Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-wzw2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-12T16:03:16.777Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Vietnamese Ceramic Trade to the Philippines in the Seventeenth Century

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 August 2009

Extract

This paper examines the trade in ceramics from northern Vietnam into island Southeast Asia in the third quarter of the seventeenth century. It focuses on two issues: the question of typology of Vietnamese ceramics and the feasibility of these wares entering the southern Philippines during the years 1663–82. The compilation of an accurate typology has been inhibited by exceedingly brief descriptions in trade records, and the difficulty has been further compounded by the fact that although the Dutch East India Company (VOC) records show Vietnamese ceramics were imported into Batavia and dispersed to regional godowns, no material has yet been reported from either archaeological excavations or accidental finds in island Southeast Asia that can with certainty be ascribed to this era. Furthermore, items proposed in the ceramic literature as wares exported to Southeast Asia in the seventeenth century are, in the face of new evidence, no longer convincing. The typology put forward in this paper is based on VOC trade records and the contemporary literature. It broadly matches material from archaeological sites in Vietnam and in Japan that are from co-eval contexts. Previously untapped archaeological findings from Vietnam contribute a new dimension to this issue.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The National University of Singapore 1999

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Glazed ceramics were also imported into Southeast Asia during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries from what is today central Vietnam. But in the context of this paper “Vietnamese ceramics” refers to those made in the northern part of the country.

2 Shiro, Momoki, “Japan and Vietnam in the Asian Trade System in the 17th—18th Centuries”, in Pho Hien: The Centre of International Trade in the xviith–xviiith Centuries (Hanoi: The Gioi Publishers, 1994), p. 44Google Scholar.

3 Eiichi, Kato, “Shuinsen License Trade and the Dutch in Southeast Asia”, Vietnamese Studies 100 (1991): 6062Google Scholar.

4 Ibid., p. 62.

5 Momoki, , “Japan and Vietnam”, pp. 4445Google Scholar.

6 Volker, T., Porcelain and the Dutch East India Company (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1971), p. 206Google Scholar.

7 Ibid., p. 218; Adhyatman, S., Rehfuss, D., and Shindo, H., Japanese Porcelain From the Seventeenth Century Found in Indonesia (Indonesia: Jayakarta Agung offset, 1979), p. 6Google Scholar. Reference is made to a thesis written by Hikoko Nishada in 1974, which states that discrepancies occur between Japanese customs archives and VOC records. In some years Japanese records show considerably larger VOC exports of ceramics than those reflected in VOC sources, an observation that warrants consideration in terms of records relevant to this paper. Bronson, Bennet, “Export Porcelain in Economic Perspective: The Asian Ceramic Trade in the 17th Century”, Asian Ceramic Kiln Technology in Asia, ed. Chuimei, Ho (Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong Centre of Asian Studies, 1990), p. 130Google Scholar, presents data based on a restudy of the Dagh Registers for the years 1673–82. Table I lists 102,340 assorted wares and 46,000 cups from northern Vietnam between 1673–82.

8 Ibid., p. 91.

9 Kato, , “Shuinsen Trade”, p. 60Google Scholar.

10 The Vy, Thanh, Ngoai thuong Viet-Nam hoi the ky XVII, XVIII va dau XIX (Hanoi: Nha Xuat Ban Su Hoc, 1961), p. 61Google Scholar.

11 Guy, John, “Vietnamese Ceramics in International Trade”, in Vietnamese Ceramics: A Separate Tradition, ed. Stevenson, John and Guy, John (Chicago, IL: Art Media Resources, 1997), p. 52Google Scholar.

12 Dampier, William, Dampier's Voyages, comp. John Mansfield (London: Valentine Press, 1906), Vol. II, p. 610Google Scholar.

13 Volker, , Porcelain, p. 212Google Scholar.

14 Laarhoven, Ruurdje and Wittermans, Elizabeth Pino, “From Blockade to Trade: Early Dutch Relations with Manila, 1600–1750”, Philippine Studies 33,4 (1985): 496Google Scholar.

15 Ibid., pp. 498–500.

16 Ibid., p. 499.

17 This is the case, for example, for Leandro, and Locsin, Cecilio, Oriental Ceramics Discovered in the Philippines (Tokyo: Charles Turtle Company, 1970)Google Scholar; Joseph, Adrian M., Chinese and Annamese Ceramics Found in the Philippines and Indonesia (London: Hugh Moss Limited, 1973)Google Scholar; and Roxas-Lim, Aurora, The Evidence of Ceramics as an Aid in Understanding the Patterns of Trade in the Philippines and Southeast Asia (Bangkok: Asian Studies Monographs No. 36, Chulalongkom University, 1987)Google Scholar.

18 Farrington, Anthony, “English East India Company Documents Relating to Pho Hien and Tonkin”, in Pho Hien, p. 155Google Scholar.

19 Brown, Roxanna M., The Ceramics of South-East Asia: Their Dating and Identification (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 30Google Scholar.

20 Guy, John, “Vietnamese Trade Ceramics”, in Vietnamese Ceramics, ed. Young, Carol M., Dupoizat, Marie-France and Lane, Elizabeth W. (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 34Google Scholar.

21 Diem, Alison M., “Vietnamese Blue and White Wares Found in the Philippines; late 14th–16th Centuries”, in Chinese and Vietnamese Blue and White Wares Found in the Philippines (Makati City: Bookmark, 1997), p. 195Google Scholar.

22 This information comes from informal sources and appears to be common knowledge among dealers.

23 Data related to Indonesia is based on VOC records as compiled in Volker, , PorcelainGoogle Scholar.

24 Much of die data from VOC records related to the southern Philippines and the Maguindanao Sultanate is based on the research of Ruurdje Laarhoven; see The Maguindanao Sultanate in the 17th Century: Triumph of Mow Diplomacy (Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 1989)Google Scholar.

25 Laarhoven, , The Maguindanao, pp. 231–32Google Scholar.

26 Ibid., pp. 37–38; Laarhoven notes Sulu is absent from the VOC records during the period 1669–1720. See also Loyre, G., The Institutions of Maguindanao (Manila: The Historical Conservation Society, 1991), p. 13Google Scholar.

27 Dampier, , Dampier's Voyages, p. 610Google Scholar.

28 Hamilton, Alexander, A New Account of the East-Indies Being the Observations and Remarks of Capt. Alexander Hamilton from the Year 1688–1723 (New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1995), Vol. II, p. 214Google Scholar.

29 Brown, , The Ceramics of South-East Asia, pp. 2930Google Scholar.

30 Chien, Nguyen Dinh, “Characteristics of Glazed Wares of Bat Trang”, Bat Trang Ceramics 14th–19th Centuries, ed. Nguyen, Mai Ly (Hanoi: The Gioi Publishers, 1992), pp. 7576Google Scholar.

31 Harrisson, Barbara, Later Ceramics in South-East Asia: Sixteenth to Twentieth Centuries (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 63 and Plates 32–33, 80–83Google Scholar.

32 Sumarah Adhyatman, personal communication.

33 Adhyatman, Sumarah, Antique Ceramics found in Indonesia (Jakarta: The Ceramic Society of Indonesia, 1981), Plates 299–300Google Scholar. They are described as wares from South China.

34 Nguyen Dinh Chien, Chief Curator, National Museum of History, Hanoi; personal communication. Bui Minh Tri, Institute of Archaeology, Hanoi; personal communication.

35 Personal research of unpublished excavated materials from sites in Hai Duong province, kept in the provincial museum of Hai Duong; I am grateful to Tang Ba Hoanh for facilitating my access to these materials. For published materials see Hoanh, Tang Ba et al. , Gom Chu Dau (Bao tang Tinh Hai Hung, 1993)Google Scholar; and van Y, Nguyen, “Do gom hoa lam va do gom dan qua mot so trung tarn san xuat”, Khao co hoc 4 (1991): 39Google Scholar.

36 Cort, Louise Allison, “Vietnamese Ceramics in Japanese Contexts”, in Vietnamese Ceramics, ed. Stevenson, and Guy, , p. 78Google Scholar.

37 Ibid., p. 79.

38 Morimoto, Asako, “Vietnamese Trade Ceramics: A Study Based on Archaeological Data from Japan”, The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies 11 (1993): 70, Nos. 1112Google Scholar; and Vietnamese Ceramic Exhibition (Tokyo: Machida Municipality Museum, 1993), Plates 216, 311Google Scholar.

39 Y, Do gom hoa lam, pp. 3940Google Scholar.

40 Le, Phan Huy, “History of Establishment and Development of Ceramic Village of Bat Trang”, in Bat Trang Ceramics, p. 49Google Scholar.

41 Volker, , Porcelain, p. 206Google Scholar.

42 Morimoto, , “Vietnamese Trade Ceramics”, p. 48Google Scholar.

43 Loyre, , The Institutions, pp. 1213Google Scholar; Laarhoven, , The Maguindanao, pp. 2930, 33, 60Google Scholar.

44 Gowing, P.G., Muslim Filipinos: Heritage and Horizon (Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 1979), p. 32Google Scholar.

45 Hall, D.G.E., A History of South-East Asia (London: Macmillan, 1988), pp. 273–74Google Scholar; Gowing, , Muslim Filipinos, p. 32Google Scholar.

46 Laarhoven, , The Maguindanao, pp. 3233, 36Google Scholar.

47 Gowing, , Muslim Filipinos, p. 32Google Scholar.

48 Laarhoven, , The Maguindanao, p. 49Google Scholar.

49 Ibid., pp. 23–25.

50 Ibid., pp. 25, 27.

51 Gowing, , Muslim Filipinos, pp. 143Google Scholar.

52 Laarhoven, , The Maguindanao, pp. 622Google Scholar.

53 Gowing, , Muslim Filipinos, p. 33Google Scholar.

54 Laarhoven, , The Maguindanao, p. 23Google Scholar.

55 Ibid., p. 9.

56 Ibid., pp. xvii, 188.

57 Ibid., p. 51.

58 Ibid., p. 60; Scott, William Henry, Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society (Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1994), p. 172Google Scholar.

59 Scott, , Barangay, pp. 173–78Google Scholar.

60 Laarhoven, , The Maguindanao, pp. 144–45Google Scholar.

61 Documentary Sources of Philippine History, ed. Zaide, Gregorio F. (Manila: National Book Store, 1990), Vol. 4, pp. 282–83Google Scholar, for Sultan Kudarat's famous exhortation to the Maranao Datus in 1639. An event that worked in Kudarat's favour was the Spanish withdrawal to Manila in 1663 to face an expected attack by Koxinga which never materialized; this brought to an inconclusive end the jihad declared by Kudarat against the Spanish.

62 Laarhoven, , The Maguindanao, pp. 5154Google Scholar.

63 Ibid., p. 119.

64 Gungwu, Wang, “Sojourning: The Chinese Experiences in Southeast Asia”, in Sojourners and Settlers: Histories of Southeast Asia and the Chinese, ed. Reid, Anthony (Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1996), pp. 17Google Scholar.

65 Laarhoven, , The Maguindanao, pp. 99, 106, 119, 177–78Google Scholar.

66 Ibid., pp. 155–56.

67 Forrest, Thomas, “A Voyage to New Guinea and the Moluccas from Balambangan: Including an Account of Maguindanao, Sooloo and Other Islands”, in Travel Accounts of the Islands (1513–1787) (Manila: Filipiniana Book Guild, 1971), p. 276Google Scholar.

68 Ibid., p. 329.

69 Dampier, , Dampier's Voyages, Vol. II, p. 610Google Scholar.

70 Laarhoven, , The Maguindanao, p. 57Google Scholar.

71 Lubis, Mochtar, Indonesia: Land Under the Rainbow (Manila: Solidaridad Publishing House, 1987), pp. 114–15Google Scholar.

72 Laarhoven, , The Maguindanao, p. 54Google Scholar; Sutherland, Heather, “Believing is Seeing: Perspectives on Political Power and Economic Activity in the Malay World 1700–1940”, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 26,1 (1995): 138CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

73 Lubis, , Indonesia, p. 115Google Scholar.

74 Ibid., p. 118.

75 Laarhoven, , The Maguindanao, p. 55Google Scholar.

76 Wang, , “Sojourning”, p. 6Google Scholar.

77 Laarhoven, , The Maguindanao, pp. 5354, 66Google Scholar.

78 Ruudje Laarhoven, personal communication.

79 Laarhoven, , The Maguindanao, p. 55Google Scholar.

80 Ibid., pp. 60–61.

81 Laarhoven, Ruudje, “The Chinese at Maguindanao in the Seventeenth Century”, Philippine Studies 35,1 (1987): 43Google Scholar.

82 Laarhoven, , The Maguindanao, pp. 53, 57Google Scholar.

83 Laarhoven, , “The Chinese”, pp. 4344Google Scholar.

84 Laarhoven, , The Maguindanao, pp. 6465Google Scholar.

85 Ibid., p. 70.

86 Ibid., pp. 56–57.

87 Volker, , Porcelain, pp. 190, 216–17Google Scholar.

88 Laarhoven, , The Maguindanao, p. 56Google Scholar. Laarhoven raises the possibility that the goods may have been deliberately declared low to avoid paying higher taxes.

89 Ibid., pp. 213–15. The second shipment appears to be the same as that listed in Volker, , Porcelain, p. 189Google Scholar: “… one vessel from Mindanao (Philippines) with 10 Rds. worth of porcelain”. Volker explains in a footnote at the beginning of Chapter 12 that unless otherwise indicated, “porcelain” in that chapter refers to Chinese products. If this is the case, then the second shipment contained Chinese ceramics.

90 Volker, , Porcelain, p. 212Google Scholar.

91 Laarhoven, , The Maguindanao, p. 56Google Scholar.

92 Volker, , Porcelain, p. 217Google Scholar.

93 Ibid., p. 210.

94 Ibid., pp. 212, 214.

95 Ibid., p. 218.