Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-x4r87 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-28T11:38:45.074Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Working with a Mask: How and When Workplace Mask Wearing Decreases Employee Emotional Exhaustion

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 February 2024

Yang Bai ,
Wenxing Liu  and
Li Guo Open the ORCID record for Li Guo [Opens in a new window]
Yang Bai
Affiliation:
Guanghua School of Management, Peking University, Beijing, China
Wenxing Liu
Affiliation:
School of Business Administration, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
Li Guo*
Affiliation:
School of Business, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing, China
*
Corresponding author: Li Guo (ericguoli@uibe.edu.cn)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Despite the salutary effects of mask wearing broadly recognized during the COVID-19 pandemic, little is known about the consequences of wearing masks in the workplace. The current research raises the question of whether and how mask wearing may impact employees' emotional well-being at work. Drawing on emotion regulation theory (e.g., Gross, 1998, 2015), we propose that mask wearing enables employees to adopt more authentic emotional displays, which in turn decreases emotional exhaustion. Furthermore, guided by the social interaction model of emotion regulation (Coté, 2005), we further posit that for employees whose work requires more frequent face-to-face interaction, the positive impact of mask wearing on emotional exhaustion becomes more significant. Across a pilot study and a three-wave field survey, we find support for this hypothesized model. Implications of these findings for future theorizing and research on mask wearing are discussed.

摘要

摘要

尽管在新冠疫情流行期间佩戴口罩的益处得到广泛认可，但我们对在工作场所中佩戴口罩的后果知之甚少。本文聚焦一个研究问题，即佩戴口罩是否影响员工在工作中的情绪体验。基于情感调节理论（Gross, 1998, 2015），我们提出佩戴口罩促进员工采取更真实的情绪表达策略，从而减少工作情绪耗竭。进一步地，根据情感调节的社交互动模型（Coté, 2005），我们认为对于需要进行更频繁面对面互动的员工，工作中佩戴口罩对情绪耗竭的缓解作用变得更为显著。通过一个预研究和一项三时点的追踪调查，我们的结果支持了所提理论模型。本文之后讨论了研究贡献以及未来关于口罩佩戴行为的研究方向。

Keywords

authentic emotional displaysemotional exhaustionface-to-face interactionmask wearing口罩佩戴真实情感表达情绪耗竭面对面互动
Type
Article
Information
Management and Organization Review , Volume 20 , Issue 1 , February 2024 , pp. 139 - 157
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of International Association for Chinese Management Research

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abraham, R. 1998. Emotional dissonance in organizations: A conceptualization of consequences, mediators and moderators. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 19(3): 137–146. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437739810210185CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. 1991. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Al-Khouja, M., Weinstein, N., Ryan, W., & Legate, N. 2022. Self-expression can be authentic or inauthentic, with differential outcomes for well-being: Development of the authentic and inauthentic expression scale (AIES). Journal of Research in Personality, 97: 104191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104191CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashforth, B. E., & Humphrey, R. H. 1993. Emotional labor in service roles: The influence of identity. Academy of Management Review, 18(1): 88–115. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1993.3997508CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aw, S. S., Ilies, R., & De Pater, I. E. 2020. Dispositional empathy, emotional display authenticity, and employee outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(9): 1036–1046. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000471CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baer, M. D., Dhensa-Kahlon, R. K., Colquitt, J. A., Rodell, J. B., Outlaw, R., & Long, D. M. 2015. Uneasy lies the head that bears the trust: The effects of feeling trusted on emotional exhaustion. Academy of Management Journal, 58(6): 1637–1657. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2014.0246CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Betsch, C., Korn, L., Sprengholz, P., Felgendreff, L., Eitze, S., Schmid, P., & Böhm, R. 2020. Social and behavioral consequences of mask policies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(36): 21851–21853. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2011674117CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bond, M. H. 1993. Emotions and their expression in Chinese culture. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 17: 245–262. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00987240CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brislin, R. W. 1980. Cross-cultural research methods. In I. Altman, A. Rapoport, & J. F. Wohlwill (Eds.), Environment and culture: 47–82. New York, NY: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brotheridge, C. M., & Grandey, A. A. 2002. Emotional labor and burnout: Comparing two perspectives of ‘people work’. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60(1): 17–39. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1815CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brotheridge, C. M., & Lee, R. T. 2002. Testing a conservation of resources model of the dynamics of emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(1): 57–67. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.7.1.57CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brotheridge, C. M., & Lee, R. T. 2003. Development and validation of the emotional labour scale. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76(3): 365–379. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317903769647229CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carbon, C. C. 2020. Wearing face masks strongly confuses counterparts in reading emotions. Frontiers in Psychology, 11: 2526. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566886CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chau, S. L., Dahling, J. J., Levy, P. E., & Diefendorff, J. M. 2009. A predictive study of emotional labor and turnover. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(8): 1151–1163. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.617CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coté, S. 2005. A social interaction model of the effects of emotion regulation on work strain. Academy of Management Review, 30(3): 509–530. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2005.17293692CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Czypionka, T., Greenhalgh, T., Bassler, D., & Bryant, M. B. 2020. Masks and face coverings for the lay public: A narrative update. Annals of Internal Medicine, 174(4): 511–522. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-6625CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dall, W. H. 1885. On masks, labrets, and certain aboriginal customs, with an inquiry into the bearing of their geographical distribution. Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology: 1881–1882.Google Scholar
Deng, H., Coyle-Shapiro, J., & Yang, Q. 2018. Beyond reciprocity: A conservation of resources view on the effects of psychological contract violation on third parties. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(5): 561–577. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000272CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Denworth, L. 2020. How the COVID-19 pandemic could end. Scientific American, 322(6): 44–45.Google Scholar
Diefendorff, J. M., & Croyle, M. H. 2008. Antecedents of emotional display rule commitment. Human Performance, 21(3): 310–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959280802137911CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diefendorff, J. M., Croyle, M. H., & Gosserand, R. H. 2005. The dimensionality and antecedents of emotional labor strategies. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66(2): 339–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2004.02.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diefendorff, J. M., Stanley, J. T., & Gabriel, A. S. 2015. Aging and emotional labor processes. In L. Finkelstein, D. Truxillo, F. Fraccaroli, & R. Kanfer (Eds.), Facing the challenges of a multi-age workforce: 180–206. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Eikenberry, S. E., Mancuso, M., Iboi, E., Phan, T., Eikenberry, K., Kuang, Y., Kostelich, E., & Gumel, A. B. 2020. To mask or not to mask: Modeling the potential for face mask use by the general public to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic. Infectious Disease Modelling, 5: 293–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idm.2020.04.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ekman, P. 1972. Universals and cultural differences in facial expression of emotion. In Cole, J. K. (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: 207–283. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Friesen, W. V. 1972. Cultural differences in facial expressions in a social situation: An experimental test of the concept of display rules. San Francisco: University of California.Google Scholar
Genç, Ç, Colley, A., Löchtefeld, M., & Häkkilä, J. 2020, September. Face mask design to mitigate facial expression occlusion. In Proceedings of the 2020 International Symposium on Wearable Computers: 40–44. https://doi.org/10.1145/3410531.3414303CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Global Research. 2020, October 26. Are face masks effective? The evidence. Retrieved from https://www.globalresearch.ca/are-face-masks-effective-evidence/5720209Google Scholar
Grandey, A. A. 2000. Emotion regulation in workplace: A new way to conceptualize emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5: 95–110. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.5.1.95CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grandey, A. A. 2003. When ‘the show must go on’: Surface acting and deep acting as determinants of emotional exhaustion and peer-rated service delivery. Academy of Management Journal, 46(1): 86–96. https://doi.org/10.5465/30040678CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grandey, A. A., & Gabriel, A. S. 2015. Emotional labor at a crossroads: Where do we go from here? Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 2: 323–349. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111400CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grandey, A. A., & Melloy, R. C. 2017. The state of the heart: Emotional labor as emotion regulation reviewed and revised. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3): 407–422. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000067CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grandey, A., Foo, S. C., Groth, M., & Goodwin, R. E. 2012. Free to be you and me: A climate of authenticity alleviates burnout from emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 17(1): 17, 1–14. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0025102CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, J. J. 1998. The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3): 271–299. http://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, J. J. 2015. Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1): 1–26. http://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2014.940781CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grove, S. J., & Fisk, R. P. 1989. Impression management in services marketing: A dramaturgical perspective. In Giacalone, R. A. & Rosenfeld, P. (Eds.), Impression management in the organization: 427–438. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Grundmann, F., Epstude, K., & Scheibe, S. 2021. Face masks reduce emotion-recognition accuracy and perceived closeness. Plos One, 16(4): e0249792. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/xpzs3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayes, A. F. 2013. An introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Hinkin, T. R. 1998. A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey questionnaires. Organizational Research Methods, 1(1): 104–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428198001001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hochschild, A. 1983. Comment on Kemper's ‘Social Constructionist and Positivist Approaches to the Sociology of Emotions’. American Journal of Sociology, 89(2): 432–434. https://doi.org/10.2307/2779150CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howard, J., Huang, A., Li, Z., Tufekci, Z., Zdimal, V., van der Westhuizen, H.-M., von Delft, A., Price, A., Fridman, L., Tang, L.-H., Tang, V., Watson, G. L., Bax, C. E., Shaikh, R., Questier, F., Hernandez, D., Chu, L. F., Ramirez, C. M., & Rimoin, A. W. 2021. An evidence review of face masks against COVID-19. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(4): e2014564118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2014564118CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, J. L., Chiaburu, D. S., Zhang, X. A., Li, N., & Grandey, A. A. 2015. Rising to the challenge: Deep acting is more beneficial when tasks are appraised as challenging. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(5): 1398–1408. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038976CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hülsheger, U. R., Lang, J. W., Schewe, A. F., & Zijlstra, F. R. 2015. When regulating emotions at work pays off: A diary and an intervention study on emotion regulation and customer tips in service jobs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(2): 263–277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0038229CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hülsheger, U. R., & Schewe, A. F. 2011. On the costs and benefits of emotional labor: A meta-analysis of three decades of research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16(3): 361–389. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022876CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Humphrey, R. H., Ashforth, B. E., & Diefendorff, J. M. 2015. The bright side of emotional labor. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(6): 749–769. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2019CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Judge, T. A., Woolf, E. F., & Hurst, C. 2009. Is emotional labor more difficult for some than for others? A multilevel, experience-sampling study. Personnel Psychology, 62(1): 57–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.01129.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahane, L. H. 2021. Politicizing the mask: Political, economic and demographic factors affecting mask wearing behavior in the USA. Eastern Economic Journal, 47: 163–183. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41302-020-00186-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D., Rubenstein, A. L., Long, D. M., Odio, M. A., Buckman, B. R., Zhang, Y., & Halvorsen-Ganepola, M. D. 2013. A meta-analytic structural model of dispositonal affectivity and emotional labor. Personnel Psychology, 66(1): 47–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, J. H. 2017. Smartphone-mediated communication vs. face-to-face interaction: Two routes to social support and problematic use of smartphone. Computers in Human Behavior, 67: 282–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leidner, R. 1999. Emotional labor in service work. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 561(1): 81–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271629956100106CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leung, N. H., Chu, D. K., Shiu, E. Y., Chan, K. H., McDevitt, J. J., Hau, B. JP., Yen, H.-L., Li, Y., Ip, D. KM., Peiris, JS. M., Seto, W.-H., Leung, G. M., Milton, D. K., & Cowling, B. J. 2020. Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks. Nature Medicine, 26(5): 676–680. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-16836/v1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levitan, C. A., Rusk, I., Jonas-Delson, D., Lou, H., Kuzniar, L., Davidson, G., & Sherman, A. 2022. Mask wearing affects emotion perception. i-Perception, 13(3): 20416695221107391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. 2002. To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2): 151–173. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lu, J. G., Jin, P., & English, A. S. 2021. Collectivism predicts mask use during COVID-19. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(23): e2021793118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021793118CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lu, J. G., Song, L. L., Zheng, Y., & Wang, L. C. 2022. Masks as a moral symbol: Masks reduce wearers’ deviant behavior in China during COVID-19. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(41): e2211144119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2211144119CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynch, J., & Kilmartin, C. 2013. The pain behind the mask: Overcoming masculine depression. New York, NY: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ma, Q. X., Shan, H., Zhang, H. L., Li, G. M., Yang, R. M., & Chen, J. M. 2020. Potential utilities of mask-wearing and instant hand hygiene for fighting SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(9): 1567–1571. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25805CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martínez-Iñigo, D., Totterdell, P., Alcover, C. M., & Holman, D. 2007. Emotional labour and emotional exhaustion: Interpersonal and intrapersonal mechanisms. Work & Stress, 21(1): 30–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370701234274CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. 1981. The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2): 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., Leiter, M. P., Schaufeli, W. B., & Schwab, R. L. 1986. Maslach burnout inventory, vol. 21: 3463–3464. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.Google Scholar
Merriam-Webster. n.d. Mask. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved from URL: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/maskGoogle Scholar
Mo, S., & Shi, J. 2017. Linking ethical leadership to employee burnout, workplace deviance and performance: Testing the mediating roles of trust in leader and surface acting. Journal of Business Ethics, 144(2): 293–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2821-zCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molnar-Szakacs, I., Uddin, L. Q., & Heffernan, M. B. 2021. The face behind the mask: The future of interpersonal interaction. Neuron, 109(12): 1918–1920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2021.05.030CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morris, J. A., & Feldman, D. C. 1996. The dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of emotional labor. Academy of Management Review, 21(4): 986–1010. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1996.9704071861CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ng, T. W., & Feldman, D. C. 2010. The relationship of age with job attitudes: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 63(3): 677–718. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01184.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niven, K. 2016. Why do people engage in interpersonal emotion regulation at work? Organizational Psychology Review, 6(4): 305–323. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386615612544CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Dowd, K., Nair, K. M., Forouzandeh, P., Mathew, S., Grant, J., Moran, R., Bartlett, H., Bird, H., & Pillai, S. C. 2020. Face masks and respirators in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic: A review of current materials, advances and future perspectives. Materials, 13(15): 3363. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13153363CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ogunfowora, B., Maerz, A., & Varty, C. T. 2021. How do leaders foster morally courageous behavior in employees? Leader role modeling, moral ownership, and felt obligation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 42(4): 483–503. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2508CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ozcelik, H. 2013. An empirical analysis of surface acting in intra-organizational relationships. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(3): 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1798CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ozcelik, H. 2017. Exploring the activation dimension of affect in organizations: A focus on trait-level activation, climate-level activation, and work-related outcomes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38(3): 351–371. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2127CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parada-Fernández, P., Herrero-Fernández, D., Jorge, R., & Comesaña, P. 2022. Wearing mask hinders emotion recognition, but enhances perception of attractiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 184: 111195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111195CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, J., & Min, H. K. 2020. Turnover intention in the hospitality industry: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 90: 102599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102599CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pernet, H. 1992. Ritual Masks. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. 2012. Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63: 539–569. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. 2008. Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3): 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pretty, G. M., McCarthy, M. E., & Catano, V. M. 1992. Psychological environments and burnout: Gender considerations within the corporation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(7): 701–711. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030130706CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qin, X., Chen, C., Yam, K. C., Huang, M., & Ju, D. 2020. The double-edged sword of leader humility: Investigating when and why leader humility promotes versus inhibits subordinate deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(7): 693–712. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000456CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rab, S., Javaid, M., Haleem, A., & Vaishya, R. 2020. Face masks are new normal after COVID-19 pandemic. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome, 14(6): 1617–1619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.08.021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rafaeli, A., & Sutton, R. I. 1987. Expression of emotion as part of the work role. Academy of Management Review, 12(1): 23–37. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1987.4306444CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rafaeli, A., & Sutton, R. I. 1989. The expression of emotion in organizational life. In Cummings, L. L. & Staw, B. M. (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, vol. 7: 1–37. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Rengasamy, A., Zhuang, Z., & BerryAnn, R. 2004. Respiratory protection against bioaerosols: Literature review and research needs. American Journal of Infection Control, 32(6): 345–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2004.04.199CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodell, J. B. 2013. Finding meaning through volunteering: Why do employees volunteer and what does it mean for their jobs? Academy of Management Journal, 56(5): 1274–1294. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2012.0611CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sayre, G. M., Grandey, A. A., & Chi, N.-W. 2020. From cheery to ‘cheers’? Regulating emotions at work and alcohol consumption after work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(6): 597–618. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000452CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shanock, L. R., Allen, J. A., Dunn, A. M., Baran, B. E., Scott, C. W., & Rogelberg, S. G. 2013. Less acting, more doing: How surface acting relates to perceived meeting effectiveness and other employee outcomes. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86(4): 457–476. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12037CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, M. L., Cottrell, G. W., Gosselin, F., & Schyns, P. G. 2005. Transmitting and decoding facial expressions. Psychological Science, 16(3): 184–189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00801.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spitzer, M. 2020. Masked education? The benefits and burdens of wearing face masks in schools during the current Corona pandemic. Trends in Neuroscience and Education, 20: 100–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tine.2020.100138CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sutton, A. 2020. Living the good life: A meta-analysis of authenticity, well-being and engagement. Personality and Individual Differences, 153: 109645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109645CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szczesniak, D., Ciulkowicz, M., Maciaszek, J., Misiak, B., Luc, D., Wieczorek, T., … & Rymaszewska, J. 2020. Psychopathological responses and face mask restrictions during the COVID-19 outbreak: Results from a nationwide survey. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87: 161–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.027CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watkins, M. B., Ren, R., Umphress, E. E., Boswell, W. R., Triana, M. D. C., & Zardkoohi, A. 2015. Compassion organizing: Employees’ satisfaction with corporate philanthropic disaster response and reduced job strain. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 88(2): 436–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12088CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wegrzyn, M., Vogt, M., Kireclioglu, B., Schneider, J., & Kissler, J. 2017. Mapping the emotional face: How individual face parts contribute to successful emotion recognition. Plos One, 12(5): e0177239. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177239CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhan, Y., Wang, M., & Shi, J. 2016. Interpersonal process of emotional labor: The role of negative and positive customer treatment. Personnel Psychology, 69(3): 525–557. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12114CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Q., Wang, X. H., Nerstad, C. G., Ren, H., & Gao, R. 2022. Motivational climates, work passion, and behavioral consequences. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 43(9): 1579–1597. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2661CrossRefGoogle Scholar