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A comparison of the fenites at the Chilwa Island and Kangankunde carbonatite complexes, Malawi

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 December 2022

Emma Dowman ,
Frances Wall  and
Peter Treloar
Emma Dowman*
Affiliation:
School of Geography, Geology & Environment, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK Department of Mineralogy, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
Frances Wall
Affiliation:
Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK Department of Mineralogy, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
Peter Treloar
Affiliation:
School of Geography, Geology & Environment, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK
*
*Author for correspondence: Emma Dowman, Email: emma@abdm.co.uk
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Abstract

Carbonatites are igneous carbonate rocks. They are the main source of the rare earth elements (REE) that are essential in low carbon and high technology applications. Exploration targeting and mine planning would both benefit from a better understanding of the processes that create the almost ubiquitous alkaline and REE-bearing metasomatic aureoles in the surrounding country rocks.

Using scanning electron microscopy and whole-rock geochemistry, we investigated the composition and mineralogy of the fenite aureoles developed around the REE-poor Chilwa Island carbonatite and the REE-rich Kangankunde carbonatite, which intrude similar country rocks in the Chilwa Alkaline Province of Southern Malawi. Although common characteristics and trends in their mineralogy and composition may be typical of fenites in general, there are significant differences in their petrography and petrogenesis. For example, the mineralogically diverse breccia at Kangankunde contrasts with the intensely altered potassic breccia of Chilwa Island. This might be caused by differing sequences of fluids expelled from the carbonatites into the aureoles. The main REE-bearing mineral in fenite is different at each complex, and reflects the characteristic REE-bearing mineral of the main carbonatite: fluorapatite at Chilwa Island; and monazite at Kangankunde. Each fenite has distinctive mineral assemblages, in which the relative abundance of the REE-bearing minerals appears to be determined by the mineralogy of their respective host carbonatites.

At both localities, the REE minerals in fenite are less enriched in lanthanum and cerium than their equivalents in carbonatite, a characteristic that we attribute to REE fractionation within fluids in the aureole.

Identifying the mineral assemblages present in fenite and understanding the sequence of alkaline and mineralising fluid events could therefore be useful in predicting whether a fenite is associated with a REE-rich carbonatite. Detailed studies of other aureoles would be required to assess the reliability of these characteristics.

Keywords

fenitecarbonatiterare earth elementsexplorationmetasomatism
Type
Article
Information
Mineralogical Magazine , Volume 87 , Issue 2 , April 2023 , pp. 300 - 323
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland

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Footnotes

Associate Editor: Ian Coulson

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