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Touring Patterns on California's Theatrical Frontier, 1849–1859

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 July 2009

Extract

From its beginning, America was a frontier. Initially, the Eastern Seaboard was a frontier for Europe, and this was still true in 1750 when professional theatre began to be a regular feature of American life. Within a century the variables changed, but were still bound together in the frontier equation. By 1850 the trans-Mississippi West had become a frontier for urban centers in the East. In particular, the North-Central region of California sprang into popular consciousness: here was the ultimate undeveloped area to which one could migrate in the search for economic competence. As America's first major mining frontier it offered a prospect of sudden wealth which was far more appealing than the slow seasonal accumulation of agriculture, and which did not require the large initial investment of industry.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © American Society for Theatre Research 1974

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References

Notes

1 The standard work is Gagey, Edmund M., The San Francisco Stage (New York, 1950)Google Scholar; much useful additional information can be found in San Francisco Theatre Research, ed. Estavan, Laurence, 18 vols. [numbered I–XVII, XX] (San Francisco, 19381942)Google Scholar.

2 The standard works are MacMinn, George R., The Theatre of the Golden Era in California (Caldwell, Idaho, 1941)Google Scholar, and Rourke, Constance, Troupers of the Gold Coast (New York, 1928)Google Scholar.

3 For the first theatres in San Francisco see Gagey, pp. 4–5; for Sacramento see Hume, Charles V., “First of the Gold Rush Theatres,” California Historical Society Quarterly, XLVI (December 1967), 337344Google Scholar.

4 Coy, Owen C., Gold Days (Los Angeles, 1929), pp. 7083Google Scholar.

5 Jackson, Joseph Henry, Anybody's Gold (New York, 1941), pp. 268273Google Scholar.

6 Wright, Doris M., “The Making of Cosmopolitan California, An Analysis of Immigration: 1848–1870,” California Historical Society Quarterly, XIX (December 1940), 323Google Scholar.

7 Information on routes and fares is derived from Oscar Osburn Winther, Express and Stagecoach Days in California (Stanford, California, 1936), pp. 4090Google Scholar.

8 Actual distances for 1855 can be found in Howell, John and Watson, Douglas, California in the Fifties (San Francisco, 1936), n.pGoogle Scholar.

9 For a discussion of the problems in determining population in California during the gold rush see Paul, Rodman W., California Gold (Cambridge, Mass., 1947), pp. 2325Google Scholar.

10 Eighth Census of the United States, 1860 (Washington, D.C., 1863), I, iv–35Google Scholar.

12 Wright, 323; and Ibid., XX (March 1941), 73.

13 Kennedy, Joseph, Preliminary Report of the Eighth Census, 1860 (Washington, D.C., 1862), p. 195Google Scholar.

14 Estimates of gold production vary widely, and these figures are my own. They are based on a comparison of the information in Winther, pp. 35, 67, 139; and Coman, Katherine, Economic Beginnings of the Far West (New York, 1912), II, 284288Google Scholar.

15 Gagey, pp. 9–12.

16 Rodecape, Lois Foster, “Tom Maguire, Napoleon of the Stage,” California Historical Society Quarterly, XX (December 1941), 294Google Scholar.

17 Gagey, loc. cit.

18 All information on Maguire's activity in Sacramento is drawn from Hume, Charles V., “The Sacramento Theatre, 1849–1885” (diss., Stanford University, 1955), pp. 88240Google Scholar.

19 Information on theatre in Stockton is drawn from Noid, Benjamin, “History of the Theatre in Stockton, California, 1850–1892” (diss., University of Utah, 1968), I, 56114Google Scholar; information on theatre in Marysville is drawn from Chamberlain, William Henry and Wells, Harry, History of Yuba County, California (Oakland, California, 1879), p. 73Google Scholar.

20 Hume, , “Sacramento Theatre,” pp. 6869Google Scholar.

21 Rourke, pp. 124–125.

22 San Francisco Theatre Research, III, 87Google Scholar.

23 This chronology of Miss Sinclair's California activity is compiled from the following sources; Gagey, pp. 35–66; San Francisco Theatre Research, XI, 107127Google Scholar; Hume, , “Sacramento Theatre,” pp. 130165Google Scholar.

24 See Taylor, Dorothy Jean, “Laura Keene in America, 1852–1873” (diss., Tulane University, 1966), pp. 358379Google Scholar; and Margetts, Ralph Elliott, “A Study of the Theatrical Career of Julia Dean Hayne” (diss., University of Utah, 1959), pp. 58165Google Scholar.

25 This chronology of William and Caroline Chapman's California activity is compiled from the following sources: Gagey, pp. 3–66; San Francisco Theatre Research, III, 94125, Noid, I, 29–45Google Scholar.

26 This chronology of Leman's California activity is compiled from Leman, Walter M., Memories of an Old Actor (San Francisco, 1886), pp. 259260, 264, 274–276, 282, 342–343Google Scholar.

27 This chronology of Rowe's California activity is compiled from Dressler, Albert, California's Pioneer Circus (San Francisco, 1926), pp. 4892Google Scholar.