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The Scholastic Background of Marsilio Ficino with an Edition of Unpublished Texts

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 July 2017

Paul Oskar Kristeller*
Affiliation:
Columbia University

Extract

The traditional view which emphasized the contrast between the Aristotelianism of the Middle Ages and the Platonism of the Renaissance can no longer be maintained in the light of recent studies. Aristotelianism continued to exist throughout the Renaissance and afterwards, and on the other hand, Platonism, in the form of Augustinianism, dominated occidental thought up to the twelfth century and remained a powerful current even during the later Middle Ages. The attempt to ascertain the medieval sources of Renaissance Platonism thus assumes an increased significance. However, it would be quite wrong to conclude that Renaissance Platonism, because it was preceded by some kind of medieval Platonism, was merely a copy or continuation of that earlier phase of Platonism. The history of Platonism, like that of every living tradition, must not be conceived as an endless repetition of identical doctrines, but rather as a continual adaptation and transformation of certain basic ideas. “Platonism” is not a label that establishes a simple equation between various thinkers classified as Platonists, but a kind of general orientation which assumes a new meaning in each particular case, and each representative of Platonism must hence be understood in his own right before his dependence on, or his difference from, other, earlier Platonists can be properly evaluated. Moreover, in the process of its history, Platonism is always exposed to the direct and indirect influence of other, different currents or traditions, and the continual transformation of Platonism is due not only to the original thought of its various representatives, but also to the influence of outside sources. The study of the medieval sources of Renaissance Platonism thus cannot be separated from a genuine understanding of Renaissance Platonism itself, and on the other hand, the medieval background of Renaissance Platonism consists not only of the Platonism or Augustinianism of the earlier Middle Ages, but also of the Aristotelianism of the later Middle Ages.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © 1944 by Cosmopolitan Science & Art Service Co., Inc. 

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References

1 In a letter to Martinus Uranius (1489), Ficino lists, among the sources of Platonism available in Latin, , quaedam speculationes Nicolai Caisii Cardinalis (Opera Omnia [Basle, 1576], p. 899). The only manuscript containing that letter, Codex latinus Monacensis 10781, which I disovered in 1935, offers the variant Niccolai Cusii Cardinalis, which removes any doubt and which I published in 1937 (Supplementum Ficinianum [Florence, 1937], I, 35; cf. p. xxxv f.). The entire letter was republished by Klibansky, R. (The Continuity of the Platonic Tradition during the Middle Ages [London, 1938], pp. 45–47 who gives me credit only for a misprint in another variant of the same letter. This passage proves only that, by 1489, Ficino had heard about the writings of Cusanus, probably from Pico who is said to have visited Cusanus‘ library in Cues in 1488. Important coincidences between the philosophies of Cusanus and Ficino have not been discovered so far. Allers, R. (The Thomist, VI [1943], 411) claims that complexio is a Cusanian term, and that Ficino's, docta religio has something to do with Cusanus’, docta ignorantia. Yet the latter coincidence is merely verbal, and the Cusanian term of which he is thinking is complicatio, not complexio. Google Scholar

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6 Pletho was interested chiefly in political reforms and in an allegorical interpretation of pagan theology, Bessarion, in a personal defense of Plato and in such theological problems as the relation of fate and providence. Center and content of Ficino's Platonism were quite different.Google Scholar

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page 293 note 76 420 b 5 sqq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 77 Cf. 1 a 1 sqq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 78 82 a 21 sqq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 79 419 b 19 sq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 80 mo dicunt, cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 81 punmidale, cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 82 420 b 14 sq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 83 quem, cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 84 420 b 16 sqq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 85 16 a 5 sq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 86 192 b 8 sqq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 87 420 b 32 sq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 88 alices, cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 89 421 a 9 sq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 90 peiorem, addidi Google Scholar

page 293 note 91 422 a 6.Google Scholar

page 293 note 92 minimus, cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 93 interseque, cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 94 421 a 11 sq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 95 intentos cod., corr. Bigongiari. Google Scholar

page 293 note 96 421 a 18 sq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 97 efficiat, cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 98 deservient, cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 99 invalidi, cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 100 1260 a 12 sqq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 101 421 a 21 sqq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 102 414 a 11 sq. et 25 sqq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 103 diversis, cod., corr. Bigongiari. Google Scholar

page 293 note 104 evaporatio, addidi. Google Scholar

page 293 note 105 Cf. De sensu et sensato, 438 b 24.Google Scholar

page 293 note 106 Pars II, cap. 5, AvicenneOpera (Venetiis, 1508), f. 8 d, cf. Winter, M., Über Avicennas Opus egregium de anima (Liber sextus naturalium), progr. München, 1903, p. 41.Google Scholar

page 293 note 107 443 a 21.Google Scholar

page 293 note 108 340 b 3.Google Scholar

page 293 note 109 fumubus, cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 110 l. c., VII, f. 71.Google Scholar

page 293 note 111 raritas, bis repet. cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 112 odor, addidi. Google Scholar

page 293 note 113 soni, cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 114 421 a 18 sq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 115 Cf. 424 b 22 sq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 116 quodam, cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 117 422 a 17 sq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 118 416 a 32.Google Scholar

page 293 note 119 senus, cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 120 Cf. 424 b 22 sq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 121 422 b 23 sqq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 122 multa, addidi. Google Scholar

page 293 note 123 contrarietatem, cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 124 424 a 4 sq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 125 l. c., VII, f. 74v sqq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 126 illa, cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 127 hoc, cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 128 quominus, cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 129 obiecto, cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 130 419 a 26 sqq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 131 quem, cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 132 l. c., VII, f. 78.Google Scholar

page 293 note 133 ibid. Google Scholar

page 293 note 134 417 a 12 sq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 135 visum, cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 136 aspicies, cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 137 ligna, cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 138 vivendi, cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 139 lingua, cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 140 422 b 10 sqq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 141 illam, cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 142 419 a sqq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 143 et, cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 144 Proclus, , Elements of Theology , c. 15 (ed. Dodds, , Oxford, 1933, p. 16).Google Scholar

page 293 note 145 que, cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 146 caro, cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 147 dissimilem, cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 148 249 a 21 sqq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 149 1 a 1 sq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 150 437 a 19 sqq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 151 utque, cod. Google Scholar

page 293 note 152 425 a 5.Google Scholar

page 293 note 153 425 a 6.Google Scholar

page 293 note 154 423 b 31 sq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 155 324 b 17 sq.Google Scholar

page 293 note 156 solum mavult Bigongiari. Google Scholar

page 315 note 1 Sunt … durant, in marg. add. cod. Google Scholar

page 315 note 2 vel … proprietates, in marg. add. cod. Google Scholar

page 315 note 3 mores, addidi. Google Scholar

page 315 note 4 quem, cod. Google Scholar

page 315 note 5 quelibet, cod. Google Scholar

page 315 note 6 duplex, cod. Google Scholar

page 317 note 1 nature dicicitur, ed. Google Scholar

page 317 note 2 pertinet, ed. Google Scholar

page 317 note 3 Cf. 29 e sqq.Google Scholar

page 317 note 4 400 a.Google Scholar

page 317 note 5 ita cognominatam: incognominatam, ed. Google Scholar

page 317 note 6 30 d.Google Scholar

page 317 note 7 716 a.Google Scholar

page 317 note 8 312 d.Google Scholar

page 317 note 9 341 d.Google Scholar

page 317 note 10 Cf. Enn. III, 8.Google Scholar

page 317 note 11 Cf. Elements of Theology , c. 21 (p. 24 Dodds, ).Google Scholar

page 317 note 12 Phys. II, 1, 192 b 21.Google Scholar

page 317 note 13 ubi, ed. Google Scholar