¹ Str.B., Komm. III.362 (relying on b. Gitt 88b, Mekilta, Naz. 1. 10–22 [ed., trans., Lauterbach, iii. 1–2])Google Scholar; Conzelmann, Hans, Der erste Brief an die Korinther (KKNT 5; Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1969) 126 n. 13Google Scholar; Sherwin-White, A. N., Roman Society and Roman Law in the New Testament (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963) 100Google Scholar; Landman, L., Jewish Law in The Diaspora: Confrontation and Accommodation (Philadelphia: Dropsie College, 1968) 31, 39Google Scholar; Derrett, J. D. M., Studies in the New Testament I (Leiden: Brill, 1977) 38.Google Scholar Cf. , Jos., ant. 14. 235 (κρίνουσι).Google Scholar

² For public interest in the constitution of the church see Derrett, J. D. M., ‘The functions of the Epistle to Philemon’, ZNW 79 (1988) 63–91 (= Studies V [1989] 196–224).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³ Derrett, J. D. M., The Ascetic Discourse. An Explanation of the Sermon on the Mount (Eilsbrunn: Ko'amar, 1989) 83.Google Scholar

⁴ Derrett, J. D. M., ‘Law and society in Jesus's world’, ANRW 2.25.1 (1982) 477–564 at p. 543Google Scholar; id., ‘Recht und Religion im Neuen Testament (bis zum Jahre 135)’ in: Wolfgang, Schluchter, ed., Max Webers Sicht des antiken Christentums (ST 548; Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1985) 317–62, at pp. 345–6.Google Scholar On the fate of Paul's teaching, even as usually expounded, see Vischer, Lukas, Die Auslegungsgeschichte von 1 Kor. 6,1–11 (BGNG 1; Tübingen: Mohr, 1955);Google Scholar but Mennonites prefer to settle disputes internally (the work of the deacon: John A. Hostetler, , Amish Society [Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, ² 1968, 1970] 88, 120, 316)Google Scholar. Str.B. envisaged (Komm. III.364) a court of three and now a court of seven has been proposed: Emil , Schürer, The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ, New English Version revised and edited by Geza, Vermes, Fergus, Millar, and Matthew, Black II (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1979) 187.Google Scholar

⁵ Kauper, Paul G., Religion and the Constitution (Louisiana State University Press, 1964) is a succinct introduction to the First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States with a substantial bibliography of the older works.Google Scholar

⁶ Harrison, A. R. W., The Law of Athens. The Family and Property (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968) 35.Google ScholarId., The Law of Athens. Procedure (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971) 76.Google Scholar On the settlement of actions (lawsuits used for blackmail) see Kelly, John M., Roman Litigation (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966) ch. 7.Google Scholar

⁷ Kelly, John M., Studies in the Civil Judicature of the Roman Republic (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976) ch. 4.Google Scholar

⁸ On the evils of litigation: Dio Chrys. 32.19; ps. Heraclitus 7.4 (in: Malherbe, A. J., The Cynic Epistles [Missoula: Scholars Press, 1977]).Google Scholar A stratēgos will urge litigants to be reconciled (by conciliation): Lewis, Naphtali, Greeks in Ptolemaic Egypt (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986) 58–9, 67.Google Scholar

⁹ , Harrison, Procedure, 99–100, 150–3;Google ScholarBonner, Robert J. and Smith, Gertrude, The Administration of Justice from Homer to Aristotle II (Chicago: University Press, 1938) ch. 7;Google ScholarKaser, Max, Das römische Zivilprozessrecht (Munich: Beck, 1966), index, 537 (iusiurandum calumniae, in iudiciis, in iure, in litem). Der Kleine Pauly III.14 (iusiurandum).Google Scholar

¹⁰ Epict. 1.15.1–5, 2.10.8–9; Lucian, , Demon. 9; Diog. Laert. VI.6.Google Scholar

¹¹ SirKnatchbull, Norton, Animadversiones in libros Novi Testamenti (1659) (EV: Annotations upon some difficult texts [Cambridge, ⁴1693], 181).Google Scholar Κριτήριον differs from iudicium in meaning exclusively ‘lawcourt’, ‘tribunal’, or court of arbitration (Moulton-Milligan, Vocabulary, 361; Polyb., hist. 9.33. 12). The conventional translation, ‘matters’ (adopted by Grotius), is chosen by Conzelmann, 1 Kor., 127 nn. 19, 20, but alas, Diod. Sic. 1.72.4, which he cites, has κριτήριον in the sense of ‘court’.

¹² (Judge) Stein, Albert, ‘Wo trugen die Korinthischen Christen ihre Rechtshändel aus?’, ZNW 59 (1968) 86–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar (the imperium could have been used to procure unscrupulous Christians as judges), dismissed by Conzelmann as ‘abwegig’. Schrenk, TWNT I, 151–2. Doubt about δικοι (1) (= ) (cf. Arist., NE 1129a32,1131a10) is removed by the parallel πιστοι (6). In fact δικος describes a category which includes that of πιστος (‘unreliable’: Luke 16. 10; Acts 26. 8; Jn 20. 27), with which, however, it can agree. Αδικος means ‘wicked’ (Matt 5. 45; Lk 16.10; Acts 24.15 [cf. 7. 24, 26]; 2 Pet 2. 9, and of course Rom 3. 5; Heb 6.10). Jews can be ‘wicked’ (1 Pet 3.18) and Christians too (Jn 7.18; 1 Cor 6. 9).

¹³ LXX Ps 49. 21c; Dan 7. 9–10; 1 Cor 1. 2; Col 1.12; Ps 97.10; 1 Thess 3.13. See Ps 82.1. Midr. Ps., Ps 149. 1, 5 (Braude, William G., trans., Midrash on Psalms [YJS 13; New Haven: Yale University Press, 1959] II, 383)Google Scholar. Kirkpatrick, A. F., The Book of Psalms (Cambridge: University Press, 1906) 494.Google Scholar For ‘saints’ see Deut 33. 2–3; Ps 49.14; 50. 4–6; 89. 5, 7; 149. 1; Zech 14. 5; Heb 12. 22–23; Jude 14–16; Rev 14. 12; cf. 1 QpHab V.4–5; 1 En 38. 5, 48. 9 (cf. 95. 3, 98. 12?). Thomas Scott (d. 1821) connected Ps 50. 5 with 1 Cor 6.2–3.

¹⁴ ΈΕλάχιστα is the equal of perexigua, very low in any hierarchy. Paul does not have privata indicia in mind, as at Cic, Flacc. 12: in privatis minimarum rerum iudiciis. Kelly, , Studies, 114–23.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Ps 82. 1. Héring, Jean, The First Epistle of Saint Paul to the Corinthians (EV; London: Epworth, 1962) 40 and n. 2;Google ScholarBruce, F. F., 1 & 2 Corinthians (NTB; London, Oliphants, 1971) 60.Google ScholarWeber, Ferdinand, System der altsynagogalen palästinischen Theologie aus Targum… (Leipzig: Dörffling & Franke, 1880) 165–6;Google ScholarKohler, Kaufman, ‘Angelology’, JE 1, 594Google Scholar; ‘Angels and Angelology’, EJ II (1971) 956–70 at coll.Google Scholar 961, 969. P.R.E. 24 (with Friedlander, Gerald, trans., annot., Pirkê de Rabbi Eliezer [New York: Sepher-Hermon, 1981] 176 n. 10).Google Scholar Midr. Ps., Ps 149.6 (n. 13 above), 384. Cf. 2 Pet 2. 4, 11; Jude 6. For the angels see LXX Dt 22. 8; Tg ps. Jon., Gen 11. 8. Matt 19. 28/Luke 22. 30, often cited, are not relevant. For Archons, see Foerster, W., Die Gnosis (Zürich and Stuttgart, 1971), index p. 425 (‘Archonten’).Google Scholar

¹⁶ TR, Bover (⁴1959). Alford, Henry (Greek Testament, Cambridge, 1877) II, 513.Google ScholarEdwards, Thomas C., A Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians (London: Hamilton, 1885) 140Google Scholar; Allo, E.-B., Première Épître aux Corinthiens (Paris: Gabalda, 1934) 132–40;Google Scholar Bruce, 1 & 2 Cor., 60; Mare, W. Harold, 1 Corinthians (EBC 10; Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1976) 222Google Scholar; Fee, Gordon, 1 Cor. (NIC; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987) 238.Google Scholar Otherwise: Weiss, Johannes, Der erste Korintherbrief (KKNT 5; Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1910) 149Google Scholar; Wendland, Heinz-Dietrich, Die Briefe an die Korinther (NTD 7; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1969) 42–5;Google Scholar Conzelmann (n. 1 above); Orr, William F. and Walther, James A., 1 Corinthians (AB; Garden City: Doubleday, 1976) 193–8. Conflicting solutions appeared of equal weight.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Ps 149 was paralleled with 1 Cor 6. 1–3 by the Douay English Bible, Poole, Matthew (Annotations, 1688)Google Scholar, Michaelis, J. H. (Uberiorum adnotationum… in Hagiographos… [Halle, 1720] 1102)Google Scholar; Henry, Matthew (d. 1714); the Treasury Bible (1833); and Thomas Scott (edn. of 1841).Google Scholar

¹⁸ Διακρίνειν means to test, search out (LXX Job 23. 10; Qoh 3. 18), discriminate, intuit (Matt 16.3; Luke 12. 57; 1 Cor 11. 29, 31; 12. 10; 14. 29), interpret, of dreams and visions (Dan 7. 16; Philo), and thereupon ‘judge’, ‘decide’ (LXX Ezk 34. 17–20, cf. Prov 31. 9), or ‘govern’ (Wisd 9. 12). Where it means ‘decide’ judicially, it either says as much (Xen., Hell. 5.2.10), or leaves the method vague (Ep. Arist. 110). Büchsel, at TWNT III (1938/1957) 948²² is misleading.

¹⁹ Pss 7. 9; 139. 1–2; Test. Jud. XX.3–5; Rom 8. 27; 1 Cor 7. 37; Rev 2. 23. So Rom 2. 15–16, 29; 1 Cor 4. 5; 1 Thess 3. 13.

²⁰ Cf. Matt 13. 25; Barn 6. 16. Bauer-Arndt-Gingrich, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament, s.v. άνά, 1b.

²¹ Field, Origen's Hexapla, 11.234. The LXX render by γαστήρ once, καρδία 4 times, ἕγκατον twice, and διάνοια at Jer 31. 33.

²² Sifre Dt §§306, 320 (trans. Reuven Hammer, Sifre [YJS 24; New Haven: Yale University, 1986] 307, 329). Kimhi on Ps 82. 1; Jn 10. 34; 11QMelch; 4Q491 fr. 11; 4Q400, 405.

²³ For άδικεῖν see especially LXX Ex 2. 13 (where the mutual hostility is the centre of the story), a connection made by Thomas Scott (edn. 1841). Άποστερεîσθαι (ρסע) suggests either detention of money owed (cf. Sir 29. 5–6, 34. 21–22) or cheating (Sir 20. 6, 7). Orr and Walther, 1 Cor., 196–7, perceived that lay ‘mediators’ would assume that parties agreed to accept some loss.

²⁴ Plato, Gorg. 469B, 473A, 474B (to suffer is less shameful), 475C; Menander, fr. 95 at Allison, Francis G., ed., trans., Menander. The Principal Fragments (L.C.L.; London: Heinemann, 1951) 338Google Scholar; Muson. X (at Lutz, C. E., ed., trans., Musonius Rufus [New Haven: Yale University, 1947] 76)Google Scholar, cf. III, IV; Plut., mor. 232B (2), 239A (26). Cf. Ign., Eph. 10.3. The joy at being insulted is different (Derrett, Ascetic Discourse, 32).

²⁵ 1 Cor 4. 9–13. Brigham Young recommended hearers to suffer wrong rather than to do it (Gates, Susa Young, Brigham Young [London: Jarrolds, 1930] 133Google Scholar). Of the officials appointed to Salt Lake City by Washington one was an opium-eater, one a drunkard, one a gambler, and one a lecher (ibid. 135). What use was to be made of their courts?

²⁶ 2 Sam 15. 4; Job 29.11–25.

²⁷ Chapters 5 and 6 are connected: the scandals differed, but the question of jurisdiction bound them. Bernard, J. H., ‘The connexion between the fifth and sixth chapter of 1 Corinthians’, Expositor, 7th ser., 3 (1907) 433–43Google Scholar (Studia Sacra, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1917, 232–47Google Scholar), allowed by Goudge, Henry L., The First Epistle to the Corinthians (London: Methuen, ³ 1911) 43Google Scholar; denied by Evans, Ernest, The Epistles of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1930) 83Google Scholar, by Lietzmann, Hans (An die Korinther I-II (HNT 9; Tübingen, Mohr, ⁵ 1969])Google Scholar, by Vischer (n. 4 above), and by Hurd, John C., The Origin of 1 Corinthians (London: S.P.C.K., 1965) 84, 221–2Google Scholar. Cf. Kruse, C. G., ‘The offender and the offence at 2 Cor. 2:5–7:12’, EvQ 60 (1988) 129–39.Google Scholar Incest and Litigation are headings calling for disciplinary technique – the descendants of Cain will indulge in both.

²⁸ Busybodies might prosecute: Harrison, Family, 35; and one might be afflicted with άτιμία (= infamia). See Prov 25. 8–10.

²⁹ Matt 5. 25/Luke 12. 58. Pursuing rights indirectly causes further sins: Test. Gad (About Hatred) VI.3–7.

³⁰ Midr. R. Num XVIII.4, 12, 20 (Soncino trans., 712–13, 722, 732). Cain and Abel were brothers (Gen 4. 8–11 insists). Tgg ps. Jon., Frag., Neof., Gen 4. 6–14: Cain denied the reality of merit and the Last Judgement; the pair contended on the face of the plain (Philo, Det. 1–2, 37; Migr. 74). Cf. Abraham v. Lot (Gen 13. 7–12); and the cost of contention, Isaac's yielding and its reward (Gen 26. 19–22 MT, Tg). Jacob and Laban rightly reject brethren as judges (Gen 31. 37, 44). Dathan and Abiram contended (haggada on Ex 2. 13–14; Acts 7. 27), rejected Moses' ministrations, delaying the redemption, and suffering exemplarily (Num 16. 32–33). Schmid, Herbert, Mose. Überlieferung und Geschichte (BZAW 110; Berlin: Töpelmann, 1968) 94–7.Google Scholar Their accomplice (agnate of Moses and Aaron), Korah (see Num 17. 5), barrack-room lawyer and satirist, fared no better. Cf. Miriam v. Moses (Num 12. 10). Disputes between brothers invite Amalek: Tg ps. Jon., Ex 17. 8.

³¹ Prov 2. 6–14, 20–22; 10. 31–32; cf. 1 Cor 3.18–20; 4.10.

³² Ps 82.1 (cf. Ps 5. 9). One is profaned (de-‘sanctified’) by what comes from the heart. To Mark's and Paul's lists πορνεîαι, κλοπαί, μοιχείαι, and πλεονεξίαι are virtually common. Βλασφημία resembles λoıδoρίαµέθυυσοι are certainly ἄφρονες, and ἄρπαγες suffer from ὀφθαλμóς πονηρÓς (Prov 28. 22). Cf. Test. Jacob 7. 18–20. On πορνεία inside the πόρνος see Sir 23.16d; Test. Jud. XV.l; 1 Cor 6. 18–20. We should carefully compare the catalogues of the vices of Cain and his descendants at Philo, Post. 52–53 and Jos., ant. 1.60–66.

³³ Holmberg, Bengt, Paul and Power (CBNT 11; Lund: CWK Gleerup, 1978) 113–18.Google Scholar

³⁴ As by Robertson, Archibald and Plummer, Alfred, The First Epistle to the Corinthians (ICC; Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, ² 1953) ad loc; Orr and Walther, 1 Cor., 198.Google Scholar

³⁵ Dionys. Hal. VII.2.4.

³⁶ Rom 13. 4; cf. 1 Tim 1. 8–11.

³⁷ 1 Cor 7. 5, 32–34; cf. Test. Ash. II.3.

³⁸ Deut 6. 5, etc. Tradition was clear that Cain and his descendants defied these propositions (note the tone of Gen 4. 23–24!).

³⁹ Plato, Gorg. 471B. Test. Jud. XII.3, XVI.1–5. , J.H.T., ‘Drunkenness’, EJ 6 (1971) 237–9;Google ScholarDaube, David, Wine in the Bible (Oxford [? 1974]).Google Scholar

⁴⁰ See Sir 29. 6; cf. 1 Pet 3. 9. Λοιδορεȋσθαι (note 2 Mace 12. 14) means ‘abuse’, ‘revile’, ‘rebuke’, ‘reproach’; but בוד is rendered κρίνω 22 times in the LXX, 6 times, λοιδορῶ 6 times, and μάχομαι 8. Asians hate being reviled (cf. 4Q501).

⁴¹ Ps 50. 16–21; Matt 5. 27,32. Rashi on Deut 23. 9.

⁴² Against Michel, Otto, Das Zeugnis des Neuen Testamentes von der Gemeinde (FRLANT NS 39; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1941) 68–70.Google Scholar

⁴³ 1 Cor 4. 21; 2 Cor 1. 23–2. 3; 7. 6–16; 10. 11; 12. 21; 13. 2,10. Phlm 21–22.

⁴⁴ The Buddhist monk, whose purity is exhaustively described, is said either to reconcile those who are divided, or to procure that people be united (Tripitaka, Majjhima-nikāya III.33–37 at p. 33 [end]).