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The Privilege Against Self-Incrimination in Truth Commission-Administered Accountability Initiatives

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 December 2016

ALISON BISSET
ALISON BISSET*
Affiliation:
Associate Professor in International Human Rights Law at the University of Reading, UK [a.j.bisset@reading.ac.uk].
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Abstract

In recent times, transitional justice practice has increasingly seen truth commissions tasked with administering accountability programmes, distinct from, and in addition to, their traditional truth-seeking role. Such accountability schemes typically take the form of granting or recommending amnesty for those who disclose involvement in past crimes or facilitate reintegration on the basis of similar disclosures. Self-incriminating disclosures made in the course of traditional truth commission proceedings generally attract a robust set of legal safeguards. However, the protections within transitional accountability schemes administered by truth commissions tend to be less stringent. This article explores this anomaly, focusing particularly on the extent to which the privilege against self-incrimination is protected within truth commission-administered accountability programmes. It considers the programmes operated to date, and the levels of protection afforded, and demonstrates a lack of consistent practice in the safeguarding of individual rights within these programmes. It examines international legal standards on the privilege against self-incrimination and questions whether the procedures operated by accountability programmes can be reconciled with international norms in order to protect those who make self-incriminating disclosures within accountability initiatives. The article argues that a failure to ensure individual rights against self-incrimination risks compromising the efficacy of the programmes themselves and the contribution that they can make to long-term peace and reconciliation in transitional states.

Keywords

accountability schemesself-incriminationtruth commissions
Type
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURTS AND TRIBUNALS
Information
Leiden Journal of International Law , Volume 30 , Issue 1 , March 2017 , pp. 155 - 176
Copyright
Copyright © Foundation of the Leiden Journal of International Law 2016 

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References

1 Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report (2002), Vol. 1, Ch. 7; Vol. 6, Section 1, Ch. 4.

2 See United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) Regulation No. 2001/10 on the Establishment of a Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor, UN Doc. UNTAET/REG/2001/10, 13 July 2001, s. 17; Kenya, Truth Justice and Reconciliation Commission Act 2008, s. 28 (2008 Kenyan Act); Witness to Truth: Report of the Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission (2004), Vol. 1, Ch. 5, 151, 154.

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7 Ordinance on Investigation of Disappeared Persons, Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 14 March 2013, Ordinance No. 8 of 2012/2013, s. 23.

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17 Witness to Truth, supra note 2, Vol. 1, Ch. 5, 151.

18 Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act, 1995, Ch. 4.

19 UNTAET Regulation 2001/10, ss. 22–32.

20 Freeman, supra note 9, at 35.

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22 A. du Bois-Pedain, Transitional Amnesty in South Africa (2007), 185; J. Sarkin, Carrots and Sticks: The TRC and the South African Amnesty Process (2004), 127–34.

23 Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act, No 34 of 1995, s. 20(1) (1995 Act).

24 Ibid., s.19, 21.

25 Ibid., s. 20(7).

26 P. Gready, The Era of Transitional Justice: The Aftermath of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa and Beyond (2011), 102.

27 1995 Act, supra note 23, s. 31(3).

28 Ibid., s. 21(2)(b).

29 UNTAET Regulation No. 2001/10, s. 3.1(c).

30 Ibid., s. 14.1(c).

31 Ibid., s. 14.1(d).

32 Ibid., s.17.1, 17.2.

33 Ibid., s. 18.

34 Ibid., s. 15.

35 Chega!, supra note 6, paras. 3–4.

36 Ibid., Part 9.2, para. 10.

37 Ibid., para. 10.

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40 Ibid., para. 169.

41 Burgess, supra note 38, at 196.

42 TJRC Report, supra note 15, Vol. 1, Ch. 2, 71.

43 2008 Kenyan Act, supra note 2, s. 34(1)–(3).

44 Ibid., s. 36(5)(a).

45 Ibid., s. 36(5)(b).

46 Ibid., s. 28.

47 Ibid., s.36(7) and (8).

48 Ibid., s. 40.

49 Ibid., s.36(9)(c).

50 The Truth, Justice and Reconciliation (Hearing Procedure) Rules 2011, s. 19(2).

51 On the original Nepali model see International Commission of Jurists, Authority without Accountability: The Struggle for Justice in Nepal (2013); OHCHR, Comments on the Nepal ‘Commission on Investigation of Disappeared Persons, Truth and Reconciliation Ordinance’ – 2069 (2013) (2013).

52 Controversially, s. 26 of the Enforced Disappearances Enquiry, Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act, 2071 (2014) (the 2014 Act), maintains the possibility of amnesty for gross violations of human rights. See International Commission of Jurists, Justice Denied: The 2014 Commission on Investigation of Disappeared Persons, Truth and Reconciliation Act (2014).

53 2014 Act, supra note 52, s. 25, 29.

54 Ibid., s. 26(3) and (4).

55 Ibid., s. 26(5).

56 Ibid., s. 26(9).

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61 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 2187 UNTS 3, Arts. 55(1)(a) and 67(1)(g).

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66 Ibid.

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68 ICCPR, supra note 57, Art. 14(3)(g). See also Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 11(c).

69 ACHR, supra note 57, Art. 8(2)(7).

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82 Murray, supra note 57, para. 47.

83 Magee v. UK, Decision of 6 June 2000, (2001) 31 EHRR 35. Funke, supra note 79; Serves v. France, Decision of 20 October 1997, (1999) 28 EHRR 265; Heaney and McGuinness, supra note 77.

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87 Janosevic v. Sweden, Decision of 23 July 2002, (2004) 38 EHRR 22.

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89 Ozturk v. Germany, Decision of 21 February 1984, (1984) 6 EHRR 409.

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91 Engel and others v. Netherlands, Decision of 21 November 1975, (1976) 1 EHRR 647; Ezeh and Connors, supra note 88, para. 82; Jusilla, supra note 84.

92 Janosevic, supra note 87.

93 See Marttinen v. Finland, Decision of 21 April 2009, (2010) 50 EHRR 46, paras. 63–4, re. when an individual might be considered ‘charged’ for the purposes of the privilege under Art. 6(1).

94 Jusilla, supra note 84, para. 45.

95 Ezeh and Connors, supra note 88, para. 86; Jusilla, supra note 84, para. 31.

96 Ibid.

97 Jusilla, supra note 84, para. 31.

98 Jusilla, supra note 84, para. 30.

99 Saunders, supra note 57, para. 67; Fayed v. UK, Decision of 21 September 1994, (1994) 18 EHRR 393, paras. 61–2.

100 See Section 3.3.

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102 Weh, supra note 77, paras. 53–6.

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118 Heaney v. Ireland [1994] 3 IR 593; Quinn v. Ireland, Decision of 21 December 2000, (2001) 33 EHRR 264; Funke, supra note 79.

119 Allan v. UK, Decision of 5 November 2002, (2003) 36 EHRR 12.

120 Saunders, supra note 57.

121 Allen, supra note 104. Nor do laws requiring individuals to disclose personal details to police under threat of a fine violate the privilege. See Vasileva v. Denmark, Decision of 25 September 2003, (2005) 40 EHRR 27.

122 Weh, supra note 77; O'Halloran and Francis v. UK, Decision of 29 June 2007, (2007) 46 EHRR 21.

123 Condron v. United Kingdom, Decision of 2 May 2000, (2001) 31 EHRR. 1

124 Rogers v. Richmond, 365 US 534, 544 (1961); US v. Washington, 431 US 181, 188 (1977).

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129 Dufraimont, supra note 127.

130 H. Varney, ‘The Malan Trial (South Africa)’, Presentation to International Centre for Transitional Justice, Domestic Prosecutions and Transitional Justice Conference, 16–19 May 2005, Magaliesburg, South Africa; J. Rauch, Police Transformation and the South African TRC, Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation (2004).

131 Berry, supra note 114, para. 167.

132 Deweer, supra note 84.

133 Natsvlishvili v. Georgia, Decision of 29 April 2014, para. 97.

134 Redmayne, supra note 62, at 221–4.

135 G. Sluiter and A. Zahar, International Criminal Law (2008), 305.

136 Prosecutor v. Delalic et al., Decision on the Prosecution's Oral Requests for the Admission of Exhibit 155 into Evidence and for an Order to Compel the Accused, Zdravko Mucic, to Provide a Handwriting Sample, Case No. IT-96-21, 19 January 1998.

137 Prosecutor v. Delalic et al., supra note 136; Prosecutor v. Halilovic, Decision on Motion for Exclusion of Statement of Accused, Case No. IT-01-48-T, 8 July 2005.

138 Rule 74(3)(c) ICC Rules of Procedure and Evidence; Rule 75 ICC Rules of Procedure and Evidence.

139 Prosecutor v. Norman, Decision on the Request of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Sierra Leone to Conduct a Public Hearing with Samuel Hinga Norman, Case No. SCSL-03-08-PT-101, 29 October 2003, para. 14; Prosecutor v. Norman, Decision on Appeal by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Sierra Leone and Chief Samuel Hinga Norman against the Decision of His Lordship Justice Bankole Thompson to Deny the TRC's Request to Hold a Public Hearing with Chief Norman, Case No. SCSL-03-08-PT-122-I and II, 28 November 2003, para. 41.

140 Saunders, supra note 57, at 2065.

141 Ibid.; Heaney and McGuinness, supra note 77, paras. 57–8.

142 Jalloh v. Germany, Decision of 11 July 2006, (2006) 44 EHRR 32, paras. 118–21.

143 O'Halloran and Francis, supra note 122, para. 43.

144 Ibid., at 56–7.

145 Ibid.

146 Heaney and McGuinness, supra note 77, paras. 51–5.

147 Ibid. On this decision see Ashworth, supra note 78, at 764.

148 [2001] 1 AC 681 (PC).

149 For critique see Berger, supra note 67. Balancing can also been seen in the case law of England and Wales, see R. v. Mushtaq [2005] UKHL 25; R v. K (A) [2010] QB 343; R. v. Kearns [2002] EWCA Crim. 748.

150 California v. Byers, 402 U.S. 424 (1971) 402, 427–31, confirmed in Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District of Nevada, Humboldt County et al., 542 US 177 (2004).

151 [1999] 2 SCR 417.

152 Ibid., at 71. See also Berger supra note 67.

153 On the balancing approach see Berger, supra note 67; Meyerson, D., ‘Why Courts Should Not Balance Rights Against the Public Interest’, (2007) 31 Melbourne University Law Review 873, at 902Google Scholar.

154 See, e.g., PRIDE, ‘Ex-Combatant Views of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court for Sierra Leone’, A Study in Partnership with the International Center for Transitional Justice (2002), 19.

155 For examples see Choo, supra note 113, App. 2.

156 Freeman, supra note 9, at 253.

157 Berger, supra note 67, at 34.

158 On national approaches see Choo, supra note 113, at 35–9. See also, O'Boyle, M., ‘Freedom from Self-Incrimination and the Right to Silence: A Pandora's Box’, in Mahoney, P. et al. (eds.), Protection des Droits de l'homme: La Perspective Europeenne: Melanges a la Memoire de Rolv Ryssdal (2000), 1029 Google Scholar.

159 M. Wierda, P.B. Hayner and P. van Zyl, Exploring the Relationship Between the Special Court and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Sierra Leone, International Center for Transitional Justice, (2002), 12.

160 Amnesty International, Truth, Justice and Reparation: Establishing an Effective Truth Commission, AI Index: POL 30/009/2007, 11 June 2007, 32.