Rex, The Most Contrary Region: The BBC in Northern Ireland, 1924–84 (Belfast, 1984), 198–99 and 207–8.Google Scholar

128 Gardner, Howard, Changing Minds: The Art and Science of Changing People’s Minds (Boston, 2006 [paperback ed.]), 73 and 88.Google Scholar

129 Derry Journal, 23 September 1969.

130 Barnett, Anthony, “People’s Democracy: A Discussion on Strategy,” New Left Review, May–June 1969, 19.Google Scholar

131 Bourke, Richard, Peace in Ireland: The War of Ideas (London, 2003), 310–11.Google Scholar

132 Morris, Aldon and Braine, Naomi, “Social Movements and Oppositional Consciousness,” in Oppositional Consciousness: The Subjective Roots of Social Protest, ed. Mansbridge, Jane and Morris, Aldon (London, 2001), 2037, 23.Google Scholar

133 Derry Journal, 2 September 1969.

134 Derry Journal, 5 September 1969; Reality (newssheet of the Derry Housing Action Committee), no. 7, [January 1969], Belfast, Public Record Office of Northern Ireland (PRONI), D/2560/4/2; Fentress, James and Wickham, Chris, Social Memory (Oxford, 1992), 74.Google Scholar

135 Marx, Karl, “The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte,” in Karl Marx: Selected Writings, ed. and trans. McLellan, David (Oxford, 1977), 300–24, quote on 300.Google Scholar

136 McCann, War and an Irish Town, 103.

137 Derry Journal, 28 February 1969.

138 Bar-Tal, Daniel, “Why Does Fear Override Hope in Societies Engulfed by Intractable Conflict, as It Does in the Israeli Society?Political Psychology 22, no. 3 (September 2001): 601627, 601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

139 Gardner, Changing Minds, 88.

140 A court case relating to one of these incidents is covered in the Derry Journal, 26 August 1969.

141 Skinner, Quentin, “‘Social Meaning’ and the Explanation of Social Action,” in Visions of Politics Volume I; Regarding Method, ed. Skinner, Quentin (Cambridge, 2002), 128–57, 156.Google Scholar

142 Barnett, “People’s Democracy: A Discussion on Strategy,” 19.

143 Gildea, Robert, “The Long Road of Oral History: Around 1968 in France,” inaugural lecture, 7 November 2008, in Oxford, England (personal notes).Google Scholar

144 Seidman, Michael, The Imaginary Revolution: Parisian Students and Workers in 1968 (Oxford, 2004), 33 and 222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

145 Partner, “Linguistic Turn,” 826.

146 Beiner, “Review of History and Memory in Modern Ireland,” 602.

147 Eamonn McCann, “Who’s Wrecking Civil Rights?” August 1969, PRONI, HA/32/2/28.

148 Derry Journal, 3 October 2008.

149 Gildea, Robert, The Past in French History (London, 1994), 46.Google Scholar

150 Devlin, Anne, “The Long March,” in Anne Devlin, Ourselves Alone, with A Woman Calling and The Long March (London, 1986), 91155, quote on 155.Google Scholar

151 McCann, Eamonn, Bloody Sunday in Derry: What Really Happened (Dingle, 2000).Google Scholar

152 Dawson, Graham, “Trauma, Place, and the Politics of Memory: Bloody Sunday, Derry, 1972–2004,” History Workshop Journal 59, no. 1 (Spring 2005): 151–78, 151, 153, 156, 162, 169, 170, and 175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

153 McKinney, Kelly, “‘Breaking the Conspiracy of Silence’: Testimony, Traumatic Memory, and Psychotherapy with Survivors of Political Violence,” Ethos 35, no. 3 (September 2007): 265–99, 268–71 and 284–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

154 Dawson, “Trauma, Place, and the Politics of Memory,” 157 and 173–75.

155 Bloody Sunday Initiative, “Towards Justice: Remember Bloody Sunday,” cited in Dawson, “Trauma, Place, and the Politics of Memory,” 166.

156 Bloody Sunday Initiative, “Programme of Events: Bloody Sunday 1972–1992,” cited in ibid., 153.

157 Partner, “Linguistic Turn,” 835.

158 Abu-Lughod, Lila and Sa’di, Ahmad H., “Introduction,” in Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the Claims of Memory, ed. Sa’di, Ahmad H. and Abu-Lughod, Lila (New York, 2007), 124, quote on 3.Google Scholar

159 Sa’di, Ahmad H., “Catastrophe, Memory and Identity: Al-Nakba as a Component of Palestinian Identity,” Israel Studies 7, no. 2 (Summer 2002): 175–98, quotes on 175–77, 186, and 195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

160 Beiner (again) is among the rare exceptions to the rule that Irish memory studies overlook narrative theory: Beiner, Guy, “In Anticipation of a Post-Memory Boom Syndrome,” Cultural Analysis 7 (2008): 107–12.Google Scholar