All the new states in Africa have drafted economic and social development plans, for varying periods. Everywhere one sees political leaders and party functionaries singing the popular song of nation-building while crowds respond with enthusiasm. Thus national planning is increasingly becoming synonymous with nation-building throughout the developing nations of Africa. A common problem facing the leaders of the new nations is not how to draft a brilliant plan or organisational charts; this any state can do by seeking the assistance of planning experts and artists. The problem centres on plan management and implementation. This article raises some of the questions and critical problems implicit in plan execution which have arisen during Tanzania's brief experience of nationhood.

The subject of this article is the unfolding pattern of economic events in Ghana in recent years. No attempt is made either to blame or to excuse those who were responsible for the conduct of national economic affairs. The purpose is merely to reach an understanding of why and how things happened as they did. There does not appear to be much that is peculiarly Ghanaian, or even peculiarly West African, about the pattern of events. Indeed, the argument of this article owes much to the model of stages of economic development propounded by Dudley Seers with mainly Latin American experience in mind.

In common usage, African nationalism is descriptive shorthand for an assembly ofseparate and distinct phenomena, some of which have already taken on the protective colouring of popular understanding. Africans generally agree that they have experienced nationalism; they know the tree of nationalism when they see it and have tasted some, at least, of its fruits. For many of them, and for students of recent African events, its manifestations are obvious, although the quality of its spirit remains, like most spirits, capable only of inexact description. It is, in essence, pretty much what it is.

WHAT are the economic conditions for attaining Uganda's ambitious development goal, the doubling of income per capita in 15 years? My purpose here is to discuss the logic of five major structural changes which may be regarded as necessary for a substantial acceleration of Uganda's rate of economic growth. Since each of these changes would require energetic government policies to bring it about within the time- span considered, they can also be thought of as key elements of development strategy. I hope that the logic of these structural changes may be suggestive also for other countries at a somewhat similar stage of development, particularly in Africa.

Along with modern technology and modern forms of commerce, Europe has exported wage labour, trade unions, and collective bargaining to Africa. Before the coming of Europeans, various forms of indentured, communal, and customary labour existed, but there was no class of wage and salaried workers in the modern sense. During the nineteenth century, a wage labour class emerged, to one degree or another, in every part of Africa. As in other industrialising areas, this soon led to an organised labour movement.

PERHAPS the most notable feature of the literature of economic development and planning over the past decade has been the discovery—or the belated rediscovery—that capital investment is not the sole source of economic growth; that the quality of the labour force is intimately connected with the (potential) rate of economic growth; that this quality is based on, and can be affected by, the education that members of the labour force received; and that consequently manpower and educational planning is a necessary part of over-all economic planning. Indeed so thoroughly has this new orthodoxy been accepted that some countries now have manpower and educational plans even though they may have no over-all development plan worth speaking of.

The Institute of African Studies at Fourah Bay College is an interdisciplinary research institute with teaching functions. During the next three years research plans will concentrate on two broad areas of African studies: social and economic problems, and culture and history. An equal division of activity between them is important, since there is no Institute of Social and Economic Research in the College. The Institute also provides an introductory lecture course in African studies which is required for all freshmen students under the terms of the revised degree structure of the College. The two-term lecture course deals with ‘West African History and Culture’ during the first term, and ‘Contemporary West Africa: Social and Economic Problems’ during the second.

When the B.B.C. began its special service in English to Africa over 20 years ago, it was the first broadcasting organisation outside Africa to do so. Today the B.B.C. African Service provides, in addition to the daily programmes in English, daily broadcasts in Swahili to East Africa, in Somali to the Horn of Africa, and in Hausa to West Africa. Audiences in East, Central, and West Africa thus receive a total of over o hours of daily broadcasting, with many repeat broadcasts on relay stations.

Science, one of the most universal and public of human systems to understand and control nature, has prompted a whole new area of international co-operation between African scientists and their colleagues in other countries. Such co-operation recognises the desires of African scientists to contribute to the advance of knowledge. It also recognises the desire of scientists abroad to take advantage of the rich opportunities for research in the various environments of Africa on a wide variety of problems of theoretical and practical significance.

If this seminar had to be characterised in one or two words, these might be ‘provocative’ and challenging'. Under the auspices of the East African Institute of Social and Cultural Affairs, 45 artists, scholars, and government representatives, from Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania, met to survey the cultural scene and discuss some of the problems facing creative artists in all media. Sixteen papers were presented, but the most fruitful results of the seminar came from the intense discussions that followed each, often lasting far beyond the allotted hour.

As newly independent states of Africa are coming to grips with the pressing economic problems which they inherited, and as new problems arise, the need for economic co-operation, on a multilateral, regional, or even a continental basis suggests itself with increasing urgency. Some of the existing organisations are making modest headway. Others are encountering severe weather over a variety of issues and difficulties. It was one of the major aims of this international seminar to provide a non-political forum for the fruitful exchange of views, and an opportunity for the continuation of old, as well as the establishment of new, contacts between government officials and scholars from various parts of the world, and to attempt to relate to Africa the accumulated experiences of schemes of economic co-operation in various parts of the world. The seminar was sponsored jointly by the Congress for Cultural Freedom and the host college—University College, Nairobi.

The eighth in this series of seminars arranged by the International African Institute, with the assistance of a grant from the Ford Foundation, was held at Haile Selassie I University by courtesy of its President, Lij Cassa Wolde Mariam, through the co-operation of the Faculty of Law and the Institute of Ethiopian Studies.

This conference was held at Achimota under the auspices of the three Institutes of Public Administration at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, at the University of Ife, and in Ghana. The planning committee comprised F. G. Brown (Zaria), R. S. Butler (Ibadan), G. R. Dennison (Achimota), J. Nti (Achimota), and J. H. Smith (Kaduna). Visiting participants came from a number of African countries, including Nigeria, Liberia, Niger, Ethiopia, Sudan, and Somalia. The U.N. Economic Commission for Africa was represented by the Chief of its Public Administration Section. The Assistant Director of the Institute of Public Administration, Dublin, and the Director of Studies of the Royal Institute of Public Administration, London, also attended and took an active part in the conference. Understandably, the largest contingent came from Ghana (27 out of a total of 36), of whom, apart from those associated with the Institute of Public Administration, most were senior civil servants, with a few staff members from the Universit of Ghana and the University College of Cape Coast.

This seminar, jointly sponsored by Syracuse University and the University College, Dar es Salaam, was attended by East African civil servants, staff members of the three Colleges, and research workers from the multidisciplinary Syracuse University Village Settlement Project in Tanzania. While some general ideas about rural development were presented, notably by Anthony Rweyemamu in his paper ‘On the Concept of Development from Below’, the main focus was on settlement schemes, in particular Tanzania's pilot village settlements.