1 Denson, Andrew, Demanding the Cherokee Nation: Indian Autonomy and American Culture, 1830–1900 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2015), 121–47.Google Scholar

2 My first book explored how ideas about social welfare changed over time within the Cherokee Nation, which culminated in the Cherokee Nation’s adoption of universal public education in 1841; its female and male seminaries; and in the post-Civil War period, its prison, mental health facility, and orphanage. For a full discussion of the orphanage, the mental health facility, and the prison, see Reed, Julie L., Serving the Nation: Cherokee Sovereignty and Social Welfare, 1800–1907 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2016).Google Scholar

3 For a list of crimes and penalties placed on the books in tandem with its new prison, see Cherokee Nation, Constitution and Laws of the Cherokee Nation (St. Louis: R. & T.A. Ennis, 1875), 119, http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101078162656 (accessed Aug. 9, 2020).

4 “Proceedings of the National Council,” Cherokee Advocate, Nov. 11, 1876, http://www.newspapers.com/image/665405441/?terms=‥22Ft.‥2BSmith‥22‥2Bcourt (accessed Aug. 9, 2020).

5 Lichtenstein, Alexander C., Twice the Work of Free Labor : The Political Economy of Convict Labor in the New South (London: Verso, 1996)Google Scholar; Mancini, Matthew J, One Dies, Get Another: Convict Leasing in the American South, 1866–1928 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996)Google Scholar; Blair, William A., “Justice versus Law and Order: The Battles over the Reconstruction of Virginia’s Minor Judiciary, 1865–1870,” The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 103:2 (1995): 157–80.Google Scholar

6 “Confronting Racism: Indigenous Perspectives,” https://www.facebook.com/IUAHCouncil/videos/958390281256087/UzpfSTYxOTIyNzQ4NDc3NDc5NjozNDQ0OTE1ODM4ODcyNTk5/?__tn__=kC-R&eid=ARAzwqIgZpLZ9PC1iZXVNs8TUBbn_7FPXT_qssHguZtve_mDzQ9OYnHQQ8fzlnprFoB-lxF4w6W5nFjt&hc_ref=ARRarm1CpzcqZVEjyJTbEjBamqZlg9m32N-RWAUtj70zzNMML_b6K3bv3OeqZ6LCYTw&__xts__[0]=68.ARDZZt3ABuQraZG2EQlvIr7ee8r1PyB6UuG_wFi6pmywGx6lyYuc3kKIgmIwyE6tCYU8LnKn6WLEzT5KqXkBZnTIKiGRMCq3S1zryz-W-AQF6jEIiwZSMb3ut5YyK7ESVP3Bpcmv9KIunazUjersm4AyAULAmjQEAwXlqcKuBi_KOdSnxV8L86BM6c7CB5adGZI-bkR290amnbwMuGIiausDEAvynWUgYbcl1CW4SiBCWmVJ1Mh1FzDqDlwCEEC95R8EmQHtnYLaDO-3N2-rJ8hPZ_wHr_yA47_ebzNSHyL9TXLzz3uDoxc1supX3GH6p3Vyq8sLzwDvnPhUa0AYZS9lPgnLLd6trLM8hOQ2a61pNvuBpgXsimCyStVFG1X8Z-btHYj00EjkugAmy94T9MHy5zYwntvuDkMJKmsELRwb_Otbnt0NX4Jt178S7nF2r7Y7Lpx-4hNYIhlfBwKiNghpYd5r3u0wDVJJhBt46Sybpje8xCQZA5iqF20P_u6WkA (accessed Aug. 9, 2020).

7 Scott Mckie B.P., “EBCI Justice Center Ready for Operation,” Cherokee One Feather, Nov. 21, 2014, https://www.theonefeather.com/2014/11/ebci-justice-center-ready-for-operation/ (accessed Aug. 9, 2020).

8 “How Oklahoma Popped Its Prison Bubble, In Charts,” https://www.politico.com/interactives/2020/justice-reform-decarceration-in-oklahoma/ (accessed Aug. 9, 2020).