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V. On Campaign
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 May 2024
Extract
From the Iliad onwards, Greek writers treated military camps as analogues of political communities, with their hierarchical structures and mass assemblies, places where generals shared plans with their troops and occasionally faced their criticism. Xenophon's exploration of order and leadership finds the military context a fruitful one.
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References
1 Brennan 2022: 2.
2 Lee 2008: 4; Flower 2012: 47–8.
3 On expeditionary forces as polis-like entities, see Hornblower 2004.
4 Lee 2008: 141–7.
5 Dillery 1995: 130–8.
6 Dillery 1995: 77–90.
7 Warner and Cawkwell 1972: 19.
8 Compare Herodotus on the Persians, Hdt. 7.60.
9 Ctesias F20 = Plut. Vit. Artax. 11–13. See Anderson 1974: 98–112; Bigwood 1983.
10 Degen 2020.
11 Rood 2004a; Tuplin 2014.
12 See also Cyr. 3.3.34–9, 41–2; 6.2.14–20; 7.5.20–24; for addresses to officers, see Cyr. 2.4.22–9, 4.1.2–6.
13 See Chapter 2.
14 Harman 2008: 440–1.
15 Buzzetti 2014; Brennan 2022.
16 The story that Xenophon was responding to a written account by Sophaenetus, ‘the oldest of the generals’ (6.5.13), is an ancient one, though rejected by Brennan (2022: 4). Other accounts include DS 14.25–31 (summarizing Ephorus’ lost account), Plut. Vit. Artax. 6–14, Ctesias’ fragmentary Persica, and DL 2.49–51; see Brennan and Thomas 2021: 420–52.
17 Due 1989: 203–6.
18 Atack 2022.
19 Flower 2012: 141.
20 Humble 2022: 105.
21 Flower 2012: 103.
22 Laforse 2000.
23 Critical, Roisman 1989; empathetic, Tritle 2004: 326–9.
24 The presence of Meno, Socrates’ interlocutor in Plato's Meno, and that of Socrates, connect the Anabasis to Platonic dialogue: see Nails 2002: 204–5.
25 Dover 2016: 87. See also Chapter 3, pp. 41–5, on homosociality.
26 Cf. Vidal-Naquet 1968.
27 Atack 2018b; Trédé 1992.
28 Durnerin 2022.
29 It is unclear whether this Dionysodorus is the twin sophist of Plato's Euthydemus, or simply named to evoke him; see Nails 2002: 136–7.
30 Xenophon reprises this theme at Cyr. 1.6.12–15.
31 McNamara 2009.
32 Cartledge and Waterfield 1997: 66.
33 Keim 2018.
34 Nadon 2001: 39–40.
35 See Harvey 1965; other accounts include Arist. Eth. Nic. 5.3.1131a10–b24; Pl. Leg. 6.757b–c; Isoc. Areopagiticus 21–2.
36 Gray 2011b: 283–8.
37 Humble 2022: 165–8.
38 Nadon 2001: 61–76; Gray 2011b: 283–5.
39 Arist. Pol. 4.6.1292b41–93a10, criticizing the volatility of law after the rise of the decree.
40 I thank Luuk Huitink for discussion of this passage and its Platonic intertexts.
41 Nadon 2001: 67–8, noting Aristotle's discussion (Pol. 3.9.1280a9–13).
42 Gray 2011b: 286; see also Plato's theory of recollection (Meno).
43 Henderson 2012.
44 Johnson 2005a.
45 Ollier 1943.
46 Konijnendijk 2018: 39–71 on the limits of training and Xenophon's emphasis on its necessity.
47 Cawkwell 1979: 309 notes that Diodorus Siculus names other generals, suggesting that Mnasippus was not solely responsible for the campaign (DS 15.45.4, 15.46.2).
48 Hornblower 2000.
49 Warner and Cawkwell 1972: 9.
50 Baragwanath 2022: 131.
51 Cf. Homer's Odyssey; Baragwanath 2022: 134; Lee 2008: 68–74.
52 Huitink and Rood 2019: 90–1; Vlassopoulos 2013: 140–2.
53 Compare Herodotus’ account of Egyptian customs; see Harrison 2003.
54 Dillery 1995: 59.