Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-ndmmz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-10T09:33:23.152Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Joint Activity in the Maritime Traffic System: Perceptions of Ship Masters, Maritime Pilots, Tug Masters, and Vessel Traffic Service Operators

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 December 2016

Joakim Trygg Mansson ,
Margareta Lutzhoft  and
Ben Brooks
Joakim Trygg Mansson*
Affiliation:
(University of Tasmania, Australian Maritime College, National Centre for Ports and Shipping)
Margareta Lutzhoft
Affiliation:
(University of Tasmania, Australian Maritime College, National Centre for Ports and Shipping)
Ben Brooks
Affiliation:
(University of Tasmania, Australian Maritime College, National Centre for Ports and Shipping)
*
(E-mail: joakim.tryggmansson@utas.edu.au)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Teamwork in the maritime traffic system has been identified as an area of concern, and reports suggest there is room for improvement. Such improvements should be based on an understanding of how everyday activities are performed. This study was therefore aimed at gaining an insight into the everyday activity of navigating and manoeuvring ships in port waters. To get such an insight, the perceptions of ship masters, maritime pilots, tug masters and Vessel Traffic Service operators active in Australia were probed through qualitative research interviews. A conceptual framework based on Clark's work on joint activity was used to guide the study. Results indicate that in order to get the job done, these maritime professionals employ tools and procedures beyond those intended to be used, vary their level of participation, assume roles which differ from those prescribed, sometimes base their assumptions and expectations on poor quality evidence, and occasionally avoid communication. While such adaptations may be necessary to get the job done, they also reduce the participants’ ability to establish common ground – which is essential for coordination.

Keywords

Joint ActivityMaritime Traffic SystemTeamworkCommon Ground
Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Navigation , Volume 70 , Issue 3 , May 2017 , pp. 547 - 560
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Institute of Navigation 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

AMSA. (2013). Marine Order 64 (Vessel traffic services) 2013. https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2013L01545. Accessed 2 November 2015.Google Scholar
AMSA. (2015). Authorised vessel traffic services (VTS) in Australia. http://www.amsa.gov.au/navigation/services/vessel-traffic-services/vts-in-Australia/authorised-vts-in-aust/index.asp. Accessed 21 June 2015.Google Scholar
ATSB. (2015). Grounding of Maersk Garonne. https://www.atsb.gov.au/media/5302244/MO-2015-002-PRELIMINARY.pdf. Accessed 30 June 2015.Google Scholar
Brinkmann, S. and Kvale, S. (2015). InterViews: Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing. Sage.Google Scholar
Brodje, A., Lundh, M., Jenvald, J. and Dahlman, J. (2012). Exploring non-technical miscommunication in vessel traffic service operation. Cognition, Technology & Work, 15(3), 347–357.Google Scholar
Clark, H. (1996). Using language. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, P. R. and Levesque, H. J. (1991). Teamwork. Noûs, 25(4), 487–512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Endsley, M. R. (1995). Toward a Theory of Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems. Human Factors, 37(1), 32–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fairburn, C., Wright, P. C. and Fields, R. E. (1999). Air traffic control as distributed joint activity: Using Clark's theory of language to understand collaborative working in ATC. Proceedings of the European Conference on Cognitive Science.Google Scholar
Gutwin, C. and Greenberg, S. (2002). A Descriptive Framework of Workspace Awareness for Real-Time Groupware. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 11(3), 411–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hollnagel, E. (2014). Safety-I and Safety–II: The Past and Future of Safety Management. Ashgate.Google Scholar
IALA. (2012). VTS Manual. http://www.iala-aism.org/products/publications/000109106/vts-manual-2012-digital-copy. Accessed 27 February 2014.Google Scholar
IMO. (1968). Resolution A.159(ES.IV): Recommendation on Pilotage. http://www.imo.org/blast/blastDataHelper.asp?data_id=28041&filename=A159(ES.IV.pdf). Accessed 29 July 2014.Google Scholar
IMO. (1997). Resolution A.857(20): Guidelines for Vessel Traffic Services. http://www.imo.org/blast/blastDataHelper.asp?data_id=22637&filename=A857(20).pdf. Accessed 5 October 2015.Google Scholar
IMO. (2002). IMO SMCP: IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases. International Maritime Organization.Google Scholar
IMO. (2003). COLREG: Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea. International Maritime Organization.Google Scholar
IMO. (2004). Resolution A.960(23): Recommendations on Training and Certification and Operational Procedures for Maritime Pilots Other Than Deep-Sea Pilots. http://www.imo.org/blast/blastDataHelper.asp?data_id=27137&filename=A960(23).pdf. Accessed 16 May 2015.Google Scholar
IMO. (2010). ISM Code: International Safety Management Code. International Maritime Organization.Google Scholar
IMO. (2011). STCW: International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers. International Maritime Organization.Google Scholar
Kataria, A., and Praetorius, G. (2014). On common ground at sea: The proactive negotiation for channel navigation. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics, Kraków.Google Scholar
Klein, G., Feltovich, P. J., Bradshaw, J. M. and Woods, D. D. (2005). Common Ground and Coordination in Joint Activity. In Rouse, W. B., and Boff, K. R., Organizational Simulation (pp. 139–184). Wiley.Google Scholar
Klein, G., Woods, D. D., Bradshaw, J. M., Hoffman, R. R. and Feltovich, P. J. (2004). Ten Challenges for Making Automation a “Team Player” in Joint Human-Agent Activity. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 19(6), 91–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klimoski, R. and Mohammed, S. (1994). Team Mental Model: Construct or Metaphor. Journal of Management, 20(2), 403–437.Google Scholar
Kovats, L. J. (1980). The Law of Tugs and Towage. Barry Rose.Google Scholar
Kvale, S. (1996). InterViews: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing. Sage.Google Scholar
Lutzhoft, M. and Bruno, K. (2009). Talk and Trust before Technology: First Steps toward Shore-Based Pilotage. Proceedings of the RINA Human Factors in Ship Design and Operation Conference, London.Google Scholar
Malone, T. W. and Crowstone, K. (1994). The Interdisciplinary Study of Coordination. Computing Surveys, 26(1) 86–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monk, A. (2003). Common Ground in Electronically Mediated Communication: Clark's Theory of Language Use. In Carroll, J. M., HCI Models, Theories, and Frameworks: Toward a Multidisciplinary Science (pp. 265–289). Morgan Kaufmann.Google Scholar
National Research Council. (1994). Minding the Helm: Marine Navigation and Piloting. National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Norros, L. (2004). Acting under uncertainty: The core-task analysis in ecological study of work. VTT.Google Scholar
North P&I Club. (2015). Pilotage Series - Master Pilot Information Exchange. http://www.nepia.com/media/289177/LP-Briefing-Master-Pilot-Information-Exchange-September-2015.pdf. Accessed 1 September 2016.Google Scholar
Praetorius. (2012). Safety within the Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) domain: Understanding the role of the VTS for safety within maritime traffic management. Licentiate of Philosophy Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology.Google Scholar
Salas, E., Dickinson, T. L., Converse, S. A. and Tannenbaum, S. I. (1992). Toward an understanding of team performance and training. In Swezey, R. W., and Salas, E., Teams: Their Training and Performance (pp. 3–29). Ablex.Google Scholar
TSB. (1995). A Safety Study of the Operational Relationship between Ship Master/Watchkeeping Officers and Marine Pilots.http://www.tsb.gc.ca/eng/rapports-reports/marine/etudes-studies/ms9501/ms9501.asp: Accessed 28 January 2016.Google Scholar
UK P&I Club. (2015). Risk Focus: The Master Pilot Exchange; Good communication and team work during pilot operations. http://www.ukpandi.com/fileadmin/uploads/uk-pi/Latest_Publications/Circulars/2015/UK_Master_Pilot_Exchange_WEB.pdf. Accessed 1 September 2016.Google Scholar
Vicente, K. J. (1999). Cognitive Work Analysis: Toward Safe, Productive, and Healthy Computer-Based Work. CRC Press.Google Scholar
Weber, M. (1947). The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. The Free Press.Google Scholar