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Recovery trajectories of IQ after pediatric TBI: A latent class growth modeling analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 August 2023

Megan E. Narad Open the ORCID record for Megan E. Narad [Opens in a new window] ,
Julia Smith-Paine Open the ORCID record for Julia Smith-Paine [Opens in a new window] ,
Amy Cassedy ,
Elizabeth LeBlond ,
H. Gerry Taylor ,
Keith Owen Yeates  and
Shari L. Wade
Megan E. Narad*
Affiliation:
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA
Julia Smith-Paine
Affiliation:
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA
Amy Cassedy
Affiliation:
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
Elizabeth LeBlond
Affiliation:
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
H. Gerry Taylor
Affiliation:
Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, USA The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
Keith Owen Yeates
Affiliation:
University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
Shari L. Wade
Affiliation:
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
*
Corresponding author: M. E. Narad; Email: megan.narad@cchmc.org
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Abstract

Objective:

To identify latent trajectories of IQ over time after pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) and examine the predictive value of risk factors within and across recovery trajectories.

Method:

206 children ages 3–7 years at injury were included: 87 TBI (23 severe, 21 moderate, 43 complicated mild) and 119 orthopedic injury (OI). We administered intelligence tests shortly after injury (1½ months), 12 months, and 6.8 years postinjury. Latent class growth modeling was used to identify latent subgroups. Separate models examined verbal and nonverbal IQ recovery trajectories following TBI versus OI. Variables included: age at injury, sex, race, socioeconomic status, injury severity, quality of the home environment, family functioning, and parenting style.

Results:

Both the TBI and OI analyses yielded different growth models for nonverbal (k = 3) and verbal IQ (k = 3). Although all models resulted in 3 latent classes (below average, average, and aboveaverage performance); trajectory shapes, contributors to class membership, and performance within each class varied by injury group and IQ domain. TBI severity was associated with class membership for nonverbal IQ, with less severe injuries associated with higher IQ scores; however, TBI severity did not influence verbal IQ class membership. Parenting style had a more prominent effect on verbal and nonverbal IQ within the TBI than OI trajectories.

Conclusions:

Findings suggest TBI severity is related to recovery trajectories for nonverbal but not verbal IQ and parenting style has stronger effects on recovery in TBI than OI. Results highlight the importance of parental factors on long-term recovery after TBI.

Keywords

brain injuriestraumaticintelligence testschildparentingrisk factorsparents
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 30 , Issue 3 , March 2024 , pp. 273 - 284
Copyright
Copyright © INS. Published by Cambridge University Press 2023

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