Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-xm8r8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-13T11:13:02.512Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Rereading Russia through the Contact Zone of HBCUs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 September 2021

Abstract

This article examines contributions Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) have made and continue to make to the interdisciplinary fabric of Russian, East European, and Eurasian Studies (REEES). HBCUs are a uniquely American phenomenon and reminders of the history of enslavement and segregation in the United States. But HBCUs are also vibrant intellectual contact zones, which Mary Louise Pratt defines as “social spaces where cultures meet, clash, and grapple with each other, often in contexts of highly asymmetrical relations of power.” Contact zones result in intercultural competencies, multilingualism, new methodologies, and critical reassessments. Faculty and alumni have described the extent to which HBCUs function as cultural and discursive sanctuaries. As such, HBCUs are places where legally, culturally, and racially segregated communities develop(ed) alternate ways to engage, experience, and (re)envision “Russia.”

Type
Critical Discussion Forum on Race and Bias
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Defined by the Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended, “…any historically black college or university that was established prior to 1964, whose principal mission was, and is, the education of black Americans, and that is accredited by a nationally recognized accrediting agency or association…” http://www.thehundred-seven.org/hbculist.html (accessed April 26, 2021).

2. Mary Louise Pratt, “Arts of the Contact Zone,” Profession (1991), 34.

3. Blakely, Allison, Russia and the Negro: Blacks in Russian History and Thought (Washington, D.C., 1986 [1979])Google Scholar; and Carew, Joy Gleason, Black, Reds, and Russians: Sojourners in Search of the Soviet Promise (New Brunswick, 2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

4. Douglass, Frederick, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (Hartford, CT, 1881), 613Google Scholar. Dedication of the Freedmens’ Monument, Washington, D.C., April 14, 1876: “When the serfs of Russia were emancipated, they were given three acres of ground upon which they could live and make a living. But not so when our slaves were emancipated. They were sent away empty-handed, without money, without friends, and without a foot of land to stand upon.”

5. V.I. Lenin, Russians and Negroes, written late January-early February 1913; first published posthumously in Krasnaya Niva, no. 3, 1925: “everyone knows that the position of the Negroes in America in general is one unworthy of a civilized country.”

6. Blakely, Russia and the Negro, 90.

7. Blakely, Russia and the Negro, 74.

8. Du Bois, W.E.B., “Of Our Spiritual Strivings,” The Souls of Black Folk (New York, 1903), 3Google Scholar: “After the Egyptian and Indian, the Greek and Roman, the Teuton and Mongolian, the Negro is a sort of seventh son, born with a veil, and gifted with second-sight in this American world.…It is a peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at one’s self through the eyes of others, of measuring one’s soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. One ever feels his two-ness,—an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body…”

9. Du Bois, W.E.B., Dusk of Dawn: An Essay Toward an Autobiography of Race Concept (New York, 1940)Google Scholar.

10. Blakely, Russia and the Negro, 165–66; 164.

11. An intellectual and cultural revival of African American arts, literature, and politics in Harlem, New York during the 1920s/1930s. For a Soviet perspective see Kiaer, Christina, “African Americans in Soviet Socialist Realism: The Case of Aleksandr Deineka,” Russian Review 75, no. 3 (July 2016): 402–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

12. Williams, Zachery R., In Search of the Talented Tenth: Howard University Public Intellectuals and the Dilemmas of Race, 1926–1970 (Columbia, 2009), 35Google Scholar.

13. Stewart, Jeffrey C., The New Negro: The Life of Alain Locke (New York, 2018), 687Google Scholar.

14. “Locke, Alain” (2015). Manuscript Division Finding Aids. 123. Moorland-Spingarn Research Center (MSRC), Howard University, Washington, D. C. at https://dh.howard.edu/finaid_manu/123 (accessed April 26, 2021).

15. Paul Robeson, Russian Correspondence, MSRC, Howard University at https://dh.howard.edu/probeson_russia/ (accessed April 26, 2021).

16. Soviet, Pioneers of the Kuiunskii middle school friendship, Altai region, “Note from Pioneers of the Kuiunskii middle school friendship soviet (see translation)” (1955), Russian Correspondence, 4, at https://dh.howard.edu/probeson_russia/4 (accessed April 26, 2021).

17. Philip S. Foner, ed., Paul Robeson Speaks: Writing, Speeches, Interviews 1918–1974 (New York, 1978), 111.

18. His uncle Carl Murphy (1889–1967) was a Howard alum and German professor (1913–1918), who later became a trustee at Morgan State. Both George and Carl helped organize Martin Luther King Jr.’s August 1963 “March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.”

19. George Murphy, A Journey to the Soviet Union (Moscow, 1974), 71.

20. “Code Switch: The Birth of ‘A New Negro,’” NPR, December 25, 2019 at https://www.npr.org/2019/12/20/790381948/the-birth-of-a-new-negro (accessed April 26, 2021).

21. Louise Thompson Patterson papers, Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University at http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/8zr8k (accessed April 26, 2021).

22. W. E. B. Du Bois, The Soviets and the Negro, ca. 1933. W. E. B. Du Bois Papers (MS 312). Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries, at http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mums312-b213-i016 (accessed June 15, 2021). One typed page, unpublished.

23. Alumni include: Booker T. Washington (Hampton); Ida B. Wells (Rust, Fisk); Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (Morehouse), Thurgood Marshall (Lincoln, Howard); Toni Morrison (Howard); and Stacy Abrams (Spelman).

24. Ta-Nehisi Coates, Between the World and Me (New York, 2015), 47.

25. “Craig Melvin’s extended interview with Ta-Nehisi Coates,” The TODAY Show, November 25, 2020 at https://www.today.com/video/watch-craig-melvin-s-extended-interview-with-ta-nehisi-coates-96602693668 (accessed April 26, 2021).

26. Coates, Between the World and Me, 47.

27. Ibid.

28. Kate A. Baldwin, Beyond the Color Line and the Iron Curtain: Reading Encounters between Black and Red 1922–1963 (Durham, NC, 2002), 160.

29. Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (New York, 2012); Anne Applebaum, Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944–1956 (New York, 2013); and Tony Judt, Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (New York, 2005).

30. Circus. Directed by Grigori Aleksandrov and Isidor Simkov. Moscow: Mosfilm, 1936. Based on Under the Circus Dome by Il΄ia Il΄f and Evgenii Petrov (1934). An American circus artist and her Black son find love and refuge from racism in the USSR. The film culminates with a lullaby for the baby boy, sung in turn by representatives of Soviet ethnicities in their languages.

31. Ta-Nehisi Coates, “Grappling with Holodomor: Thoughts on Timothy Snyder’s The Bloodlands,” The Atlantic, January 3, 2014 at https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/01/grappling-with-holodomor/282816/ (accessed April 26, 2021).

32. Ta-Nehisi Coates, “Hitler on the Mississippi Banks: Thoughts on Timothy Snyder’s Bloodlands,” The Atlantic, January 16, 2014 at https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/01/hitler-on-the-mississippi-banks/283127/ (accessed April 26, 2021).

33. Coates, “Hitler on the Mississippi Banks.”

34. Ta-Nehisi Coates, “The Meaning of ‘Totalitarian’: Anne Applebaum talks to us like we’re stupid. And it’s awesome,” The Atlantic, March 26, 2014 at https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/03/the-meaning-of-totalitarian/359615/ (accessed April 26, 2021).

35. Ta-Nehisi Coates, “‘In a Starving, Bleeding, Captive Land’: Some thoughts on Tony Judt’s opus Postwar,” The Atlantic, October 21, 2013 at https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/10/in-a-starving-bleeding-captive-land/280723/ (accessed April 26, 2021). The Milovan Dilas quote in full: “For hours both armies clambered up rocky ravines to escape annihilation or to destroy a little group of their countrymen, often neighbors on some jutting peak six thousand feet high, in a starving, bleeding, captive land. It came to mind that this was what had become of all our theories and visions of the workers’ and peasants’ struggle against the bourgeoisie.”

36. Coates, “‘In a Starving, Bleeding, Captive Land.’”

37. Mansee Khurana, “Ta-Nehisi Coates: ‘The Power of Invisibility is Dissipating’,” Washington Square News, February 28, 2019.

38. Baldwin, Beyond the Color Line and the Iron Curtain, 171.

39. Ibid.

40. Ibid.

41. Allison Blakely, “Foreword: Contested Blackness in Red Russia,” The Russian Review 75, no. 3 (July 2016): 360.

42. Baldwin, Beyond the Color Line and the Iron Curtain, 199.

43. Terrell Starr (Fulbright Scholar-Ukraine and Peace Corp Volunteer-Georgia) https://terrellstarr.com/ (accessed June 10, 2021); Kimberly St. Julian-Varnon, “The Ties That Bind: Black Lives Matter, Ukraine’s Euromaidan, and the Realities of European ‘Integration,’” Krytyka, (Kyiv), May 2020 at https://krytyka.com/en/articles/ties-bind-black-lives-matter-ukraine-euromaidan (accessed June 10, 2021); and Jennifer Wilson, “The Cornel West—Ta-Nehisi Coates Twitter Feud Explained Through Russian Writers,” The Paris Review, January 12, 2018.

44. Blakely, “Foreword,” 361.