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Litigating for Liberty: Enslaved Morisco Children in Sixteenth-Century Valladolid

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Stephanie M. Cavanaugh
Stephanie M. Cavanaugh*
Affiliation:
McGill University
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Abstract

Morisco children captured during the Granadan war of 1568–70, known as the Second War of the Alpujarras, could attain legal but limited freedom in accordance with Philip II’s 1572 law against the enslavement of Morisco minors. Those manumitted were meant to remain servants in Old Christian households until the age of majority. The Spanish monarchy recognized the political value of controlling children. Aiming to turn the children of Morisco rebels into proper Christian subjects, the king authorized and facilitated their liberation as part of a larger project of Morisco conversion. Granadan Moriscos worked within the law in pursuit of liberation, yet took action to reunite families separated by slavery and deportation when possible.

Type
Research Article
Information
Renaissance Quarterly , Volume 70 , Issue 4 , Winter 2017 , pp. 1282 - 1320
Copyright
Copyright © 2017 Renaissance Society of America

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References

Bibliography

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Kagan, Richard L. Lawsuits and Litigants in Castile, 1500–1700. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981.Google Scholar
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Meyerson, Mark D. “Slavery and Solidarity: Mudejars and Foreign Muslim Captives in the Kingdom of Valencia.” Medieval Encounters 2.3 (1996): 286–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mills, Kenneth R. Idolatry and Its Enemies: Colonial Andean Religion and Extirpation, 1640–1750. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nader, Helen. Liberty in Absolutist Spain: The Habsburg Sale of Towns, 1516–1700. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
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Perry, Mary Elizabeth. The Handless Maiden: Moriscos and the Politics of Religion in Early Modern Spain. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005b.Google Scholar
Perry, Mary Elizabeth. “Finding Fatima, a Slave Woman of Early Modern Spain.” Journal of Women’s History 20.1 (2008): 151–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Philip, II. “Pragmática y declaración sobre los moriscos del reyno de Granada, y la orden que con ellos se ha de tener (Madrid. October 6, 1572).” In La Expulsión (1983b), 27–38.Google Scholar
Phillips, William D., Jr. Slavery in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Poska, Allyson M. “Babies on Board: Women, Children and Imperial Policy in the Spanish Empire.” Gender and History 22.2 (2010): 269–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Premo, Bianca. Children of the Father King: Youth, Authority, and Legal Minority in Colonial Lima. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Remie Constable, Olivia. “Muslim Spain and Mediterreanean Slavery: The Medieval Slave Trade as an Aspect of Muslim-Christian Relations.” In Christendom and Its Discontents: Exclusion, Persecution, and Rebellion, 1000–1500, ed. Scott L. Waugh and Peter D. Diehl, 246–84. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
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Rothman, E. Natalie. “Contested Subjecthood: Runaway Slaves in Early Modern Venice.” Quaderni storici 139.2 (2012): 425–42.Google Scholar
Sánchez-Blanco, Rafael. “Guerra y sociedad: Málaga y los niños moriscos cautivos, 1569.” Estudis: Revista de historia moderna 3 (1974): 31–54.Google Scholar
Schwaller, Robert C. Géneros de Gente in Early Colonial Mexico: Defining Racial Difference. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Soledad Arribas, María. “Deportación de los moriscos de Torres a la ciudad de Valladolid en 1572: Fuentes documentales.” Sumatan 1 (1991): 35–46.Google Scholar
van Deusen, Nancy. Global Indios: The Indigenous Struggle for Justice in Sixteenth-Century Spain. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vincent, Bernard. “L’expulsion des Morisques du Royaume de Grenade et leur répartition en Castille (1570–1571).” Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez 6.1 (1970): 211–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vincent, Bernard. “Combien de Morisques ont été expulsés du royaume de Grenade?” Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez 7.1 (1971): 397–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voight, Lisa. Writing Captivity in the Early Modern Atlantic: Circulations of Knowledge and Authority in the Iberian and English Imperial Worlds. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Archivo General de Simancas (AGS), Cámara de Castilla (CC), legajos 2168, 2169, 2176, 2184, 2196 (fols. n.p.).Google Scholar
AGS, Consejo y Junta de Hacienda (CJH), legajo 141 (fols. n.p.).Google Scholar
AGS, Sección Estado, legajo 152 (fol. 3).Google Scholar
Archivo Histórico Nacional (AHN), Sección Inquisición (Inq.), legajo 2136 (expediente 3), legajo 3190 (expediente 161), libro 1254 (fol. 184).Google Scholar
Archivo Histórico Provincial de Valladolid (AHPV), Protocolos notoriales (PN) 521 (fol. 53), 549 (fols. 93, 241), 566 (fol. 788), 578 (fol. 1128), 754 (fols. 52, 1110), 1036 (fol. 650), 6714 (fol. 48), 6943 (fol. 330), 7077 (fol. 531).Google Scholar
Archivo Municipal de Valladolid (AMV), CH 00129 – 10, S.A. (legajo 321).Google Scholar
AMV, Libros de Actas, 1570s–1580s.Google Scholar
Archivo de la Real Chancillería de Valladolid (ARCV), Pleitos Civiles (Pl. Civ.), Cajas 141, 1; 170, 2; 280, 7; 281, 4; 462, 2; 475, 6; 557, 3; 716, 3; 777, 4; 903, 1; 973, 6; 989, 2.Google Scholar
ARCV, Registro de Ejecutorias (Ej.), Cajas 1278, 26; 1298, 58; 1309, 42; 1331, 70; 1423, 19; 1428, 19; 1454, 27; 1466, 47; 1471, 1; 1571, 40; 1636, 24; 1670, 6; 1679, 6.Google Scholar
Andrien, Kenneth J. The Kingdom of Quito, 1690–1830: The State and Regional Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Andújar Castillo, Francisco. “Entre la ‘administración’ y la esclavitud de los niños moriscos: Vélez Blanco (Almería, 1570–1580).” Revista velezana 15 (1996): 21–30.Google Scholar
Andújar Castillo, Francisco. “De la ‘Buena Guerra’ al ‘Horro’: La esclavitud morisca en los Vélez (1570–1590).” Revista Velezana 18 (1999): 27–38.Google Scholar
Bennassar, Bartolomé. Valladolid en el Siglo de Oro: Una ciudad de Castilla y su entorno agrario en el siglo XVI. Valladolid: Ayuntamiento de Valladolid, 1989.Google Scholar
Berquist, Emily. “Early Anti-Slavery Sentiment in the Spanish Atlantic World, 1765–1817.” Slavery and Abolition 31.2 (2010): 181–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Betrán Moya, José Luis. “Los niños moriscos antes y después de la expulsión.” In Historia y perspectivas de investigación: Estudios en memoria del profesor Ángel Rodríguez Sánchez, ed. José Manuel de Bernardo Ares, 295–300. Mérida: Editora Regional de Extremadura, 2002.Google Scholar
Blumenthal, Debra. Enemies and Familiars: Slavery and Mastery in Fifteenth-Century Valencia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Brodman, James William. Ransoming Captives in Crusader Spain: The Order of Merced on the Christian-Islamic Frontier. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Carrasco Manchado, Ana Isabel, ed. De la convivencia a la exclusión: Imágenes legislativas de mudéjares y moriscos. Siglos XIII–XVII. Madrid: Sílex, 2012.Google Scholar
Catlos, Brian A. Muslims of Latin Christendom, c. 1050–1614. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coleman, David. Creating Christian Granada: Society and Religious Culture in an Old-World Frontier City, 1492–1600. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Cook, Karoline P. “Navigating Identities: The Case of a Morisco Slave in Seventeenth-Century New Spain.” The Americas 65.1 (2008): 63–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coolidge, Grace E. Guardianship, Gender, and the Nobility in Early Modern Spain. Farnham: Ashgate, 2011.Google Scholar
Coolidge, Grace E. The Formation of the Child in Early Modern Spain. London: Routledge, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dadson, Trevor J. “The Assimilation of Spain’s Moriscos: Fiction or Reality?” Journal of Levantine Studies 1.2 (2011): 11–30.Google Scholar
Domínguez Ortiz, Antonio. La esclavitud en Castilla en la edad moderna y otros estudios de marginados. Granada: Comares, 2003.Google Scholar
Domínguez Ortiz, Antonio, and Vincent, Bernard. Historia de los moriscos: Vida y tragedia de una minoría. Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1993.Google Scholar
Ehlers, Benjamin. Between Christians and Moriscos: Juan de Ribera and Religious Reform in Valencia, 1568–1614. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
La Expulsión de los moriscos del reino de Granada (Pragmáticas, provisiones y órdenes reales). Ed. Francisco Izquierdo. Madrid: Azur, 1983.Google Scholar
Fernández Chaves, Manual F., and Rafael, M. Pérez García. En los márgenes de la ciudad de Dios: Moriscos en Sevilla. Zaragoza: Universidad de Zaragoza, 2009.Google Scholar
Fernández Martín, Luis. Comediantes, esclavos y moriscos en Valladolid: Siglos XVI y XVII. Salamanca: Caja de Ahorros y M. P. de Salamanca, 1988.Google Scholar
Fink de Backer, Stephanie. Widowhood in Early Modern Spain: Protectors, Proprietors, and Patrons. Leiden: Brill, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuchs, Barbara. “Virtual Spaniards: The Moriscos and the Fictions of Spanish Identity.” Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies 2.1 (2001): 13–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrido García, Carlos Javier. “La esclavitud morisca en el Reino de Granada: El caso de la villa de Fiñana (1569–1582).” Miscelánea de Estudios Árabes y Hebraicos. Sección Árabe-Islam 50 (2001): 107–31.Google Scholar
Garrido García, Carlos Javier. “La expulsión de los moriscos del reino de Granada de 1584: El caso de Guadix y su tierra.” Miscelánea de Estudios Árabes y Hebraicos. Sección Árabe-Islam 51 (2002): 19–38.Google Scholar
González, Ondina E., and Premo, Bianca, eds. Raising an Empire: Children in Early Modern Iberia and Colonial Latin America. Albuquerque: Univeristy of New Mexico Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Harvey, L. P. Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hecht, Tobias. Minor Omissions: Children in Latin American History and Society. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Hess, Andrew C. “The Moriscos: An Ottoman Fifth Column in Sixteenth-Century Spain.” American Historical Review 74.1 (1968): 1–25.Google Scholar
Kagan, Richard L. Lawsuits and Litigants in Castile, 1500–1700. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Kaiser, Wolfgang, and Calafat, Guillaume. “The Economy of Ransoming in the Early Modern Mediterranean: A Form of Cross-Cultural Trade between Southern Europe and the Maghreb (Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries).” In Religion and Trade: Cross-Cultural Exchanges in World History, 1000–1900, ed. F. Trivellato, Leor Halevi, and Catia Antunes, 108–30. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ladero Quesada, Miguel Ángel. Castilla y la conquista del Reino de Granada. Granada: Sección de Publicaciones, Diputación de Granada, 2003.Google Scholar
Ladero Quesada, Miguel Ángel. La Guerra de Granada (1482–1491). Granada: Diputación Provincial de Granada, 2007.Google Scholar
Lea, Henry Charles. The Moriscos of Spain: Their Conversion and Expulsion. 1901. Reprint, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1968.Google Scholar
Lee, Christina. The Anxiety of Sameness in Early Modern Spain. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
López Cordero, Juan Antonio. “Esclavitud en niñas moriscas tras la rebelión de 1568.” In VII Congreso virtual sobre Historia de las Mujeres, ed. Manuel Cabrera Espinosa and Juan Antonio López Cordero, 399–414. Jaén: Archivo Histórico Diocesano de Jaén, 2015.Google Scholar
Magnier, Grace. Pedro de Valencia and the Catholic Apologists of the Expulsion of the Moriscos: Visions of Christianity and Kingship. Leiden: Brill, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mármol Carvajal, Luis del. Historia del rebelión y castigo de los moriscos del Reino de Granada. http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/nd/ark:/59851/bmcd7986.Google Scholar
Martín Casares, Aurelia. “De la esclavitud a la libertad: Las voces de moriscas y moriscos en la Granada del siglo XVI.” Sharq Al-Andalus 12 (1995): 197–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martín Casares, Aurelia. La esclavitud en la Granada del Siglo XVI: Género, raza y religión. Granada: Universidad de Granada y Diputación Provincial de Granada, 2000.Google Scholar
Martín Casares, Aurelia. “The Royal Decree on Slavery of Morisco Men, Women and Children and Its Consequences.” World Journal of Islamic History and Civilization 3.4 (2013): 150–62.Google Scholar
Martínez, María Elena. Genealogical Fictions: Limpieza de Sangre, Religion, and Gender in Colonial Mexico. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Martínez, María Elena, Nirenberg, David, and Torres, Max S. Hering, ed.. Race and Blood in the Iberian World. Zürich: LIT Verlag Münster, 2012.Google Scholar
Meyerson, Mark D. “Slavery and the Social Order: Mudejars and Christians in the Kingdom of Valencia.” Medieval Encounters 1.1 (1995): 145–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyerson, Mark D. “Slavery and Solidarity: Mudejars and Foreign Muslim Captives in the Kingdom of Valencia.” Medieval Encounters 2.3 (1996): 286–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mills, Kenneth R. Idolatry and Its Enemies: Colonial Andean Religion and Extirpation, 1640–1750. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nader, Helen. Liberty in Absolutist Spain: The Habsburg Sale of Towns, 1516–1700. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Núñez Muley, Francisco. A Memorandum for the President of the Royal Audiencia and Chancery Court of the City and Kingdom of Granada. Ed. Vincent Barletta. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perry, Mary Elizabeth. “Between Muslim and Christian Worlds: Moriscas and Identity in Early Modern Spain.” Muslim World 95.2 (2005a): 177–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perry, Mary Elizabeth. The Handless Maiden: Moriscos and the Politics of Religion in Early Modern Spain. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005b.Google Scholar
Perry, Mary Elizabeth. “Finding Fatima, a Slave Woman of Early Modern Spain.” Journal of Women’s History 20.1 (2008): 151–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Philip, II. “Pragmática y declaración sobre los moriscos menores del reino de Granada (Madrid. July 30, 1572).” In La Expulsión (1983a), 24–26.Google Scholar
Philip, II. “Pragmática y declaración sobre los moriscos del reyno de Granada, y la orden que con ellos se ha de tener (Madrid. October 6, 1572).” In La Expulsión (1983b), 27–38.Google Scholar
Phillips, William D., Jr. Slavery in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Poska, Allyson M. “Babies on Board: Women, Children and Imperial Policy in the Spanish Empire.” Gender and History 22.2 (2010): 269–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Premo, Bianca. Children of the Father King: Youth, Authority, and Legal Minority in Colonial Lima. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Remie Constable, Olivia. “Muslim Spain and Mediterreanean Slavery: The Medieval Slave Trade as an Aspect of Muslim-Christian Relations.” In Christendom and Its Discontents: Exclusion, Persecution, and Rebellion, 1000–1500, ed. Scott L. Waugh and Peter D. Diehl, 246–84. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Rodríguez Bernal, Núria. “Marginados de hoy y de ayer en la obra de Antonio Domínguez Ortiz.” Historia Social 47 (2003): 113–25.Google Scholar
Root, Deborah. “Speaking Christian: Orthodoxy and Difference in Sixteenth-Century Spain.” Representations 23 (1988): 118–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothman, E. Natalie. “Becoming Venetian: Conversion and Transformation in the Seventeenth-Century Mediterranean.” Mediterranean Historical Review 21.1 (2006): 39–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothman, E. Natalie. “Contested Subjecthood: Runaway Slaves in Early Modern Venice.” Quaderni storici 139.2 (2012): 425–42.Google Scholar
Sánchez-Blanco, Rafael. “Guerra y sociedad: Málaga y los niños moriscos cautivos, 1569.” Estudis: Revista de historia moderna 3 (1974): 31–54.Google Scholar
Schwaller, Robert C. Géneros de Gente in Early Colonial Mexico: Defining Racial Difference. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Soledad Arribas, María. “Deportación de los moriscos de Torres a la ciudad de Valladolid en 1572: Fuentes documentales.” Sumatan 1 (1991): 35–46.Google Scholar
van Deusen, Nancy. Global Indios: The Indigenous Struggle for Justice in Sixteenth-Century Spain. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vincent, Bernard. “L’expulsion des Morisques du Royaume de Grenade et leur répartition en Castille (1570–1571).” Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez 6.1 (1970): 211–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vincent, Bernard. “Combien de Morisques ont été expulsés du royaume de Grenade?” Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez 7.1 (1971): 397–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voight, Lisa. Writing Captivity in the Early Modern Atlantic: Circulations of Knowledge and Authority in the Iberian and English Imperial Worlds. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.Google Scholar