^{page 1 note 1} Russell, D. S., The Method and Message of Jewish Apocalyptic 200 BC–AD 100 (London, 1964), p. 1.Google Scholar

^{page 1 note 2} Volz, P., Die Eschatologie der jüdischen Gemeinde (Tüblingen, 1934), p. 141.Google Scholar

^{page 2 note 1} I use the words ‘apocalyptic’, ‘apocalypse’, etc. as suggested by H. Ringgren, Apokalyptik, I, II, Rel. in Gesch. u. Geg. I (3rd ed. 1957), 463–6.

^{page 2 note 2} To ask, in an analysis of a sentence, for its semantic function is a commonplace in today's philosophy of language; see, e.g. Alston, W.P., Philosophy of Language (London etc., 1964), ch. 2;Google ScholarFerré, F., Language, Logic and God (New York, Evanston, London, 1961), 1969), pp. 54 ff. But it seems that this kind of assessment has not yet been extended to whole texts. This question has been raised, however, in the field of linguistics: see, e.g. the discussion ofGoogle ScholarHendricks, W. O. in ‘On the Notion “Beyond the Sentence”’ in his Essays on Semeiolinguistics and Verbal Art (The Hague and Paris, 1973), pp. 11–47, where also other recent contributions to the subject are quoted.Google Scholar

^{page 2 note 3} See Gunkel, H., Schöpfung und Chaos in Urzeit und Endzeit (Göttingen, 1895), p. 269;Google ScholarCharles, R. H., Comm. Dan. (I.C.C., Oxford, 1929), ad loc.;Google ScholarPlöger, O., Comm. Dan. (Komm. z. A.T., Gütersloh, 1965), ad loc.;Google ScholarDelcor, M., Comm. Dan. (Sources bibl., Paris, 1971), ad loc.Google Scholar

^{page 2 note 4} I do so very much with the same feeling of reluctance as that of J. Barr, according to his commentary ad loc. (Peake's Commentary on the Bible, ed. Black, M., Rowley, H. H., London etc., 1962).Google Scholar

^{page 3 note 1} Plöger, op. cit., pp. 177 f. Similar assessments are common in the commentaries, see e.g. the commentary by N. W. Porteous (ATD, Göttingen, 1962), on viii. 14, and further Eissfeldt, O., Einleitung in das A.T. (Tübingen, 1964 ³), pp. 716 f., andGoogle ScholarDexinger, F., Das Buch Daniel und seine Probleme (Stuttg. Bibelstud., Stuttgart, 1969), pp. 74 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 3 note 2} Billerbeck, (H. Strack–)P., Kommentar…, III (München, 1928), 760 f. Cf. Porteous, Comm. Dan. on xii. 5 ff. The figure appears as the time of Antichrist in Rev. xi. 2 f., xii. 14. P.R.E. 48 assumes the same duration of Pharaoh's edict against the Israelite children.Google Scholar

^{page 3 note 3} Grelot, P., ‘Soixante-dix semaines d'années’, Bibl. L (1969), 169–86. See alsoGoogle ScholarBentzen, Aa., Comm. Dan. (Handb. z. A.T., Tübingen, 1952 ²), 73. Cf., in addition, how the jubilees are used for the purpose of dating in 6Q, 12 and how Lev. xxx. 11 receives an eschatological interpretation in IIQ Melch.Google Scholar

^{page 4 note 1} This speaks against the relatively widespread opinion among commentators that that passage of Daniel is secondary. See e.g. Charles, Bentzen, Porteous, Comm., ad loc., and cf. Plöger, Comm., ad loc., and Jones, B. N., ‘The Prayer in Dan. ix’, Vet. Test. XVIII (1968), 488–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 4 note 2} There are more texts in the background of Dan. ix. 24 ff., not least those dealing with the Day of Yahweh – see Osten-Sacken, P. von der, Die Apokalyptik in ihrem Verhältnis zu Prophetie und Weisheit (Theol. Existenz heute, 157, München, 1969), 39 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 4 note 3} Possibly the Traditionsgeschichte of the passage could be explained by a hypothesis that a Maccabean redactor has applied the eschatological imagery to events of history. It remains a hypothesis, however, and in addition quite a speculative one. Schedl, Cf. C., ‘Mystische Arithmetik oder geschichtliche Zahlen? Daniel 8, 14; 12, 11–13’, Bibl. Zschr. VIII (1964), 101–5.Google Scholar

^{page 4 note 4} See e.g. Plöger, O., Theokratie und Eschatologie (W.M.A.N.T. 2, Neukirchen, 1962 ²), pp. 16 ff.;Google Scholar

^{page 5 note 1} Charles, R. H., Eschatology (repr. New York, 1963, of the 2nd ed., 1913), p. 189.Google Scholar

^{page 5 note 2} See I En. xc. 13–19 (cf. my Prophecy Interpreted, Lund, 1966, pp. 81 ff.) which forms part of the text which Charles himself dated to a time before 161 B.C. (Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the O.T. II, Oxford, 1913, 170). Of the Qumran texts I will discuss I QM i below. As to the date of this latter text I follow P. von der Osten-Sacken in his Gott und Belial (Stud. z. Umwelt d. N.T. 6, Göottingen, 1969), pp. 42 ff., 88, where he argues for a date very close to that of Dan. CfYadin, Y., The Scroll of the War of the Sons of Light against the Sons of Darkness (Oxford, 1962), pp. 244 ff.Google ScholarMertens, A., Das Buch Daniel im Lichte der Texte vom Toten Meer (Diss. Mainz, 1969), was not available to me.Google Scholar

^{page 5 note 3} See the preceding note.

^{page 5 note 4} Von der Osten-Sacken, op. cit. pp. 30 ff. CfBruce, F. F., Biblical Exegesis in the Qumran Texts (Exegetica 3:1, The Hague, 1959), pp. 62 ff.;idem, ‘The Book of Daniel and the Qumran Community’ in Neotestamentica et Semitica (Studies in honour of M. Black, Edinburgh, 1969), pp. 233 f.Google Scholar

^{page 5 note 5} Von der Osten-Sacken, op. cit. pp. 34 ff. CfBecker, J., Das Heil Gottes (Stud. z. Umwelt d. N.T. 3, Göttingen, 1964), pp. 75 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 5 note 6} Atleastthe Nahum pesher demonstrates that a later Qumran writer knew of traditions on Antiochus.

^{page 6 note 1} On the expression, see von der Osten-Sacken , op. cit. pp. 78 ff.

^{page 6 note 2} This might have some connection with the ‘time, times and a half,’ or with the number of weeks in Dan. x. 24 – see von der Osten-Sacken, op. cit. p. 33. Possibly one could assume that the expressions ‘the times of the darkness’

^{page 6 note 3} Cf. von der Osten-Sacken, op. cit. pp. 84 ff.

^{page 6 note 4} CfDelling, G., ‘Josephus und das Wunderbare’, Nov. Test, II (1958), 291–309;CrossRefGoogle ScholarLindner, H., Die Geschichtsauffassung des Flauius Josephus in Bellum Judaicum (Arb. z. Gesch. des ant. Judt. u. d. Urchr. 12, Leiden, 1972); and cf.Google ScholarMichel, O., ‘Studien zu Josephus’, in Neotestamentica et Semitica (in honour of M. Black, Edinburgh, 1969), pp. 240–4.Google Scholar

^{page 6 note 5} Hahn, I, ‘Josephus und die Eschatologie von Qumrān’, in Qumran-Probleme (Berlin, 1963), pp. 167 ff.;Google ScholarBruce, F. F., ‘Josephus and Daniel’, Ann. Sw. Theol. Inst, IV (1965), 148–62.Google Scholar

^{page 8 note 1} See Lacht, J., ‘Taxo, or the Apocalyptic Doctrine of Vengeance’, J. Jew. Stud, XII (1961), 95–103;CrossRefGoogle ScholarNickelsburg, G. W. Jr, Resurrection, Immortality and Eternal Life in Intertestamental Judaism (Harv. Theol. Stud. 26, Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1972), pp. 29 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 8 note 2} Licht, op. cit., Nickelsburg, op. cit., 43 ff.

^{page 8 note 3} The wording is probably inspired by Deut. xxxii. 43.

^{page 8 note 4} For an analysis of the O.T. motifs and of their role in this passage, see my Prophecy Interpreted, pp. 126 ff.

^{page 9 note 1} Cf. Dan. X. 4, 9 and see, e.g., Delcor, Comm., ad loc.

^{page 9 note 2} See, e.g., C. Clemen, Die Himmelfahrt des Mose (Kl. Texte 10, Bonn, 1904), ad loc.; R. H. Charles, Apocr. & Pseud. II, ad loc.; Russell, Method and Message, pp. 208, 226.

^{page 10 note 1} See Rubenstein, A., ‘A Problematic Passage in the Apocalypse of Abraham’, J. Jew. Stud, VIII (1957), 45–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 10 note 2} Cf. the material gathered in Volz, op. cit. pp. 141 ff.; (Strack-)Billerbeck, Kommentar…, IV: 2 (1928), 977–1015; Hahn, op. cit.

^{page 11 note 1} The phenomenon of a schematization of history, of course, has parallels in several religions outside Judaism: see, e.g., Widengren, G., Religionsphänomenologie (Berlin, 1969), pp. 459 ff.; see also the discussion inCrossRefGoogle ScholarHengel, M., Judentum und Hellenismus (Tübingen, 1969), pp. 348 ff. For a survey of the Jewish material see Russell, op. cit. pp. 224 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 11 note 2} J. Licht is to be credited for this and several other observations in this and the following paragraph: see his article ‘Time and Eschatology in Apocalyptic Literature and in Qumran’, J. Jew. Stud. XVI (1965), 177–82.

^{page 12 note 1} The fact that the present organization of the text seems to give a certain meaning causes me to suggest a redactor's work behind it, instead of assuming a displacement of sheets (cf. e.g. Eissfeldt, Einleitung, p. 837).

^{page 13 note 1} Harnisch, W., Verhängnis und Verheissung der Geschichte (F.R.L.A.N.T. 97, Göttingen, 1969), p. 320 and passim. AlsoCrossRefGoogle ScholarStrobel, A., Kerygma und Apokalyptik (Göttingen, 1967), pp. 85 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 13 note 2} Breech, E., ‘These Fragments I have Shored Against my Ruins: the Form and Function of 4 Ezra’, J.B.L. XCII (1973), 267–74.Google Scholar

^{page 13 note 3} This is not to say that some kind of ‘calculating’ activity could not, in some instances, be surmised behind the texts, e.g., in the case of the ‘ten weeks’ apocalypse – cf. Billerbeck, op. cit. v: 2, 986 ff.; Thorndike, J. P., ‘The Apocalypse of Weeks and the Qumran Sect’, Rev. de. Qumr. III (1961), 163–84. But that does not mean that the upshot of such a process, perhaps even a lengthy one, had a theoretical-informative function in the situation of communication.Google Scholar

^{page 13 note 4} Cf. the reports on Christian prophets who brought their followers with them into the desert, Hippol., In Dan. iv. 18–19, Tert., Adv Marc. iii. 24.

^{page 14 note 1} Cf. the discussion of Koch, K., Ratios uor der Apokalyptik (Gütersloh, 1970), p. 86et passim, which rightly presents itself as eine Streitschrift.Google Scholar

^{page 14 note 2} Cf. the stimulating studies by Wilder, A.: ‘The Nature of Jewish Eschatology’, J.B.L. L (1930), 201–6; ‘The Rhetoric of Ancient and Modern Apocalyptic’, Interpr. xxv (1971), 436–53. Cf alsoGoogle ScholarPerrin, N., ‘Eschatology and Hermeneutics’, J.B.L. XCIII (1974), 1–14.Google Scholar