Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-x24gv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-17T11:26:24.942Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Suicidality and suicide in older people

Part of: Bespoke shallow archive Weizmann

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 January 2010

Anke Bonnewyn ,
Ajit Shah  and
Koen Demyttenaere
Anke Bonnewyn*
Affiliation:
University Psychiatric Center, Catholic University LeuvenBelgium
Ajit Shah
Affiliation:
University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
Koen Demyttenaere
Affiliation:
University Psychiatric Center, Catholic University LeuvenBelgium
*
Address for corrrespondence: Anke Bonnewyn, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Email: anke.bonnewyn@uzleuven.be
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Suicide is accepted as a major health problem worldwide, especially in the young and middle aged. It is, however, a significant health problem in older people as well, and those aged 65 years and over generally have the highest suicide rates compared with all other age groups. In research literature from the last decade, there has been an increased interest in disentangling the phenomenon of suicide in later life. This paper aims to critically review the literature on suicide and suicidality in later life published from 2000 to 2009. Prevalence rates as well as risk and protective factors are mapped and correlates reviewed. The association between suicidality and help-seeking behaviour is considered. Finally, potential prevention strategies are reviewed.

Keywords

Suicidesuicidalitydepressionolder peopleaged
Type
Neuropsychiatry of old age
Information
Reviews in Clinical Gerontology , Volume 19 , Issue 4 , November 2009 , pp. 271 - 294
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1De Leo, D, Padoani, W, Scocco, P et al. Attempted and completed suicide in older subjects: results from the WHO/EURO Multicentre Study of Suicidal Behaviour. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001; 16: 300–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2McKeown, RE, Cuffe, SP, Schulz, RM. US suicide rates by age group, 1970–2002: an examination of recent trends. Am J Public Health 2006; 96: 1744–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3Lindesay, J. Suicide in the elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1991; 6: 8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4Haas, AP, Hendin, H. Suicide among older people: projections for the future. Suicide Life Threat Behav 1983; 13: 147–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5Cattell, H. Suicide in the elderly. Adv Psychiatric Treatment 2000; 6: 7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6Conwell, Y. Suicide in later life: a review and recommendations for prevention. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2001; 31 suppl: 32–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Szanto, K, Prigerson, H, Reynolds, CF. Suicide in the elderly. Clin Neurosci Res 2001; 1: 11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8Conwell, Y, Duberstein, PR, Caine, ED. Risk factors for suicide in later life. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 52: 193–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9O'Connell, H, Chin, AV, Cunningham, C, Lawlor, BA. Recent developments: suicide in older people. BMJ 2004; 329: 895–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10Dombrovski, A, Szanto, K, Reynolds, CF. Epidemiology and risk factors for suicide in the elderly: 10-year update. Aging Health 2005; 1: 11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11Chan, SS, Lyness, JM, Conwell, Y. Do cerebrovascular risk factors confer risk for suicide in later life? A case-control study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007; 15: 541–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12Grek, A. Clinical management of suicidality in the elderly: an opportunity for involvement in the lives of older patients. Can J Psychiatry 2007; 52: 47–57S.Google ScholarPubMed
13Burless, C, De Leo, D. Methodological issues in community surveys of suicide ideators and attempters. Crisis 2001; 22: 109–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14Silverman, MM, Berman, AL, Sanddal, ND, O'Carroll, P W, Joiner, TE. Rebuilding the tower of Babel: a revised nomenclature for the study of suicide and suicidal behaviors. Part 2: Suicide-related ideations, communications, and behaviors. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2007; 37: 264–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15O'Carroll, PW, Berman, AL, Maris, RW, Moscicki, EK, Tanney, BL, Silverman, MM. Beyond the Tower of Babel: a nomenclature for suicidology. Suicide Life Threat Behav 1997; 26: 237–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16Barnow, S, Linden, M. Epidemiology and psychiatric morbidity of suicidal ideation among the elderly. Crisis 2000; 21: 171–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17Scocco, P, De Leo, D. One-year prevalence of death thoughts, suicide ideation and behaviours in an elderly population. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 17: 842–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18Cohen, A, Gilman, SE, Houck, PR, Szanto, K, Reynolds, CF 3rd. Socioeconomic status and anxiety as predictors of antidepressant treatment response and suicidal ideation in older adults. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2009; 44: 272–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19Duberstein, PR, Conwell, Y, Conner, KR, Eberly, S, Caine, ED. Suicide at 50 years of age and older: perceived physical illness, family discord and financial strain. Psychol Med 2004; 34: 137–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20Forsell, Y. Death wishes in the very elderly: data from a 3-year follow-up study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000; 102: 135–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21Shah, A. The relationship between suicide rates and age: an analysis of multinational data from the World Health Organization. Int Psychogeriatr 2007; 19: 1141–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22Shah, A, Coupe, J. A comparative study of elderly suicides in England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: trends over time and age-associated trends. Int Psychogeriatr 2009; 21: 581–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23Shah, A, Elanchenny, N, Collinge, T. Trends in age band-specific suicide rates among elderly people in England and Wales. Med Sci Law 2001; 41: 102–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24Kua, EH, Ko, SM, Ng, TP. Recent trends in elderly suicide rates in a multi-ethnic Asian city. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003; 18: 533–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25Pritchard, C, Hansen, L. Comparison of suicide in people aged 65–74 and 75+ by gender in England and Wales and the major Western countries 1979–1999. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 20: 17–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26Shah, A, Bhat, R, McKenzie, S, Koen, C. Elderly suicide rates: cross-national comparisons and association with sex and elderly age-bands. Med Sci Law 2007; 47: 244–252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27Shah, A. Elderly suicide rates in the United Kingdom: trends from 1979 to 2002. Med Sci Law 2007; 47: 56–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28Koponen, HJ, Viilo, K, Hakko, H et al. Rates and previous disease history in old age suicide. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007; 22: 38–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29Yamasaki, A, Araki, S, Sakai, R, Yokoyama, K, Voorhees, AS. Suicide mortality of young, middle-aged and elderly males and females in Japan for the years 1953–96: time series analysis for the effects of unemployment, female labour force, young and aged population, primary industry and population density. Ind Health 2008; 46: 541–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30Lodhi, LM, Shah, A. Factors associated with the recent decline in suicide rates in the elderly in England and Wales, 1985–1998. Med Sci Law 2005; 45: 31–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31Shah, A, Bhat, R, MacKenzie, S, Koen, C. Elderly suicide rates: cross-national comparisons of trends over a 10-year period. Int Psychogeriatr 2008; 20: 673–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32Shah, A. Does improvement in the treatment of those who attempt suicide contribute to a reduction in elderly suicide rates in England? Int Psychogeriatr 2009; 21: 768–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33Snowdon, J, Baume, P. A study of suicides of older people in Sydney. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 17: 261–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34Shah, A, Chatterjee, S. Is there a relationship between elderly suicide rates and educational attainment? A cross-national study. Aging Ment Health 2008; 12: 795–799.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35Shah, A. A cross-national study of the relationship between elderly suicide rates and urbanization. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2008; 38: 714–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36Shah, A. The relationship between elderly suicide rates and the human development index: a cross-national study of secondary data from the World Health Organization and the United Nations. Int Psychogeriatr 2009; 21: 69–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37Shah, A. A non-linear association of fertility and suicide rates among elderly persons. Psychol Rep 2008; 103: 943–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38Shah, A. Association of suicide rates of elderly persons with fertility rates. Psychol Rep 2008; 102: 369–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39Shah, A. The relationship between annual predicted future population growth rates and elderly suicide rates. Int Psychogeriatr 2009; 21: 414–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40Shah, A. Is there a relationship between elderly suicide rates and smoking? A cross-national study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008; 23: 308–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41Shah, A, Bhat, R, Mackenzie, S, Koen, C. A cross-national study of the relationship between elderly suicide rates and life expectancy and markers of socioeconomic status and health care. Int Psychogeriatr 2008; 20: 347–60.Google ScholarPubMed
42Shah, A. Are age-related trends in suicide rates associated with life expectancy and socio-economic factors? Int J Psychiatry Clin Practice 2009; 13: 5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43Shah, A. Possible relation of suicide rates of elderly with societal crime: a cross-national study. Psychol Rep 2008; 102: 95–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44Shah, A. The relationship between elderly suicide rates, household size and family structure: A cross-national study. Int J Psychiatry Clin Practice 2009; doi.10.1080.13651500902887656.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45Shah, A. A preliminary cross-national study of a possible relationship between elderly suicide rates and tuberculosis. Int Psychogeriatr 2009; 21: 1190–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46Shah, A. Association of suicide rates for elderly age bands with gender equality. Psychol Rep 2008; 102: 887–892.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47Shah, A. Possible relationship of elderly suicide rates with unemployment in society: a cross-national study. Psychol Rep 2008; 102: 398–400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48Shah, A, Lindesay, J, Dennis, M. Comparison of elderly suicide rates among migrants in England and Wales with their country of origin. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2009; 24: 292–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49Kapusta, ND, Etzersdorfer, E, Sonneck, G. Trends in suicide rates of the elderly in Austria, 1970–2004: an analysis of changes in terms of age groups, suicide methods and gender. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007; 22: 438–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50Harwood, DM, Hawton, K, Hope, T, Jacoby, R. Suicide in older people: mode of death, demographic factors, and medical contact before death. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000; 15: 736–43.3.0.CO;2-K>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51Hoxey, K, Shah, A. Recent trends in elderly suicide rates in England and Wales. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000; 15: 274–79.3.0.CO;2-I>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52Erlangsen, A, Zarit, SH, Tu, X, Conwell, Y. Suicide among older psychiatric inpatients: an evidence-based study of a high-risk group. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006; 14: 734–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53Conwell, Y, Lyness, JM, Duberstein, P et al. Completed suicide among older patients in primary care practices: a controlled study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000; 48: 23–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54Yang, CH, Tsai, SJ, Chang, JW, Hwang, JP. Characteristics of Chinese suicide attempters admitted to a geropsychiatric unit. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001; 16: 1033–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55Harwood, D, Hawton, K, Hope, T, Jacoby, R. Psychiatric disorder and personality factors associated with suicide in older people: a descriptive and case-control study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001; 16: 155–65.3.0.CO;2-0>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56Turvey, CL, Conwell, Y, Jones, MP et al. Risk factors for late-life suicide: a prospective, community-based study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 10: 398–406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57Preville, M, Hebert, R, Boyer, R, Bravo, G, Seguin, M. Physical health and mental disorder in elderly suicide: a case-control study. Aging Ment Health 2005; 9: 576–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58Waern, M, Runeson, BS, Allebeck, P et al. Mental disorder in elderly suicides: a case-control study. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 450–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59Waern, M, Rubenowitz, E, Wilhelmson, K. Predictors of suicide in the old elderly. Gerontology 2003; 49: 328–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60Conner, KR, Conwell, Y, Duberstein, PR, Eberly, S. Aggression in suicide among adults age 50 and over. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004; 12: 37–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61Chiu, HF, Yip, PS, Chi, I et al. Elderly suicide in Hong Kong – a case-controlled psychological autopsy study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2004; 109: 299–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
62Pompili, M, Innamorati, M, Masotti, V et al. Suicide in the elderly: a psychological autopsy study in a North Italy area (1994–2004). Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008; 16: 727–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
63Salib, E, Rahim, S, El-Nimr, G, Habeeb, B. Elderly suicide: an analysis of coroner's inquests into two hundred cases in Cheshire 1989–2001. Med Sci Law 2005; 45: 71–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64Preville, M, Boyer, R, Hebert, R, Bravo, G, Seguin, M. Correlates of suicide in the older adult population in Quebec. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2005; 35: 91–105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65Conwell, Y, Duberstein, PR, Hirsch, JK, Conner, KR, Eberly, S, Caine, ED. Health status and suicide in the second half of life. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2009 (Epub ahead of print 6 July 2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
66Waern, M, Rubenowitz, E, Runeson, B, Skoog, I, Wilhelmson, K, Allebeck, P. Burden of illness and suicide in elderly people: case-control study. BMJ 2002; 324: 1355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67Juurlink, DN, Herrmann, N, Szalai, JP, Kopp, A, Redelmeier, DA. Medical illness and the risk of suicide in the elderly. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 1179–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68Llorente, MD, Burke, M, Gregory, GR et al. Prostate cancer: a significant risk factor for late-life suicide. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 13: 195–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69Artero, S, Astruc, B, Courtet, P, Ritchie, K. Life-time history of suicide attempts and coronary artery disease in a community-dwelling elderly population. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006; 21: 108–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
70Harwood, DM, Hawton, K, Hope, T, Harriss, L, Jacoby, R. Life problems and physical illness as risk factors for suicide in older people: a descriptive and case-control study. Psychol Med 2006; 36: 1265–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71Waern, M. Alcohol dependence and misuse in elderly suicides. Alcohol Alcohol 2003; 38: 249–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
72Erlangsen, A, Jeune, B, Bille-Brahe, U, Vaupel, JW. Loss of partner and suicide risks among oldest old: a population-based register study. Age Ageing 2004; 33: 378–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73Voaklander, DC, Rowe, BH, Dryden, DM, Pahal, J, Saar, P, Kelly, KD. Medical illness, medication use and suicide in seniors: a population-based case-control study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2008; 62: 138–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
74Duberstein, PR, Conwell, Y, Conner, KR, Eberly, S, Evinger, JS, Caine, ED. Poor social integration and suicide: fact or artifact? A case-control study. Psychol Med 2004; 34: 1331–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
75Pritchard, C, Baldwin, D. Effects of age and gender on elderly suicide rates in Catholic and Orthodox countries: an inadvertent neglect? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000; 15: 904–10.3.0.CO;2-O>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
76Rubenowitz, E, Waern, M, Wilhelmson, K, Allebeck, P. Life events and psychosocial factors in elderly suicides – a case-control study. Psychol Med 2001; 31: 1193–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77Chan, J, Draper, B, Banerjee, S. Deliberate self-harm in older adults: a review of the literature from 1995 to 2004. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007; 22: 720–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78De Leo, D, Padoani, W, Lonnqvist, J et al. Repetition of suicidal behaviour in elderly Europeans: a prospective longitudinal study. J Affect Disord 2002; 72: 291–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
79Hawton, K, Harriss, L. Deliberate self-harm in people aged 60 years and over: characteristics and outcome of a 20-year cohort. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006; 21: 572–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80Hawton, K, Zahl, D, Weatherall, R. Suicide following deliberate self-harm: long-term follow-up of patients who presented to a general hospital. Br J Psychiatry 2003; 182: 537–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
81Zahl, DL, Hawton, K. Repetition of deliberate self-harm and subsequent suicide risk: long-term follow-up study of 11,583 patients. Br J Psychiatry 2004; 185: 70–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
82Salib, E, El-Nimr, G, Habeeb, B, Theophanous, M. Childlessness in elderly suicide: an analysis of coroner's inquests of 200 cases of elderly suicide in Cheshire 1989–2001. Med Sci Law 2004; 44: 207–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
83Harwood, D, Hawton, K, Hope, T, Jacoby, R. Suicide in older people without psychiatric disorder. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006; 21: 363–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
84Hawton, K, Harriss, L, Hall, S, Simkin, S, Bale, E, Bond, A. Deliberate self-harm in Oxford, 1990–2000: a time of change in patient characteristics. Psychol Med 2003; 33: 987–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
85Shah, A. Attempted suicide in the elderly in England: age-associated rates, time trends and methods. Int Psychogeriatr 2009; 21: 889–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
86Kuo, WH, Gallo, JJ, Tien, AY. Incidence of suicide ideation and attempts in adults: the 13-year follow-up of a community sample in Baltimore, Maryland. Psychol Med 2001; 31: 1181–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
87Lawrence, D, Almeida, OP, Hulse, GK, Jablensky, AV, Holman, CD. Suicide and attempted suicide among older adults in Western Australia. Psychol Med 2000; 30: 813–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
88Hawton, K, Harriss, L. How often does deliberate self-harm occur relative to each suicide? A study of variations by gender and age. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2008; 38: 650–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
89Ruths, FA, Tobiansky, RI, Blanchard, M. Deliberate self-harm (DSH) among older people: a retrospective study in Barnet, North London. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 20: 106–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
90Scocco, P, Rapattoni, M, Fantoni, G et al. Suicidal behaviour in nursing homes: a survey in a region of north-east Italy. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006; 21: 307–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
91Beautrais, AL. A case control study of suicide and attempted suicide in older adults. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2002; 32: 1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
92Tsoh, J, Chiu, HF, Duberstein, PR et al. Attempted suicide in elderly Chinese persons: a multi-group, controlled study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 13: 562–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
93Lebret, S, Perret-Vaille, E, Mulliez, A, Gerbaud, L, Jalenques, I. Elderly suicide attempters: characteristics and outcome. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006; 21: 1052–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
94Lykouras, L, Gournellis, R, Fortos, A, Oulis, P, Christodoulou, GN. Psychotic (delusional) major depression in the elderly and suicidal behaviour. J Affect Disord 2002; 69: 225–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
95Barak, Y, Aizenberg, D, Szor, H, Swartz, M, Maor, R, Knobler, HY. Increased risk of attempted suicide among aging holocaust survivors. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 13: 701–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
96Talbot, NL, Duberstein, PR, Cox, C, Denning, D, Conwell, Y. Preliminary report on childhood sexual abuse, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts among middle-aged and older depressed women. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004; 12: 536–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
97Ticehurst, S, Carter, GL, Clover, KA, Whyte, IM, Raymond, J, Fryer, J. Elderly patients with deliberate self-poisoning treated in an Australian general hospital. Int Psychogeriatr 2002; 14: 97–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
98Cook, JM, Pearson, JL, Thompson, R, Black, BS, Rabins, PV. Suicidality in older African Americans: findings from the EPOCH study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 10: 437–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
99Shah, A, Hoxey, K, Mayadunne, V. Suicidal ideation in acutely medically ill elderly inpatients: prevalence, correlates and longitudinal stability. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000; 15: 162–69.3.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
100Scocco, P, Fantoni, G, Rapattoni, M, de Girolamo, G, Pavan, L. Death ideas, suicidal thoughts, and plans among nursing home residents. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2009; 22: 141–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
101Bartels, SJ, Coakley, E, Oxman, TE et al. Suicidal and death ideation in older primary care patients with depression, anxiety, and at-risk alcohol use. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 10: 417–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
102Yip, PS, Chi, I, Chiu, H, Chi Wai, K, Conwell, Y, Caine, E. A prevalence study of suicide ideation among older adults in Hong Kong SAR. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003; 18: 1056–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
103Yen, YC, Yang, MJ, Yang, MS et al. Suicidal ideation and associated factors among community-dwelling elders in Taiwan. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005; 59: 365–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
104Awata, S, Seki, T, Koizumi, Y et al. Factors associated with suicidal ideation in an elderly urban Japanese population: a community-based, cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005; 59: 327–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
105Chou, KL. Reciprocal relationship between suicidal ideation and depression in Hong Kong elderly Chinese. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006; 21: 594–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
106Witte, TK, Joiner, TE Jr, Brown, GK et al. Factors of suicide ideation and their relation to clinical and other indicators in older adults. J Affect Disord 2006; 94: 165–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
107Cukrowicz, KC, Ekblad, AG, Cheavens, JS, Rosenthal, MZ, Lynch, TR. Coping and thought suppression as predictors of suicidal ideation in depressed older adults with personality disorders. Aging Ment Health 2008; 12: 149–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
108Vanderhorst, RK, McLaren, S. Social relationships as predictors of depression and suicidal ideation in older adults. Aging Ment Health 2005; 9: 517–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
109Rowe, JL, Bruce, ML, Conwell, Y. Correlates of suicide among home health care utilizers who died by suicide and community controls. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2006; 36: 65–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
110Rowe, JL, Conwell, Y, Schulberg, HC, Bruce, ML. Social support and suicidal ideation in older adults using home healthcare services. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006; 14: 758–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
111Hirsch, JK, Duberstein, PR, Conner, KR et al. Future orientation and suicide ideation and attempts in depressed adults aged 50 and over. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006; 14: 752–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
112Dennis, M, Baillon, S, Brugha, T, Lindesay, J, Stewart, R, Meltzer, H. The influence of limitation in activity of daily living and physical health on suicidal ideation: results from a population survey of Great Britain. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2009; 44: 608–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
113Alpass, F. Suicidal ideation in the older New Zealand males. Int J Men's Health 2005; 4: 9.Google Scholar
114Scocco, P, Meneghel, G, Caon, F, Dello Buono, M, De Leo, D. Death ideation and its correlates: survey of an over-65-year-old population. J Nerv Ment Dis 2001; 189: 210–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
115Chen, CS, Yang, MS, Yang, MJ et al. Suicidal thoughts among elderly Taiwanese aboriginal women. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008; 23: 1001–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
116Barnow, S, Linden, M, Freyberger, HJ. The relation between suicidal feelings and mental disorders in the elderly: results from the Berlin Aging Study (BASE). Psychol Med 2004; 34: 741–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
117Tadros, G, Salib, E. Age and methods of fatal self harm (FSH). Is there a link? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000; 15: 848–52.3.0.CO;2-I>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
118Salib, E. Trends in suicide by drowning in the elderly in England and Wales 1979–2001. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 20: 175–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
119Mezuk, B, Prescott, MR, Tardiff, K, Vlahov, D, Galea, S. Suicide in older adults in long-term care: 1990 to 2005. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008; 56: 2107–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
120Carlsten, A, Waern, M, Holmgren, P, Allebeck, P. The role of benzodiazepines in elderly suicides. Scand J Public Health 2003; 31: 224–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
121Erlangsen, A, Bille-Brahe, U, Jeune, B. Differences in suicide between the old and the oldest old. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2003; 58: S314–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
122Lamprecht, HC, Pakrasi, S, Gash, A, Swann, AG. Deliberate self-harm in older people revisited. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 20: 1090–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
123Salib, E, Tadros, G, Cawley, S. Elderly suicide and attempted suicide: one syndrome. Med Sci Law 2001; 41: 250–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
124Salib, E, Tadros, G. Do elderly victims of fatal self-harm with history of deliberate self-harm use the same methods in their final act as they did in previous attempts? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000; 15: 1073–74.3.0.CO;2-7>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
125Salib, E, Tadros, G, Cawley, S. History of deliberate self harm may predict methods of fatal self harm in the elderly. Med Sci Law 2001; 41: 107–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
126Harriss, L, Hawton, K. Suicidal intent in deliberate self-harm and the risk of suicide: the predictive power of the Suicide Intent Scale. J Affect Disord 2005; 86: 225–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
127Dombrovski, AY, Szanto, K, Duberstein, P, Conner, KR, Houck, PR, Conwell, Y. Sex differences in correlates of suicide attempt lethality in late life. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008; 16: 905–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
128Hawton, K, Harriss, L. The changing gender ratio in occurrence of deliberate self-harm across the lifecycle. Crisis 2008; 29: 4–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
129Conner, KR, Duberstein, PR, Beckman, A et al. Planning of suicide attempts among depressed inpatients ages 50 and over. J Affect Disord 2007; 97: 123–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
130Hagerty, BM, Lynch-Sauer, J, Patusky, KL, Bouwsema, M, Collier, P. Sense of belonging: a vital mental health concept. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 1992; 6: 172–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
131McLaren, S, Gomez, R, Bailey, M, Van Der Horst, RK. The association of depression and sense of belonging with suicidal ideation among older adults: applicability of resiliency models. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2007; 37: 89–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
132Hirsch, JK, Duberstein, PR, Conner, KR et al. Future orientation moderates the relationship between functional status and suicide ideation in depressed adults. Depress Anxiety 2007; 24: 196–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
133Hirsch, JK, Duberstein, PR, Chapman, B, Lyness, JM. Positive affect and suicide ideation in older adult primary care patients. Psychol Aging 2007; 22: 380–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
134Hobbs, M, McLaren, S. The interrelations of agency, depression, and suicidal ideation among older adults. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2009; 39: 161–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
135Britton, PC, Duberstein, PR, Conner, KR, Heisel, MJ, Hirsch, JK, Conwell, Y. Reasons for living, hopelessness, and suicide ideation among depressed adults 50 years or older. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008; 16: 736–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
136Miller, JS, Segal, DL, Coolidge, FL. A comparison of suicidal thinking and reasons for living among younger and older adults. Death Stud 2001; 25: 357–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
137Hirsch, JK, Duberstein, PR, Unutzer, J. Chronic medical problems and distressful thoughts of suicide in primary care patients: mitigating role of happiness. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2009; 24: 671–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
138McCrae, RR, Costa, PT Jr. Personality trait structure as a human universal. Am Psychol 1997; 52: 509–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
139Duberstein, PR, Conwell, Y, Seidlitz, L, Denning, DG, Cox, C, Caine, ED. Personality traits and suicidal behavior and ideation in depressed inpatients 50 years of age and older. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2000; 55: P18–26.Google ScholarPubMed
140Heisel, MJ. Suicide and its prevention among older adults. Can J Psychiatry 2006; 51: 143–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
141Useda, JD, Duberstein, PR, Conner, KR et al. Personality differences in attempted suicide versus suicide in adults 50 years of age or older. J Consult Clin Psychol 2007; 75: 126–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
142Useda, JD, Duberstein, PR, Conner, KR, Conwell, Y. Personality and attempted suicide in depressed adults 50 years of age and older: a facet level analysis. Compr Psychiatry 2004; 45: 353–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
143Heisel, MJ, Links, PS, Conn, D, van Reekum, R, Flett, GL. Narcissistic personality and vulnerability to late-life suicidality. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007; 15: 734–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
144Izard, CE. Emotions and self-concepts across the life span. In Shaie, KW, Lawton, MP (eds). Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics Focus on Emotion and Adult Development. New York: Springer Publishing, 1998, pp. 1–26.Google Scholar
145Kjolseth, I, Ekeberg, O, Steihaug, S. Why suicide? Elderly people who committed suicide and their experience of life in the period before their death. Int Psychogeriatr 2009; 14: 1–10.Google Scholar
146Van Heeringen, K. Understanding Suicidal Behavior. The suicidal process, approach to research, treatment and prevention. New York: Wiley, 2001.Google Scholar
147Beck, AT, Weissman, A, Lester, D, Trexler, L. The measurement of pessimism: the hopelessness scale. J Consult Clin Psychol 1974; 42: 861–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
148Beck, AT, Steer, RA, Beck, JS, Newman, CF. Hopelessness, depression, suicidal ideation, and clinical diagnosis of depression. Suicide Life Threat Behav 1993; 23: 139–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
149Wetzel, RD. Hopelessness, depression, and suicide intent. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976; 33: 1069–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
150Beck, AT, Brown, G, Berchick, RJ, Stewart, BL, Steer, RA. Relationship between hopelessness and ultimate suicide: a replication with psychiatric outpatients. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 190–95.Google ScholarPubMed
151Szanto, K, Mulsant, BH, Houck, PR, Miller, MD, Mazumdar, S, Reynolds, CF 3rd. Treatment outcome in suicidal vs. non-suicidal elderly patients. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001; 9: 261–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
152Vannoy, SD, Duberstein, P, Cukrowicz, K, Lin, E, Fan, MY, Unutzer, J. The relationship between suicide ideation and late-life depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007; 15: 1024–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
153Heisel, MJ, Duberstein, PR, Conner, KR, Franus, N, Beckman, A, Conwell, Y. Personality and reports of suicide ideation among depressed adults 50 years of age or older. J Affect Disord 2006; 90: 175–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
154Scocco, P, Meneghel, G, Dello Buono, M, De Leo, D. Hostility as a feature of elderly suicidal ideators. Psychol Rep 2001; 88: 863–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
155Seidlitz, L, Conwell, Y, Duberstein, P, Cox, C, Denning, D. Emotion traits in older suicide attempters and non-attempters. J Affect Disord 2001; 66: 123–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
156McGirr, A, Renaud, J, Bureau, A, Seguin, M, Lesage, A, Turecki, G. Impulsive-aggressive behaviours and completed suicide across the life cycle: a predisposition for younger age of suicide. Psychol Med 2008; 38: 407–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
157Williams, J, Pollock, R. Psychological aspects of the suicidal process. In Heeringen, Van K (ed). Understanding Suicidal Behavior. The suicidal process, approach to research, treatment and prevention. New York: Wiley, 2001, pp. 74–94.Google Scholar
158Howat, S, Davidson, K. Parasuicidal behaviour and interpersonal problem solving performance in older adults. Br J Clin Psychol 2002; 41: 375–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
159Gibbs, LM, Dombrovski, AY, Morse, J, Siegle, GJ, Houck, PR, Szanto, K. When the solution is part of the problem: problem solving in elderly suicide attempters. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2009; 24: 1396–404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
160Lynch, TR, Cheavens, JS, Morse, JQ, Rosenthal, MZ. A model predicting suicidal ideation and hopelessness in depressed older adults: the impact of emotion inhibition and affect intensity. Aging Ment Health 2004; 8: 486–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
161Segal, DL, Mincic, MS, Coolidge, FL, O'Riley, A. Attitudes toward suicide and suicidal risk among younger and older persons. Death Stud 2004; 28: 671–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
162Peisah, C, Snowdon, J, Kril, J, Rodriguez, M. Clinicopathological findings of suicide in the elderly: three cases. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2007; 37: 648–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
163Haw, C, Harwood, D, Hawton, K. Dementia and suicidal behavior: a review of the literature. Int Psychogeriatr 2009; 21: 440–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
164Purandare, N, Voshaar, RC, Rodway, C, Bickley, H, Burns, A, Kapur, N. Suicide in dementia: 9-year national clinical survey in England and Wales. Br J Psychiatry 2009; 194: 175–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
165Erlangsen, A, Zarit, SH, Conwell, Y. Hospital-diagnosed dementia and suicide: a longitudinal study using prospective, nationwide register data. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008; 16: 220–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
166Peisah, C, Snowdon, J, Gorrie, C, Kril, J, Rodriguez, M. Investigation of Alzheimer's disease-related pathology in community dwelling older subjects who committed suicide. J Affect Disord 2007; 99: 127–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
167Rubio, A, Vestner, AL, Stewart, JM, Forbes, NT, Conwell, Y, Cox, C. Suicide and Alzheimer's pathology in the elderly: a case-control study. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 49: 137–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
168Barak, Y, Aizenberg, D. Suicide amongst Alzheimer's disease patients: a 10-year survey. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2002; 14: 101–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
169Lim, WS, Rubin, EH, Coats, M, Morris, JC. Early-stage Alzheimer disease represents increased suicidal risk in relation to later stages. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2005; 19: 214–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
170Ayalon, L, Mackin, S, Arean, PA, Chen, H, McDonel Herr, EC. The role of cognitive functioning and distress in suicidal ideation in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007; 55: 1090–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
171Dombrovski, AY, Butters, MA, Reynolds, CF 3rd et al. Cognitive performance in suicidal depressed elderly: preliminary report. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008; 16: 109–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
172Heisel, MJ, Flett, GL, Besser, A. Cognitive functioning and geriatric suicide ideation: testing a mediational model. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 10: 428–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
173King, DA, Conwell, Y, Cox, C, Henderson, RE, Denning, DG, Caine, ED. A neuropsychological comparison of depressed suicide attempters and non-attempters. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2000; 12: 64–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
174Belderbos, S, Shah, A. Suicidal ideation and frontal lobe dysfunction: a study examining the relationship between clinical frontal lobe tests depression and suicidal ideation. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003; 18: 545–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
175Ayalon, L, Litwin, H. What cognitive functions are associated with passive suicidal ideation? Findings from a national sample of community dwelling Israelis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2009; 24: 472–478.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
176Szanto, K, Mulsant, BH, Houck, P, Dew, MA, Reynolds, CF 3rd. Occurrence and course of suicidality during short-term treatment of late-life depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60: 610–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
177Szanto, K, Mulsant, BH, Houck, PR et al. Emergence, persistence, and resolution of suicidal ideation during treatment of depression in old age. J Affect Disord 2007; 98: 153–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
178Cukrowicz, KC, Duberstein, PR, Vannoy, SD, Lynch, TR, McQuoid, DR, Steffens, DC. Course of suicide ideation and predictors of change in depressed older adults. J Affect Disord 2009; 113: 30–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
179Erlangsen, A, Agerbo, E, Hawton, K, Conwell, Y. Early discontinuation of antidepressant treatment and suicide risk among persons aged 50 and over: A population-based register study. J Affect Disord 2009; 119: 194–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
180Lodhi, LM, Shah, A. Psychotropic prescriptions and elderly suicide rates. Med Sci Law 2004; 44: 236–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
181Shah, A, Lodhi, L. The impact of trends in psychotropic prescribing on the method of suicide in the elderly. Med Sci Law 2005; 45: 115–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
182Kalmar, S, Szanto, K, Rihmer, Z, Mazumdar, S, Harrison, K, Mann, JJ. Antidepressant prescription and suicide rates: effect of age and gender. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2008; 38: 363–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
183Hall, WD, Mant, A, Mitchell, PB, Rendle, VA, Hickie, IB, McManus, P. Association between antidepressant prescribing and suicide in Australia, 1991–2000: trend analysis. BMJ 2003; 326: 1008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
184Nakagawa, A, Grunebaum, MF, Ellis, SP et al. Association of suicide and antidepressant prescription rates in Japan, 1999–2003. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68: 908–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
185Barak, Y, Aizenberg, D. Association between antidepressant prescribing and suicide in Israel. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2006; 21: 281–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
186Nelson, JC, Delucchi, K, Schneider, L. Suicidal thinking and behavior during treatment with sertraline in late-life depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007; 15: 573–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
187Juurlink, DN, Mamdani, MM, Kopp, A, Redelmeier, DA. The risk of suicide with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the elderly. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 813–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
188Barak, Y, Olmer, A, Aizenberg, D. Antidepressants reduce the risk of suicide among elderly depressed patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31: 178–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
189Erlangsen, A, Canudas-Romo, V, Conwell, Y. Increased use of antidepressants and decreasing suicide rates: a population-based study using Danish register data. J Epidemiol Community Health 2008; 62: 448–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
190Crumpacker, DW. Suicidality and antidepressants in the elderly. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2008; 21: 373–77.Google ScholarPubMed
191Aizenberg, D, Olmer, A, Barak, Y. Suicide attempts amongst elderly bipolar patients. J Affect Disord 2006; 91: 91–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
192Luoma, JB, Martin, CE, Pearson, JL. Contact with mental health and primary care providers before suicide: a review of the evidence. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 909–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
193Pitkala, K, Isometsa, ET, Henriksson, MM, Lonnqvist, JK. Elderly suicide in Finland. Int Psychogeriatr 2000; 12: 209–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
194Salib, E, Green, L. Gender in elderly suicide: analysis of coroners inquests of 200 cases of elderly suicide in Cheshire 1989–2001. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003; 18: 1082–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
195Tadros, G, Salib, E. Elderly suicide in primary care. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007; 22: 750–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
196Erlangsen, A, Vach, W, Jeune, B. The effect of hospitalization with medical illnesses on the suicide risk in the oldest old: a population-based register study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005; 53: 771–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
197Erlangsen, A, Mortensen, PB, Vach, W, Jeune, B. Psychiatric hospitalisation and suicide among the very old in Denmark: population-based register study. Br J Psychiatry 2005; 187: 43–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
198Karvonen, K, Hakko, H, Koponen, H, Meyer-Rochow, VB, Rasanen, P. Suicides among older persons in Finland and time since hospitalization discharge. Psychiatr Serv 2009; 60: 390–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
199Suominen, K, Isometsa, E, Lonnqvist, J. Elderly suicide attempters with depression are often diagnosed only after the attempt. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004; 19: 35–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
200Marriott, R, Horrocks, J, House, A, Owens, D. Assessment and management of self-harm in older adults attending accident and emergency: a comparative cross-sectional study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003; 18: 645–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
201Uncapher, H, Arean, PA. Physicians are less willing to treat suicidal ideation in older patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000; 48: 188–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
202Conwell, Y, Duberstein, PR. Suicide in elders. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 932: 132–147; discussion 147–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
203Heisel, M, Duberstein, P. Suicide prevention in older adults. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 2005; 12: 18.Google Scholar
204Chiu, HF, Takahashi, Y, Suh, GH. Elderly suicide prevention in East Asia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003; 18: 973–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
205Pfaff, JJ, Almeida, OP. Detecting suicidal ideation in older patients: identifying risk factors within the general practice setting. Br J Gen Pract 2005; 55: 269–73.Google ScholarPubMed
206Pfaff, JJ, Almeida, OP. Identifying suicidal ideation among older adults in a general practice setting. J Affect Disord 2004; 83: 73–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
207Szanto, K, Gildengers, A, Mulsant, BH, Brown, G, Alexopoulos, GS, Reynolds, CF 3rd. Identification of suicidal ideation and prevention of suicidal behaviour in the elderly. Drugs Aging 2002; 19: 11–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
208Sheikh, J, Yesavage, J. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clinical Geronotology: A Guide to Assessment and Intervention. New York: The Haworth Press, 1986, pp. 165–173.Google Scholar
209Beck, AT, Kovacs, M, Weissman, A. Assessment of suicidal intention: the Scale for Suicide Ideation. J Consult Clin Psychol 1979; 47: 343–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
210Bruce, ML, Ten Have, TR, Reynolds, CF 3rd et al. Reducing suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms in depressed older primary care patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291: 1081–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
211Abrams, RC, Leon, AC, Tardiff, K, Marzuk, PM, Li, C, Galea, S. Antidepressant use in elderly suicide victims in New York city: an analysis of 255 cases. J Clin Psychiatry 2009; 70: 312–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
212Unutzer, J, Tang, L, Oishi, S et al. Reducing suicidal ideation in depressed older primary care patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006; 54: 1550–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
213Alexopoulos, GS, Reynolds, CF 3rd, Bruce, ML et al. Reducing suicidal ideation and depression in older primary care patients: 24-month outcomes of the PROSPECT study. Am J Psychiatry 2009; 166: 882–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
214Bruce, ML, Pearson, J. Designing an intervention to prevent suicide: PROSPECT (Prevention of Suicide in Primary Care Elderly: Collaborrative Trial). Dialogues Clin Neurosci 1999; 1: 13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
215Brown, GK, Bruce, ML, Pearson, JL. High-risk management guidelines for elderly suicidal patients in primary care settings. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001; 16: 593–601.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
216Conwell, Y, Duberstein, PR, Connor, K, Eberly, S, Cox, C, Caine, ED. Access to firearms and risk for suicide in middle-aged and older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 10: 407–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
217Oslin, DW, Zubritsky, C, Brown, G, Mullahy, M, Puliafico, A, Ten Have, T. Managing suicide risk in late life: access to firearms as a public health risk. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004; 12: 30–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
218Shah, R, Uren, Z, Baker, A, Majeed, A. Trends in suicide from drug overdose in the elderly in England and Wales, 1993–1999. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 17: 416–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
219De Leo, D, Dello Buono, M, Dwyer, J. Suicide among the elderly: the long-term impact of a telephone support and assessment intervention in northern Italy. Br J Psychiatry 2002; 181: 226–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
220Nelson, JC, Clary, CM, Leon, AC, Schneider, LS. Symptoms of late-life depression: frequency and change during treatment. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 13: 520–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
221Bruce, ML. Psychosocial risk factors for depressive disorders in late life. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 52: 175–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
222Rowe, JW, Kahn, RL. Successful aging. Gerontologist 1997; 37: 433–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
223Baltes, PB, Baltes, M. Psychological perspectives on successful aging: The model of selective optimization with compensation In Baltes, PB, Baltes, M (eds). Succesful Aging: Perspectives from the Behavioral Sciences. NY: Cambridge Press, 1997, pp. 1–34.Google Scholar
224Wong, P. Meaning in life and meaning of death in succesful aging. In Tomer, A (ed). Death Attitudes and the Older Adult: Theories, Concepts and Applications. New York: Brunner-Routledge, 2000, pp. 23–35.Google Scholar
225von Faber, M, Bootsma-van der Wiel, A, van Exel, E et al. Successful aging in the oldest old: Who can be characterized as successfully aged? Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 2694–700.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
226Baltes, PB, Smith, J. New frontiers in the future of aging: from successful aging of the young old to the dilemmas of the fourth age. Gerontology 2003; 49: 123–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
227Fortin, A, Lapierre, S, Baillargeon, J, Labelle, R, Dube, M, Pronovost, J. Suicidal ideation and self-determination in institutionalized elderly. Crisis 2001; 22: 15–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
228De Leo, D, Spathonis, K. Suicide and euthanasia in late life. Aging Clin Exp Res 2003; 15: 99–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
229Leenaers, AA. Can a theory of suicide predict all ‘suicides’ in the elderly? Crisis 2003; 24: 10.Google Scholar
230Vanlaere, L, Bouckaert, F, Gastmans, C. Care for suicidal older people: current clinical-ethical considerations. J Med Ethics 2007; 33: 376–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
231Rurup, ML, Muller, MT, Onwuteaka-Philipsen, BD, Van Der Heide, A, Van Der Wal, G, Van Der Maas, PJ. Requests for euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide from older persons who do not have a severe disease: an interview study. Psychol Med 2005; 35: 665–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
232Raue, PJ, Meyers, BS, Rowe, JL, Heo, M, Bruce, ML. Suicidal ideation among elderly homecare patients. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007; 22: 32–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
233Dennis, M, Baillon, S, Brugha, T, Lindesay, J, Stewart, R, Meltzer, H. The spectrum of suicidal ideation in Great Britain: comparisons across a 16–74 year age range. Psychol Med 2007; 37: 795–805.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
234Ladwig, KH, Klupsch, D, Ruf, E et al. Sex- and age-related increase in prevalence rates of death wishes and suicidal ideation in the community: results from the KORA-F3 Augsburg Study with 3,154 men and women, 35 to 84 years of age. Psychiatry Res 2008; 161: 248–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
235Sirey, JA, Bruce, ML, Carpenter, M et al. Depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation among older adults receiving home delivered meals. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008; 23: 1306–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
236Zeppegno, P, Manzetti, E, Valsesia, R et al. Differences in suicide behaviour in the elderly: a study in two provinces of Northern Italy. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 20: 769–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
237Abraham, VJ, Abraham, S, Jacob, KS. Suicide in the elderly in Kaniyambadi block, Tamil Nadu, South India. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 20: 953–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
238Chan, SM, Chiu, FK, Lam, CW, Leung, PY, Conwell, Y. Elderly suicide and the 2003 SARS epidemic in Hong Kong. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006; 21: 113–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
239Liu, HL, Wang, HC, Yang, MJ. Factors associated with an unusual increase in the elderly suicide rate in Taiwan. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006; 21: 1219–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
240Liu, HL. Epidemiologic characteristics and trends of fatal suicides among the elderly in Taiwan. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2009; 39: 103–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed