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Interaction of maternal choline levels and prenatal Marijuana's effects on the offspring

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 July 2019

M. Camille Hoffman ,
Sharon K. Hunter ,
Angelo D'Alessandro ,
Kathleen Noonan ,
Anna Wyrwa  and
Robert Freedman Open the ORCID record for Robert Freedman [Opens in a new window]
M. Camille Hoffman
Affiliation:
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado80045, USA Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado80045, USA
Sharon K. Hunter
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado80045, USA
Angelo D'Alessandro
Affiliation:
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado80045, USA
Kathleen Noonan
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado80045, USA
Anna Wyrwa
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado80045, USA
Robert Freedman*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado80045, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Robert Freedman, E-mail: Robert.freedman@ucdenver.edu
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Abstract

Background

This study investigated whether higher maternal choline levels mitigate effects of marijuana on fetal brain development. Choline transported into the amniotic fluid from the mother activates α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on fetal cerebro-cortical inhibitory neurons, whose development is impeded by cannabis blockade of their cannabinoid-1(CB1) receptors.

Methods

Marijuana use was assessed during pregnancy from women who later brought their newborns for study. Mothers were informed about choline and other nutrients, but not specifically for marijuana use. Maternal serum choline was measured at 16 weeks gestation.

Results

Marijuana use for the first 10 weeks gestation or more by 15% of mothers decreased newborns' inhibition of evoked potentials to repeated sounds (d’ = 0.55, p < 0.05). This effect was ameliorated if women had higher gestational choline (rs = −0.50, p = 0.011). At 3 months of age, children whose mothers continued marijuana use through their 10th gestational week or more had poorer self-regulation (d’ = −0.79, p < 0.05). This effect was also ameliorated if mothers had higher gestational choline (rs = 0.54, p = 0.013). Maternal choline levels correlated with the children's improved duration of attention, cuddliness, and bonding with parents.

Conclusions

Prenatal marijuana use adversely affects fetal brain development and subsequent behavioral self-regulation, a precursor to later, more serious problems in childhood. Stopping marijuana use before 10 weeks gestational age prevented these effects. Many mothers refuse to cease use because of familiarity with marijuana and belief in its safety. Higher maternal choline mitigates some of marijuana's adverse effects on the fetus.

Keywords

Cannabischolinefetal developmentmarijuanapregnancyreceptors nicotinic
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 50 , Issue 10 , July 2020 , pp. 1716 - 1726
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019

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